2003apr25 Id MPR An

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 12

AVR240: 4 x 4 Keypad Wake-up on Keypress

8-bit
Microcontroller

Features

16 Key Pushbutton Pad in 4 x 4 Matrix


Very Low Power Consumption
AVR in Sleep Mode and Wakes Up on Keypress
Minimum External Components
ESD Protection Included if Necessary
Efficient Code
Complete Program Included for AT90S1200
Suitable for Any AVR MCU

Application
Note

Introduction
This application note describes a simple interface to a 4 x 4 keypad designed for low
power battery operation. The AVR spends most of its time in Power-down mode, waking up when a key is pressed to instigate a simple test program that flashes one of two
LEDs according to the key pressed. If 0 (zero) is pressed the RED LED flashes 10
times. All other keys flash the GREEN LED the number of times marked on the key
(e.g., if C is pressed the GREEN LED flashes twelve times).
Figure 1. Keypad and LED Connections

AT90S1200
R1
PB7
R2
PB6
R3
PB5
C1 C2

C3

R4

C4

PB4

D1 R1

R5

D2 R2

R6

D3 R3

R7

D4 R4

R8

ALL
1N4148

4 x 4 KEYPAD

VCC

PB3

ALL
470

PB2

PD2

PB1

PD1

PB0

PD0

R10
R9
ALL
330

LED2
GREEN
LED1
RED

Rev. 1232BAVR05/02

Theory of Operation

The keypad columns are connected to the high nibble of port B. The keypad rows are
connected to the low nibble. Resistors R1 to R8 (this is shown in Figure 1) serve to limit
input current to a safe level in the event of ESD from the keypad. They can be omitted in
most applications.
In the steady state condition the high nibble is configured as outputs and are in the low
state. The low nibble is configured as inputs and has the internal pull-ups enabled,
removing the need for external pull-up resistors. After initialization the AVR is put to
sleep. When a key is pressed one of the diodes D1 - D4 pull down the external interrupt
line PD2, which also has internal pull-ups enabled. This wakes up the AVR and causes
it to run the interrupt service routine which scans the keypad and calculates which key is
pressed.
It then returns to the main program and drives the LEDs according to the key pressed,
putting the AVR back to sleep when it has finished.
Resistors R9 and R10 are the traditional current limit resistors for the LEDs and can be
any suitable value for the supply rail. This application note was tested using 330 on a
5V supply. The LEDs are driven in current sink mode (0 = ON) and provide about
10 mA of forward current with the values specified.

Implementation

The firmware consists of three sections, the reset routine, the test program and the
interrupt service routine sets up the ports, sleep mode, power saving and the interrupts.
The test program flashes the LED on wake-up and the interrupt service routine
responds to the keypress.

Reset Routine

The flowchart for the Reset Routine is shown in Figure 2. On reset the ports are initialized with their starting directions. These are fixed on port D, with all bits as outputs
except PD2 which must be an input for the external interrupt. This bit has its pull-up
enabled by setting bit 2 of Port D. The unused bits are configured as outputs to avoid
noise pickup or excessive power consumption which could otherwise occur if left floating. Port B starts with the high nibble as outputs sending out zeroes, and the low nibble
set as inputs with the pull-ups enabled.
Since we are using a minimum of external components, we must ensure that internal
pull-ups are turned on for all those bits set up as inputs. This is achieved by configuring
the Data Direction Register with 1s for outputs, 0s for inputs, and then writing 1s to
the input bits in the PORT Register. The inputs can then be read or tested from the PIN
register. This program looks for 0s and uses the SBIS instruction to skip over the keypress action if not a 0.
Power-down mode is selected by setting the SE and SM bits of the MCUCR. At the
same time the external interrupt configured by writing 0s into the ISC00/01 bits. This
will set the external interrupt INT0 to trigger on a LOW level. When using Power-down
mode the AVR can only be woken up by LOW LEVEL trigger.
Power consumption is reduced further by turning off the Analog Comparator. This is
done by setting the ACD bit in the ACSR Register. This must be done with care, otherwise an unwanted interrupt can be generated. This program disables global interrupts
until the program is ready to be interrupted, solving this problem. If you wish to use the
Analog Comparator this code can be removed, but you will need to change ports for the
keypad since port B is used for this.
The AVR then enters sleep mode. This is placed in the main loop to ensure that it goes
back to sleep after it has finished its interrupt function and carried out the Flash test
routine. When the AVR wakes up after a keypress, the Flash routine is called after the

AVR240
1232BAVR05/02

AVR240
interrupt routine is finished. When the Flash routine is done, the external interrupt is
enabled, so that another interrupt can occur.
Figure 2. Flowchart for Flash Function
Start

Initialize Ports

Set Up
Onterrupts and
Sleep Mode

Disable
Analog
Comparator

Disable Global
Interrupts
Reset Port
Configuration
Enable Global Interrupts
Sleep
Flash
Enable External
Interrupt

Flash Test Function

The flow chart is shown in Figure 3.


