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EX.
NO:03
DATE:
INDUSTRIAL TYPE 4 WIRE TRANSMITTER

AIM:
To study and simulate a industrial type 4 wire Transmitter using operational amplifier.
COMPONENTS:
S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION
01. Variable Resistors As Required
02. OP-AMP LM311
03. Diode IN7200
04. Ammeter and Voltmeter As Required
05. Battery 0-5V
06. NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor 2N2219A
SOFTWARE USED:
01. Circuit Wizard.
02. Personal Computer.
THEORY:
The simplest form of 4-20 mA measurement loop is one where the transmitter has
two terminals for the 4-20 mA signal wires to connect, and two more terminals where a power
source connects. These transmitters are called “4-wire” or “self-powered” units. The current
signal from the transmitter connects to the process variable input terminals of the controller to
complete the loop.
CALCULATION:
SIMULATION WORK:
GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus a Industrial type 4-20mA. Four Wire System using operational amplifier is
designed in Circuit Wizard Software.
EX.NO:04
DATE:
ON-OFF CONTROLLER (WITH NOISE AND WITHOUT NOISE)

USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIRE
AIM:
To study and simulate a ON-OFF controller on with noise ad without noise using
operational amplifier.
COMPONENTS:
02. OP-AMP LM311
03. Resistor As Required
04. Function Generator As Required
05. CRO As Required
SOFTWARE USED:
01. Circuit Wizard.
THEORY:
The On Off Controller or two position controller is the simplest, cheapest and the
most used controllers. It is used in domestic heating systems, refrigeration, water tanks, etc.
When the measured variable is below the set point, the controller is ON and the output signal has
maximum value. When the measured variable is above the set point, the controller is OFF and
output is zeros.
SIMULATION WORK:
(WITH NOISE):
GRAPH:
(WITHOUT NOISE):
GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus NO-OFF controller on with noise without noise using operational amplifier is
designed in Circuit Wizard Software.
EX.NO:05
DATE:
PID CONTROLLER USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To study and simulate a PID controller using operational amplifier in circuit wizard.
COMPONENTS:
02. OP-AMP LM311
03. Resistor As Required
04. Constant Voltage 0-5V
05. Capacitor As Required
06. Indicator As Required
07. CRO As Required
SOFTWARE USED:
01. Circuit Wizard.
THEORY:
We've all heard about the wonders of the PID controller, bringing a system's output
- temperature, velocity, light - to its desired set point quickly and accurately. But now, your boss
says okay, design one for us. Although there's a number of ways to do it, the circuit above nicely
separates the three terms into three individual op amp circuits. We'll build it in SPICE, test each
term and finally place it inside a motor speed controller for you to tune. If you wish, take a quick
review of PID Control.
CALCULATION:
ERROR AMPLIFIER: A classic circuit for calculating the error is a summing op amp. In the
controller, XOP1 performs the error calculation. Remembering that the summing amp is an
inverting amp, we calculate its output using R1 = R2 = R3 = 10 kΩ.
Verr = - (Vset / R1 + Vsensor / R2) ∙ R3
= (Vset + Vsensor) ∙ (10 k / 10 k)
= - ( Vset + Vsensor )
Well, it does require that your sensor circuit produce a negative output voltage. Assuming
that Vsensor is the negative of the actual sensor voltage Vsensor = - Vsens, you get the
difference.
Verr = -( Vset - Vsens )
SIMULATION WORK:
GRAPH:
RESULT:
Thus a simulate a PID controller using operational amplifier in circuit wizard.
EX.NO:06
DATE:
DESIGN ORIFICE PLATES USINGS MATLAB