This function can be replaced by your own application to be executed out of Powerdown mode. It serves to demonstrate that the key scan routine is working correctly.
The value of the key pressed is taken from the key variable and used as a pointer to
access a 16-byte look-up table stored in EEPROM. The look-up table contains the number of the key pressed.
The table has been used for two reasons, it makes the program much shorter, and it
allows easy extension to provide full ASCII coding for the key press. For the larger AVRs
it would make sense to store this table in program memory and access it using the LPM
instruction.
The key value derived from the EEPROM is then used as a countdown variable inside
an ON/OFF loop for the LED outputs. If the value is 0 the RED LED is flashed 10
times. If the value is non-zero the GREEN LED is flashed that number of times. For
example, three times for the 3 key, fifteen times for the F key etc. The AVR then
repeats the loop and falls asleep.
The LED flashing routine is easily modified for your own application, replacing the
Flash function by your routine. The main consideration is the timing. Because the test
program spends some time flashing the LEDs, no extra debounce arrangements are
necessary. If your code is very fast you might need to put a short delay in to allow time

3
1232BAVR05/02

for contact bounce. Wake-up from sleep mode typically takes 16 ms or so, although this
is being reduced on the newer devices. This also provides some debouncing.
Figure 3. Flowchart for Reset and Main Routine
Flash

Read
EEPROM at
Key Value

Value
=0?

N
Flash Green
LED Value
Ttimes

Flash Red
LED Ten
Times

Return

AVR240
1232BAVR05/02

AVR240
Long Time Delay
Subroutine (delay)

To see the LEDs flash requires a delay of about 0.25 second. This is achived using a
conventional FOR loop to keep the Timer/Counter free for other work. To achieve 0.25
second with a 4 MHz clock requires three nested loops. Three local variables contained
in registers fine, medium and coarse are used for the loop. The fine and medium
counters run the maximum of 255 times with the coarse Counter set to 8, giving just
over 0.25 second delay. The flowchart is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Flowchart for Delay Subroutine
delay

Coarse=8

Medium=255

Fine=255

Fine = Fine-1

0?

Y
Medium=
Medium-1

0?

Y
Coarse=
Coarse-1

0?

Y
Return

Interrupt Service
Routine

On entry the Status Register is preserved to avoid corrupting any work the main program was doing. In this application it may be left out for optimisation if you wish. The
flowchart is shown in Figure 5.
The key row is first detected by testing each row input in turn looking for 0. A base
number 0, 4, 8, or 12 is then assigned to the variable key. The ports are then reinitialized with Port B I/O swapped over so that the key rows are tested.
A short time delay settle is used to allow the pins time to discharge. This takes the form
of a conventional time waste loop using a FOR loop arrangement.

5
1232BAVR05/02

The key column is then detected and a number assigned in a temporary variable temp
of 0, 1, 2, or 3. The final keypress is then computed by adding key and temp, placing
the result in key ready for use by the Flash function. This method is easier to code
than the conventional single bit scan in this application.
The Port B configuration is the swapped back prior to restoring the Status Register. This
saves using the settling delay again.
At the end, the external interrupt is disabled. This is done to avvoid the interrupt routine
being triggered again immediately upon exit.

Short Time Delay


Subroutine

This short delay is required when changing the Port B I/O contiguration to allow time for
the pin values to settle. The routine uses the Global Scratch Register temp as a single
loop counter for the FOR loop, set at maximum 255 passes. This provides a delay of
0.129 ms at 4 MHz. This value could be shortened by experimentation if time is of the
essence or the pins are set high prior to reconfiguration to speed things up. This might
remove the need for this delay completely.
Figure 5. Flowchart for Interrupt Service Routine
Scan

Preserve Status
Register

Test Rows

Row
1?

Key=0

Row
2?

Key=4

Row
3?

Key=8

Row
4?

Key=12

Swap Port
I/O Nibbles

Settle
Delay

Test Columns

AVR240
1232BAVR05/02

AVR240
Figure 6. Flowchart for Interrupt Service Routine Continued
A

Col
1?

Key=key+0

Col
2?

Key=key+1

Col
3?

Key=key+2

Col
4?

Key=key+3

Reset
Port B I/O

Restore Status
Register

Disable External
Interrupt

Return From
Interrupt

Resources

Table 1. Main CPU and Memory Usage


Function

Code Size

Cycles

Register Usage

Interrupt

Description

Main

24 words

19 cycles

R16

Initialization

Flash

20 words

R16

Example program

Scan

31 words

47 typical

R16, R17, R21

INTO

Scans 4x4 keypad

Delay

10 words

1,000,000

R18, R19, R20

0.25 second delay


used in example
program only

Settle

4 words

516 cycles

R16

Pin settling time delay


used in scan

Total

87 words

R16, R17, R18,


R19, R20, R21

7
1232BAVR05/02

Table 2. Peripheral Usage


Peripheral

Description

Interrupts

External Interrupt 0 (INT0)

Key pressed wake up signal

External Interrupt 0 (Low


Level triggered)

16 bytes EEPROM

Key to value mapping

8 I/O pins

4 x 4 keypad connections

2 I/O pins

Flashing LEDs for example only

;**** A P P L I C A T I O N

N O T E

A V R 240 ************************

;*
;* Title:

4x4 keypad, wake-up on keypress

;* Version:

1.1

;* Last Updated:

98.05.30

;* Target:

All AVR Devices

;*
;* Support E-mail: avr@atmel.com
;*
;* DESCRIPTION
;* This Application note scans a 4 x 4 keypad and uses sleep mode
;* causing the AVR to wake up on keypress.

The design uses a minimum of

;* external components. Included is a test program that wakes up the AVR


;* and performs a scan when a key is pressed and flashes one of two LEDs
;* the number of the key pressed.
;* wake-up.

The external interrupt line is used for

The example runs on the AT90S1200 but can be any AVR with

;* suitable changes in vectors, EEPROM and stack pointer. The timing assumes
;* a 4 MHz clock.
;* A look up table is used in EEPROM to enable the same structure to be used
;* with more advanced programs e.g ASCII output to displays.
;***************************************************************************

;***** Register used by all programs


;******Global variable used by all routines
.deftemp=r16;general scratch space
;Port B pins
.equ

ROW1

=3;

.equ

ROW2

=2

.equ

ROW3

=1

.equ

ROW4

=0

.equ

COL1

=7

.equ

COL2

=6

.equ

COL3

=5

.equ

COL4

=4

;keypad input rows

;keypad output columns

;Port D pins
.equ

GREEN

=0

;green LED

AVR240
1232BAVR05/02

AVR240
.equ

RED

=1

;red LED

.equ

INT

=2

;interrupt input

.include "1200def.inc"
;***** Registers used by interrupt service routine
.def

key

.def

status =r21

=r17

;key pointer for EEPROM


;preserve sreg here

;***** Registers used by delay subroutine


;***** as local variables
.def

fine

.def

medium =r19

=r18;loop delay counters

.def

coarse =r20

;*****Look up table for key conversion******************************


.eseg

;EEPROM segment

.org 0

.db

1,2,3,15,4,5,6,14,7,8,9,13,10,0,11,12

;****Source code***************************************************
.cseg

;CODE segment

.org 0
rjmp reset

;Reset handler

rjmp scan

;interrupt service routine

reti

;unused timer interrupt

reti

;unused analogue interrupt

;*** Reset handler **************************************************


reset:

ldi temp,0xFB

;initialize port D as O/I

out DDRD,temp

;all OUT except PD2 ext.int.

ldi temp,0x30

;turn on sleep mode and power

out MCUCR,temp

;down plus interrupt on low level.

ldi temp,0x40

;enable external interrupts

out GIMSK,temp
sbi ACSR,ACD
main:

;shut down comparator to save power

cli

;disable global interrupts

ldi temp,0xF0

;initialize port B as I/O

out DDRB,temp

; 4 OUT

ldi temp,0x0F

;key columns all low and

out PORTB,temp

;active pull ups on rows enabled

ldi temp,0x07

;enable pull up on PD2 and

out PORTD,temp

;turn off LEDs

4 IN

sei

;enable global interrupts ready

sleep

;fall asleep

rcall flash

;flash LEDs for example usage

9
1232BAVR05/02

ldi temp, 0x40


out GIMSK, temp

;enable external interrupt

rjmp main

;go back to sleep after keyscan

;****Interrupt service routine***************************************


scan:
in status,SREG

;preserve status register

sbis PINB,ROW1

;find row of keypress

ldi key,0

;and set ROW pointer

sbis PINB,ROW2
ldi key,4
sbis PINB,ROW3
ldi key,8
sbis PINB,ROW4
ldi key,12
ldi temp,0x0F

;change port B I/O to

out DDRB,temp

;find column press

ldi temp,0xF0

;enable pull ups and

out PORTB,temp

;write 0s to rows

rcall settle

;allow time for port to settle

sbis PINB,COL1

;find column of keypress

ldi temp,0

;and set COL pointer

sbis PINB,COL2
ldi temp,1
sbis PINB,COL3
ldi temp,2
sbis PINB,COL4
ldi temp,3
add key,temp