AIM:
To design and simulate a orifice plates using matlab
SOFTWARE USED:
01. Matlab Software.
THEORY:
An orifice plate is fundamentally a plate with a hole machined through it which is
inserted into a pipe. As flow passes through the hole it produces a pressure difference across the
hole (some of which is recovered). The plate must be sufficiently thin that over the range of
permitted thickness its thickness does not affect the discharge coefficient but thick enough not to
be distorted by the forces imposed by the pressure difference. The pressure difference is
proportional to the square of the flow rate (mass or volume).
CALCULATION:
(i) D = D0(1+α(T-T0))
(ii) е = е0/1+β(T-Tm)
(iii) P1-∆P/P1 ≥ 0.75
(iv) RCD = (4qm/πDμ)*0.7
(v) CEβ2 = 4qm/(ϵπD2√2∆𝑃𝑒 5 𝑉)
MATLAB CODE:
clear;
clc;
fr=1500;
ft=50;
dl=1.14;
rt=28;
usp=5.2*10^5;
cva=0.0002;
dv=0.015;
drt=15.24*10^-2;
tco=1.1*10^-5;
D0=drt*(1+tco*(ft-rt));
e=(1.14*10^3)/(1+0.0002*(ft-0));
cEb=(4*(1500/60))/((((e*3.14)*(dv^2))*((2*(0.52*10^5)*(50))^0.5)));
rcd=4*(1500/60)*0.7/(3.14*D0*dv);
fprintf('\n Reynolds number based on D0 = %f',D0);
fprintf('\n Reynolds number based on e = %f',e);
fprintf('\n Reynolds number based on cEd = %f',cEb);
fprintf('\n Reynolds number based on rcd = %f',rcd);
OUTPUT:
Reynolds number based on D0 = 0.152437
Reynolds number based on e = 1128.712871
Reynolds number based on cEd = 0.054992
Reynolds number based on rcd = 9749.606313
RESULT:
Thus a design and simulate a orifice plates using matlab.
EX.NO:07
DATE:
DESIGN A ROTAMETER USINGS MATLAB

AIM:
To design and simulate a Rotameter using matlab
SOFTWARE USED:
01. Matlab Software.
THEORY:
Rotameters, also referred to as variable area flow meters, are
widely used to measure gas and liquid flow. The basic principle of rotameter
design includes a float that rotates as it is pushed by the flow. The rotation speed of
the float indicates the rate of the flow. With today’s new technology, the basic
rotameter has evolved its capabilities to provide highly precise flow rate
measurements and to withstand a variety of extreme temperature and pressure
conditions.
CALCULATION:
2∆𝑃
(i) Qv=CEA2√( Ҁ𝑓 )
2𝑟𝑃𝑞 Ҁ𝑓
(ii) QV=Ceπ(R2-r2) √( 𝜋𝑟2 )(Ҁ𝑝 − Ҁ𝑓)
Ҁ𝑓
(iii) QV=2Ceπ√(2𝑟𝑃𝑔/𝜋)(Ҁ𝑝 − Ҁ𝑓)
MATLAB CODE:
di=input('enter the pipe diameter(cm):');
r=di/2;
cd=0.75;
i=1;
E=1;g=9.8;
rp=0.9*r;
ap=pi*(rp)^2;
deltap=input('enter the differential pressure(cm of WC):');
pf=input('enter the density of the fluid (kg/m^3):');
pp=input('enter the density of the plug (kg/m^3):');
qmax=input('enter the value of max.flowrate (m^3/s):');
h=input('enter the height of rotameter (cm):');
vp=((deltap*ap)/((pp-pf)*10^-3))*10^-6;
htan=(qmax/(cd*E*2*pi*sqrt(2*g)))*sqrt((pi*pf)/(vp*(pp-
pf)))*10^2;%converting to cm
if (htan<=0.2*di)
halftheta=(atand(htan/h));
i=0;
fprintf('theta/2=%fdeg\n',halftheta);
else
deltap=deltap+1;
end
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus a design and simulate a rotameter using matlab.

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EX.

INDUSTRIAL TYPE 4 WIRE TRANSMITTER

ON-OFF CONTROLLER (WITH NOISE AND WITHOUT NOISE)

PID CONTROLLER USING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Verr = -( Vset - Vsens )

DESIGN ORIFICE PLATES USINGS MATLAB

DESIGN A ROTAMETER USINGS MATLAB

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