;merge ROW and COL for pointer

ldi temp,0xF0

;reinitialize port B as I/O

out DDRB,temp

; 4 OUT

ldi temp,0x0F

;key columns all low and

4 IN

out PORTB,temp

;active pull ups on rows enabled

out SREG,status

;restore status register

ldi temp,0x00
out GIMSK,temp

;disable external interrupt


;have to do this, because we're
;using a level-triggered interrupt

reti

;go back to main for example program

;***Example test program to flash LEDs using key press data************


flash:

out EEAR,key

;address EEPROM

sbi EECR,EERE

;strobe EEPROM

in temp,EEDR

;set number of flashes

tst temp

;is it zero?

breq zero

;do RED LED

green_flash:
cbi PORTD,GREEN;flash green LED 'temp' times
rcall delay

10

AVR240
1232BAVR05/02

AVR240
sbi PORTD,GREEN
rcall delay
dec temp
brne green_flash
exit:

ret

zero:

ldi temp,10

flash_again:

cbi PORTD,RED

;flash red LED ten times

rcall delay
sbi PORTD,RED
rcall delay
dec temp
brne flash_again
rjmp exit

;****Time Delay Subroutine for LED flash*********************************


delay:
ldi coarse,8

;triple nested FOR loop

cagain:

ldi medium,255 ;giving about 1/2 second

magain:

ldi fine,255

fagain:

dec fine

;delay on 4 MHz clock

brne fagain
dec medium
brne magain
dec coarse
brne cagain
ret

;***Settling time delay for port to stabilise******************************


settle:
ldi temp,255
tagain:

dec temp
brne tagain
ret

11
1232BAVR05/02

Atmel Headquarters

Atmel Operations

Corporate Headquarters

Memory

2325 Orchard Parkway


San Jose, CA 95131
TEL 1(408) 441-0311
FAX 1(408) 487-2600

Europe
Atmel Sarl
Route des Arsenaux 41
Case Postale 80
CH-1705 Fribourg
Switzerland
TEL (41) 26-426-5555
FAX (41) 26-426-5500

Asia
Room 1219
Chinachem Golden Plaza
77 Mody Road Tsimhatsui
East Kowloon
Hong Kong
TEL (852) 2721-9778
FAX (852) 2722-1369

Japan
9F, Tonetsu Shinkawa Bldg.
1-24-8 Shinkawa
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033
Japan
TEL (81) 3-3523-3551
FAX (81) 3-3523-7581

2325 Orchard Parkway


San Jose, CA 95131
TEL 1(408) 441-0311
FAX 1(408) 436-4314

RF/Automotive
Theresienstrasse 2
Postfach 3535
74025 Heilbronn, Germany
TEL (49) 71-31-67-0
FAX (49) 71-31-67-2340

Microcontrollers
2325 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
TEL 1(408) 441-0311
FAX 1(408) 436-4314
La Chantrerie
BP 70602
44306 Nantes Cedex 3, France
TEL (33) 2-40-18-18-18
FAX (33) 2-40-18-19-60

ASIC/ASSP/Smart Cards

1150 East Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd.


Colorado Springs, CO 80906
TEL 1(719) 576-3300
FAX 1(719) 540-1759

Biometrics/Imaging/Hi-Rel MPU/
High Speed Converters/RF Datacom
Avenue de Rochepleine
BP 123
38521 Saint-Egreve Cedex, France
TEL (33) 4-76-58-30-00
FAX (33) 4-76-58-34-80

Zone Industrielle
13106 Rousset Cedex, France
TEL (33) 4-42-53-60-00
FAX (33) 4-42-53-60-01
1150 East Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd.
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
TEL 1(719) 576-3300
FAX 1(719) 540-1759
Scottish Enterprise Technology Park
Maxwell Building
East Kilbride G75 0QR, Scotland
TEL (44) 1355-803-000
FAX (44) 1355-242-743

e-mail
literature@atmel.com

Web Site
http://www.atmel.com

Atmel Corporation 2002.


Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Companys standard warranty
which is detailed in Atmels Terms and Conditions located on the Companys web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any errors
which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without notice, and does
not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. No licenses to patents or other intellectual property of Atmel are granted
by the Company in connection with the sale of Atmel products, expressly or by implication. Atmels products are not authorized for use as critical
components in life support devices or systems.
ATMEL and AVR are the registered trademarks of Atmel.
Other terms and product names may be the trademarks of others.

Printed on recycled paper.


1232BAVR05/02

0M

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy