MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

PRIYADARSHINI HILLS, KOTTAYAM-686560

CHOICE BASED CREDIT AND

SEMESTER SYSTEM
SCHEME & SYLLABI
FOR
UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMMES IN

CHEMISTRY

2009
0

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY, KOTTAYAM

Under Graduate Programmes in Chemistry
Scheme and Syllabi
Preface
Science is pivotal to the development of any modern society. However, the
creation of a scientific temper in society necessitates proper education and guidance. An
effective science education can be imparted at the undergraduate level only by revamping
the present curriculum. To achieve this goal, the curriculum should be restructured,
giving emphasis to various aspects such as the creativity of students, knowledge of
current developments in the discipline, awareness of environmental impacts due to the
development of science and technology, and the skills essential for handling equipment
and instruments in laboratories and industries.
The Higher Education Council has taken the initiative to reformulate the
undergraduate syllabi by introducing choice based credit and semester system. This is to
cope with the internationally followed curricula and mode of evaluation. This approach
has necessitated the revision of the present curriculum.
This curriculum is prepared to give sound knowledge and understanding of
chemistry to undergraduate students. The goal of the syllabus is to make the study of
chemistry stimulating, relevant and interesting. The syllabus is prepared with a view to
equipping the students with the potential to contribute to academic and industrial
environments. This curriculum will expose students to various fields in chemistry and
develop interest in related disciplines. Chemistry, being a border science to biology,
physics and engineering, has a key role to play in learning these disciplines. The new and
updated syllabus is based on an interdisciplinary approach with vigour and depth. Care
has been given to ensure that the syllabus is not very heavy while remaining compatible
to the syllabi of other universities at the same level. Chemistry being an experimental
science, sufficient emphasis is given in the syllabus for training in laboratory skills and
instrumentation.
The syllabus has been prepared in a participatory manner, after discussions with a
number of faculty members in the subject and also after evaluating the existing syllabi of
B.Sc. Part- III, the new syllabi of XIth & XIIth standards and U.G.C. model curriculum
and the syllabi of other Universities. The units of the syllabus are well defined and the
scope of each is given in detail. The number of contact hours required for each unit is
also given. A list of reference books is provided at the end of each course.

Broad objectives
To enable the students
To understand basic facts and concepts in Chemistry while retaining the exciting
aspects of Chemistry so as to develop interest in the study of chemistry as a
discipline.
To acquire the knowledge of terms, facts, concepts, processes techniques and
principles of the subject.
To develop the ability to apply the of principles of Chemistry.
To be inquisitive towards advanced chemistry and developments therein.
To appreciate the achievements in Chemistry and to know the role of Chemistry
in nature and in society.
To develop problem solving skills.
To be familiarised with the emerging areas of Chemistry and their applications in
various spheres of Chemical sciences and to apprise the students of its relevance
in future studies.
To develop skills in the proper handling of apparatus and chemicals.
To be exposed to the different processes used in industries and their applications.

At present there are three undergraduate programmes in Chemistry, viz. B.Sc Chemistry,
B.Sc Chemistry(Vocational) Model II, and B.Sc. Petrochemicals. These programmes
are restructured in such a manner that for each of these programmes there are 4 types of
courses, viz. A. Common courses, B. Core courses, C. Complementary courses, and D.
Open courses. The core courses are in the discipline of chemistry. These core courses
and the pattern of examinations are the same for all the three programmes. In
addition to the courses in chemistry there are courses in industrial chemistry for the
vocational programme and courses in petrochemicals for B.Sc petrochemicals. Open
course is offered by a department to students of other disciplines.

I. B Sc CHEMISTRY
The structure of the B.Sc chemistry programme is as follows:

Type of course

Number of courses

Credits

10
15

38
50

i. Mathematics

14

ii. Physics

14

34

120

A. Common courses
B. Core courses (Chemistry)
C. Complementary courses

D. Open course
Total

B.Sc Chemistry- Detailed Scheme

Sl.
No.

Study components

No.
Credit
Total
of
per
Credits
Courses Course

16

20

Common Courses

Language: Second Language

Common Courses

10

10

12

38

Core Courses (Chemistry)

1. Theory and Practical

24=8

2. Theory

23=6

3. Theory and Practical

20

5 5 = 25

4. Theory and Practical

12

3 6 = 18

5. Practical

1 2= 2

6. Choice Based Course

1 3= 3

7. Project/ Dissertation

1 2= 2

50

Complementary Courses

1. Mathematics

2. Physics

2
2

3
4

6
8

8
10

10

Total
D

Language: English

Total
C

Contact hours/ week

SEMESTER

Languages and Common

Courses

Total
B

Total
Instructional
hours/ week/
For the
program

4
5

28

Open Course
TOTAL

1
34

120

150

4
25

25

25

25

25

25

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Core Courses

Sl
No.

Course
Code

1.

CH1B01

2.

3.

CH2B01

CH3B01

4.

CH4B01

5.

CH5B01

6.

CH5B02

7.

CH5B03

8.

CH5B04

9.

10.

CH5D01

Title of the course

First Semester
Theory : Methodology of Chemistry
As a discipline of Science
Practical : Volumetric Analysis
Second Semester
Theory : Theoretical and Inorganic
Chemistry
Practical : Volumetric analysis
Third Semester
Theory : Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fourth Semester
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry I
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fifth Semester
Theory : Chemistry of d and f block
elements
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry II
Practical : Preparation and basic Lab
Skills
Theory : States of matter
Practical : Physical chemistry
Practical
Theory : Quantum mechanics and
Spectroscopy
Project/ Dissertation
Open course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
Hours for
the course

Contact
Hours/
week

36

36

36

36

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

54

54

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

3
3

2
2

36
54

2
3

54

No
evaluation
3

36

72

Sl.
No

Course
Code

Title of the course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
hours
for the
course

Contact
Hours/
week

Sixth Semester
11.

13.

CH6B03

14.

CH6B04

Theory : Applied Inorganic

Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Chemistry of Natural
Products and Biomolecules
Practical : Preparation and basic Lab
Skills
Theory : Equilibrium and kinetics
Practical : Physical Chemistry
Practicals
Theory : Solution chemistry

15.

CH6B05

Practical : Gravimetric Analysis

36

16.

CH6B06

Theory :Choice Based Course

54

17.

CH6B07

Project/ Dissertation

Evaluation

12.

CH6B01

CH6B02

54

54

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
54

3
3

54

Evaluation
There shall be two parts for evaluation:
i.
Internal or In- Semester Examination or Continuous Assessment
ii.
External or End- Semester Examination
For the core courses end-semester practical examinations should be conducted
in all semesters. One of the examiners can be appointed from the college and the other
one should be external.
The weightages for the Internal and External examinations shall be in the ratio
1:3. Both evaluations shall be done using Direct Grading system based on a 5- point scale
as given below

Letter Grade
A
B
C
D
E

Performance
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor

Grade point (G)

4
3
2
1
0

Grade Range
3.5 to 4.00
2.5 to 3.49
1.5 to 2.49
0.5 to 1.49
0.00 to 0.49

The overall grade for a programme for certification shall be based on Cumulative Grade
Point Average( CGPA ) with a 7-point scale given below.
CGPA
3.80 to 4.00
3.50 to 3.79
3.00 to 3.49
2.50 to 2.99
2.00 to 2.49
1.50 to 1.99
1.00 to 1.49

Grade
A+
A
B+
B
C+
C
D

A separate minimum of D grade for both internal and external evaluations are required
for a pass for a course.
For the successful completion of a programme and award of the degree, a student
must pass all courses satisfying the minimum credit requirements and must score a
minimum CGPA of 2.00 or an overall grade of C+ or above.
Components of the internal evaluation and their weights are as below.
1. Theory
Component
Attendance
Assignment
Seminar/Viva voce
Best two test papers

Weight
1
1
1
2

Assignment: best two assignments per course

Seminar / Viva voce in alternate semesters
2. Practical
Component
Attendance
Lab involvement
Record
Best two test papers
Viva-voce

Weight
1
2
2
2
1
7

3. Project
Component
Project Report/Dissertation
Presentation
Viva-voce

Weight
2
2
1

Grades for attendance will be awarded as shown below

% of Attendance
> 90%
Between 85 and 90
Between 80 and 85
Between 75 and 80
< 75

Grade
A
B
C
D
E

Project: All students have to undertake a project/dissertation. The project can be

done individually or as a group of three students. The reports shall be prepared and
submitted individually. The reports of the projects/dissertation are to be submitted in
duplicate to the department at the end of the sixth semester and are to be produced
before the examiners appointed by the University.
Pattern of questions
The pattern of questions for theory is shown below
Type of questions
1
2
3
4

A bunch of 4 objective type

Short answer type
Short essay/problem solving type
Essay type

Weight
1
1
2
4

Number of questions to
be answered
4 bunches (no choice)
5 out of 8
4 out of 6
2 out of 3

SYLLABUS FOR CORE (CHEMISTRY) COURSES

(Semester I)
CH1BO1 - Methodology of Chemistry as a discipline of Science
Credits- 2

(36 hrs)

Aim: To illustrate the methodology of science in chemistry

Objectives:
To have a broad outline of the methodology of science in general and Chemistry
in particular
To understand the important analytical and instrumental tools used for practicing
chemistry
To learn computer based presentation and statistical analysis of data using
spreadsheet software
To apply these skills in the analysis of experimental data in chemistry practical
1.

Chemistry as a discipline of science

(9 hrs)

What is science? Scientific statements, Scientific methodsobservation-posing a

question-formulation of hypothesis-experiment-theory-law. Falsification (disproving) of
hypothesis, inductive and deductive reasoning, revision of scientific theories and laws.
Methods of science as illustrated through the following
i) Laws of chemical combination- Faradays laws of electrolysis- Daltons atomic theoryatom models- J.J.Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr model and quantum mechanical model of
atom.
ii) n-P-V-T relation of gases-gas laws-kinetic molecular theory
Role of concepts and models in science.
Evolution of Chemistry- ancient speculations on the nature of matter, early form
of chemistry-alchemy, origin of modern chemistry.Structure of chemical science: scope
of chemical science,theory and experiment, branches of chemistry. Role of Chemistry as
a central science connecting Physics, Biology and other branches of science.
Interdisciplinary areas involving Chemistry- Nanotechnology, Biotechnology.
Chemical science in the service of man: Drugs, food, flavouring agents,
sweeteners, cosmetics, soaps and detergents, paints, varnishes, textiles, dyes, fertilizers,
insecticides, fuels etc - examples in each.
9

Methodology of chemistry: Symbols, formulae, Chemical equations, classification

(periodic classification of elements, classification of organic compounds into homologous
series), Analysis (qualitative and quantitative), preparation, synthesis, manufacture.
References
1. J. A. Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (chapters1and 2)
2. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, MacMillan (India) Ltd (Chapters 1
and 2)
2.

Research in Science

(9 hours)

Selecting a topic hypothesis-design of experiment: variables, correlation and causality,

sampling, use of controls, experimental bias, analysis, results, discussion of results,
models.
Summary of the scientific methods. Writing Science
Reference
J.A Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (chapters3, 9 and Appendix 3)
3. Analytical and synthetic methodologies in Chemistry

(9 hours)

Titrimetric analysis: fundamental concepts - mole, molarity, molality, ppm and ppb
primary standard-secondary standard, quantitative dilution problems. Acid base
titrations- titration curves pH indicators. Redox titrations titration curve titrations
involving MnO4- and Cr2O72- - redox indicators. Complexometric titrations EDTA
titrations - titration curves - indicators- Gravimetric analysis: Unit operations in
gravimetric analysis Illustrations using iron and barium estimation. Synthetic
methodologies condensation addition- examples. Separation and
purification
techniques Filtration, Crystallization and precipitation concept of solubility product as
applied in group separation of cations problems. Fractional distillation, Solvent
extraction.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter40)
2. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 12-17)
3. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons
Education Ltd(Chapters 10,11)
4. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapters
5,7,8,16,17)
10

4. Data Analysis

(9 hours)

Units, significant digits, rounding, scientific and prefix notation, graphing of data Precision and accuracy Types of errors Ways of expressing precision Ways to
reduce systematic errors - reporting analytical data ,Statistical treatment of analytical data
population and samples Mean and standard deviation distribution of random errors
confidence limits tests of significance Correlation and regression linear regression
analysis, calculation of regression coefficients (slope, Intercept) using scientific
calculator - methods of least squares.
The following section is non-evaluative for theory examination
Familiarization of software packages for analysis and graphical representation of data MS Excel, Origin, Openoffice calc (Physical Chemistry experiments using software
packages are included in the 5th and 6th semesters), simulations, virtual experiments,
drawing molecular structures using Chemsketch, ISIS Draw.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter40)
2. J. A. Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (Appendices 1,2 and 4)
3. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 5-8)
4. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.(Chapter 4)
5. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapter 2)
6. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical
S.Chemistry, Brooks/Cole
Further Reading
1. J. Mills and P. Evans, Core Chemistry, Foundation books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi (2004)
2. T. F. Gieryn, Cultural boundaries of science, University Chicago Press, 1999
3. H. Collins and T. Pinch, The Golem, What everyone should know about science,
Cambridge University Press, 1993
4. Hewitt, Paul G, S. Lyons, J. A. Suchocki and J. Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science,
Addison Wesley, 2007
5. Methods for Teaching Science As Inquiry, Allyn and Bacon, 2009
6. K. V. S. Sarma, Statistics made simple, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
7. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical
S.Chemistry, Brooks/Cole.
8. R. D. Jarrard, Scientific Methods,jarrard@mines.utah.edu,2001
11

9. R. Sangenburg, D. K. Moser, History of Science (5 volumes), Universities Press

(India) Ltd.

Practical: CH1B01 Volumetric Analysis

Credit- 1

(36 hrs)

A. Acidimetry and alkalimetry

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Strong acid Weak base

Strong base Weak acid
Estimation of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in a mixture
Estimation of NaOH and Na2CO3 in a mixture
Estimation of ammonia in ammonium salts by direct and indirect methods
B. Complexometry

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Estimation of Zn using EDTA

Estimation of Mg using EDTA
Estimation of Mg and Ca in a mixture
Estimation of Ni
Determination of hardness of water

References
1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 13,14)
2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.(Chapter 10)
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapters 7,8)
4. R. D. Day, A. L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India
Pvt. Ltd (Chapters 6,8)

12

(Semester II)
CH2B01: Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry
Credits- 2

(36 Hrs)

Aim
To impart essential theoretical knowledge on atomic structure, periodic properties,
chemical bonding, and nuclear chemistry.
Objectives:
To study the various atom models
To understand the important features of the quantum mechanical model of the
atom.
To study the periodic properties of elements
To explain the formation of different types of bonds
To predict the geometry of simple molecules
To explain the different types of hybridisation and draw shapes of simple covalent
molecules
To understand the molecular orbital theory of diatomic molecules
To develop interest in various branches of inorganic chemistry.
To study nuclear models and nuclear reactions.
1. Atomic Structure

(9 hrs)

Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Bohrs equation for the energy of electron in hydrogen
atom, the hydrogen spectrum, limitations of Bohr theory, photoelectric effect, idea of de
Broglie matter waves, Heisenbergs uncertainity principle and
its
significance,
Schrodinger wave equation (derivation not expected), wave functions, significance of
(psi) and 2, atomic orbitals, Nodal planes in atomic orbitals, quantum numbers (n, l, m),
Zeeman effect, Stern-Gerlac experiment, spin quantum number (s), shapes of s, p and d
orbitals. Aufbau and Paulis exclusion principles, Hunds rule, energy level diagram of a
multielectron atom, concept of effective nuclear charge, Slaters rules and applications,
Electronic configuration of atoms.
References
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., Blackwell Science, London
(Chapter 1)
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 1)
3. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan,India (Chapter 1)

13

4. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn.,
John Wiley(Chapter 2).
5. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn., Oxford University
Press(Chapter 1)
6. B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, J. Alexander, Concepts and models in Inorganic
Chemistry(Chapter 1)
2. Periodic properties

(3 hrs)

Periodic trends in atomic volume, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron
affinity(electron gain enthalpy), electronegativity and metallic character, Paulings
electronegativity scale, Classification of elements as s,p,d & f block.
References
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., Blackwell Science,
London(Chapter 1,6)
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 2)
3. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan India (Chapter 3)
4. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P. L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn.,
John Wiley(Chapter 2).
5. B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, J. Alexander, Concepts and models in Inorganic
Chemistry(Chapter 1).
3 Chemical Bonding

(15 hrs)

Ionic bond nature of ionic bond, properties of ionic compounds, radius ratio and
coordination number, factors favouring the formation of ionic compounds. Lattice
energy, Born-Lande equation with derivation, factors affecting lattice enthalpy,
Born-Haber cycle and its applications, solvation enthalpy and solubility of ionic
compounds.
Covalent bond- valence bond theory and its limitations, concept of resonance, resonance
energy, hybridisation and shapes of simple molecules (BeF2, PCI3, PCI5, SF6 , CH4,
Ethane, ethane and ethyne) VSEPR theory, shapes of molecules and ions (NH3, XeF6,
CIF3, NH4+, H3O+). Molecular orbital theory LCAO method, molecular orbital energy
diagram and properties of homo and hetero diatomic molecules (N2, O2, CO and NO),
bond strength and bond energy. Polarisation of covalent bond, polarising power and
polarisability of ions, Fajans rule.
Dipole moment and molecular structure percentage ionic character from dipole moment.
Metallic bonding free electron theory, valence bond theory and band theory, explanation
of metallic properties based on these theories.
14

Weak chemical forces hydrogen bond, inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonds, effects
of hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces
References
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., Blackwell Science,
London(Chapter 2-5)
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 4,5)
3. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan India (Chapter 3)
4. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P. L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd
edn., John Wiley(Chapter 3,4).
5. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn., Oxford
University Press(Chapter 2,3)
4 Nuclear Chemistry

(9 hrs)

Nuclear particles, nuclear forces, nuclear size, nuclear density, stability of nucleus,
binding energy, magic numbers, packing fraction, n/p ratio. Nuclear models liquid drop
model and shell model.
Natural radioactivity, modes of decay, decay constant, half life period, average life,
radioactive equilibrium, Geiger-Nuttal rule, units of radioactivity, radiation dosage.
Induced radioactivity, nuclear reactions induced by charged projectiles, neutrons and
rays, fission reactions, fusion reactions, spallation reactions, preparation of transuranic
elements, Q values of nuclear reactions. Fertile and fissile isotopes, chain reaction, stellar
energy.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 38)
2. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry,New Age (Chapter3- 5)
3. R. Gopalan, Elements of Nuclear Chemistry, Vikas Publ. House.
Further Reading
1
2
3
4

J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn., Harper

Collins, 1993.
G. Wulfsberg, Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books
W. L Jolly, Inorganic Chemistry, Ttata Mc Graw Hill
J. D. Lee, New concise inorganic chemistry,
15

5
6
7
8

M. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn,

Butterworth
Manas Chanda, Atomic structure and chemical bonding
H. J. Emeleus, A. G. Sharpe, Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, Universal
Book Stall
J David Brown, The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry,Oxford Science
Publication

Practical: CH2B01 Volumetric Analysis

Credit- 1

(36 hrs)

A. Permanganometry
1.
2.
3.
4.

Estimation of Ferrous iron

Estimation of Oxalic acid
Estimation of Hydrogen Peroxide
Estimation of Calcium

B. Dichrometry
1. Estimation of Ferrous iron using internal indicator
2. Estimation of Ferrous iron using external indicator
3. Estimation of Ferric iron reduction with SnCl2
C. Iodometry and Iodimetry
1. Standardisation of thiosulphate using KIO3, electrolytic copper and potassium
dichromate.
2. Estimation of As2O3 and arsenite.
3. Estimation of Cu in a copper salt.
References
1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 13,14)
2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.(Chapter 10)
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapter12)
4. R. D. Day, A. L. Underwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India
Pvt. Ltd(Chapter 11)

16

(Semester III)
CH3 B01 Fundamentals of Organic chemistry
Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
To promote understanding of basic facts and concepts and to inculcate interest in
Organic chemistry.
Objectives
To have a basic understanding about the classification and nomenclature of
organic compounds, fundamentals of organic reaction mechanism, aromaticity
and stereochemistry
To make students capable of understanding and studying organic reactions
To have exposure to various emerging new areas of organic chemistry
To develop skills required for the qualitative analysis of organic compounds
1. Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds

(4 hrs)

Classification of organic compounds

Rules of IUPAC system of nomenclature of common organic compounds alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, bicycloalkanes, alkyl halides, alcohols and phenols.
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and its derivatives, amines, nitro compounds. (Both
aliphatic and aromatic)
References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson Education
(p-26,70,93,131,531, 145,176, 202, 223,245,256,367,360,571)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (p.92-112)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House(Chapter 3).
4. S. C. Pal, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Narosa Publishing Company
Further Reading
1. P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education. (Chapter-1)
2. C. N. Pillai Organic Chemistry Universities Press.

17

2. Fundamentals of organic reaction mechanism

(15 Hrs)

Meaning of reaction mechanism

Drawing electron movements with arrows- curved arrow notation. Half headed
and double headed arrows. Nature of bond fission Homolytic and Heterolytic.
Types of reagents Electrophiles and Nucleophiles.
Types and sub types of following organic reactions with definition and at least one
example of each- Substitution, Addition, Elimination and Rearrangement.
Reactive intermediates with examples Carbocations, Carbanions and Free radicals.
Electron displacement effects - Inductive, inductomeric, electromeric, mesomeric,
resonance, hyper conjugation and steric effects.
Aliphatic nucleophilic substitutions, mechanism of SN1,SN2- effects of structuresubstrate, solvent, nucleophile and leaving groups - Stereochemistry- Walden inversion
Elimination Reactions:-Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules- cis and trans eliminations
mechanisms of E1 and E2 reactions. Elimination versus substitution.
Addition reactions- mechanisms of addition of Bromine and hydrogen halides to double
bonds-Markownikoffs rule and peroxide effect
Polymerisation reactions-Types of polymerisation - free radical, cationic and anionic
polymerisations including mechanism .
References
1. Peter Sykes, A Guide book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry : 6th Edition,
Pearson Education. (chapters 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
2. P. S. Kalsi Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms New Age International
Publishers. (Chapters- 4, 5,11,12,16)
3. K.S. Tewari and N.K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House. (Chapter 5)
4. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter 3,4 )
5. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall
of India,( Chapters-5,8,9).
6. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson( chapters-4,5,20,21)
Further Reading
1. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, IV Edn, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
2. S. M. Mukhergi and S.P. Singh Reaction Mechanism In Organic Chemistry,
Macmillan
3. Reinhard Bruckner, Advanced Organic Chemistry Elsevier
4. J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press
5. V. K. Ahluwalia, Green Chemistry, Ane Books India.

18

3. Stereochemistry of organic compounds

(15 hrs)

Stereoisomerism - definition - classification into optical and geometrical isomerism

Projection formulae - Fischer, flying wedge, sawhorse and Newman projection formulae
- notation of optical isomers -D-L notation- Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules - R-S notations for
optical isomers with one and two asymmetric carbon atoms - erythro and threo
representations.
Optical isomerism - optical activity - optical and specific rotations - conditions for optical
activity - asymmetric centre -- chirality - achiral molecules - meaning of (+) and (-)
Elements of symmetry -. Racemisation - methods of racemisation (by substitution and
tautomerism) - Resolution - methods of resolution (mechanical, seeding, biochemical and
conversion to diastereoisomers) - Asymmetric synthesis (partial and absolute synthesis).
Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric carbon atoms-

Biphenyls.

Geometrical isomerism - cis-trans, syn-anti and E-Z notations - geometrical isomerism in

maleic and fumaric acids and unsymmetrical ketoximes - methods of distinguishing
geometrical isomers using melting point, dipole moment, dehydration and cyclisation
Conformational analysis - introduction of terms - conformers, configuration, dihedral
angle, torsional strain - Conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane including energy
diagrams - conformers of cyclohexane (chair, boat and skew boat forms) - axial and
equatorial, Bonds-ring flipping showing axial equatorial interconversions, conformation
of methyl cyclohexane.
References:
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapters-4,13)
2. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry - Vol.- 6th Edition I, Pearson Education
(Chapters-3,4,17)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapters-6,7)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House. (Chapter-6)
Further Reading
1. D. Nasipuri Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, New Age International
Publishers
2. P. S. Kalsi Stereochemistry, Conformation and Mechanisms New Age
International Publishers.
3. C. N. Pillai Organic Chemistry Universities Press.
4. P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education.
19

5. J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford

University Press
4. Aromaticity

(15 Hrs)

Concept of resonance- resonance energy. Heat of hydrogenation and heat of combustion

of Benzene, mention of C-C bond lengths and orbital picture of Benzene. Structure of
naphthalene and anthracene (Molecular Orbital diagram and resonance energy)
Concept of aromaticity aromaticity (definition), Huckels rule application to
Benzenoid -Benzene, Naphthalene- and Non Benzenoid compounds -cyclopropenyl
cation, cyclopentadienyl anion and tropylium cation.
Reactions General mechanism of electrophilic substitution, mechanism of halogenation,
nitration, Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution
Definition of ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating
groups with examples -Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and PhenolicOrientation of (i). Amino, methoxy and methyl groups (ii). Carboxy, nitro, nitrile,
carbonyl and sulfonic acid groups. (iii). Halogens.(Explanation by taking minimum of
one example from each type is required).
Reactivity of naphthalene towards electrophilic substitution. Nitration and sulfonation
Aromatic Nucleophilic substitutions- bimolecular displacement mechanism- Elimination
addition mechanism-Reactivity and orientation in Aromatic Nucleophilic substitutions.

References:
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapters- 15,26)
2. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry - Vol.- 6th Edition I, Pearson Education
(chapters-20,21)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapters- 14,15,16)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House, (Chapter- 11,12,)
5. Peter Sykes, A Guide book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry :, 6th Edition,
Pearson Education (chapter 6)

20

Further Reading
1. P. S. Kalsi Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms New Age International
Publishers. (Chapters-4,5,11,12,16)
2. S. H. Pine Organic Chemistry - - McGraw Hill
3. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, IV Edn, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
4. Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education.
5. J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press

5. Pericyclic Reactions

(5 hrs)

Classification- electrocyclic, sigmatropic, cycloaddition reactions.

Claisen rearrangement -Diels_Alder reation- . Stereochemical aspects.
References:
1. P. Sykes, A Guide book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Orient
Longman(Chapter-12 and p.198)
2. P.S. Kalsi Organic Reactions and their Mechanisms New Age International
Publishers. (Chapter-17)
3. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co.(Chapter -47)
4. P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education. (Chapter-28)
Further Reading
1.
2.
3.
4.

R. Bruckner, Advanced Organic Chemistry Elsevier

J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, IV Edn, John Wiley & Sons, NY
S. H. Pine Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press

21

Practical: CH3B01- Qualitative Organic Analysis

Credit -1

(36 hrs)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Tests for elements: Nitrogen, Halogens and Sulphur

Tests for unsaturation.
Tests for aromatic character.
Study of the reactions of the following functional groups: alcohol, aldehyde,
ketone, carboxylic acid, 1,2 dicarboxylic acid, ester, primary and secondary
amines
5. Systematic analysis of the following organic compounds containing one
functional group and characterization with a derivative.- alcohol, aldehyde,
ketone, carboxylic acid, 1,2 dicarboxylic acid, ester, primary and secondary
amines.
(Minimum eight compounds to be analysed)
References

1.
2.
3.

Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry Pearson Education

F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition,
Pearson Education.
V.K.Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry
Universities Press.

22

(Semester IV)
Credits - 3

CH4B01 - Basic Organic Chemistry -I

(54 hours)

Aim
To give the students a thorough knowledge about the chemistry of some selected
functional groups with a view to develop proper aptitude towards the study of organic
compounds and their reactions
Objectives
To enable the studentsTo learn the chemistry of alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, derivatives of
Carboxylic acids, Sulphonic acids, carbonyl compounds, poly nuclear
hydrocarbons, active methylene compounds and Grignard reagents.
To understand and study Organic reaction mechanisms.
1. Hydroxy compounds

(8 Hrs)

Monohydric alcohols: Classification, physical propertieshydrogen bonding-distinction

between primary ,secondary and tertiary alcohols- Ascent and decent in alcohol series
Dihydric alcohols: Oxidative cleavage Lead tetra acetate, Periodic acid- Pinacol Pinacolone rearrangement mechanism
Phenols Acidity of phenols- effects of substituents comparison of acidity with
alcohols
Preparation and uses of nitrophenols, picric acid, catechol, resorcinol and quinol
Mechanisms of Reimer Tiemann reaction, Lederer- Mannase reaction, Fries
rearrangement
References
1. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall
of India, (Chapters-6,24)
2. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (6,8,11,26)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapters-19,20)
4. K.S. Tewari and N K Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing
House(Chapters-16,17)
23

Further reading
1. B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C. N. Pillai Organic Chemistry Universities Press.
2. Ethers and Epoxides

(3 Hrs)

Synthesis and Reactions of Epoxides

Cleavage of ether linkages by HI- Ziesels method of estimation of alkoxy groupsClaisen rearrangement mechanism.
References
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-6,)
2. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (chapter 7and p.1126)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-21)
4. K. S. Tewari and NK Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing
House (Chapter-18)
5. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C. N. Pillai Organic Chemistry Universities Press.
3. Aldehydes and Ketones
(12 hrs)
Structure and reactivity of the carbonyl group - acidity of alpha hydrogen. Comparative
studies of -aldehydes and ketones - aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes - formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde-Mechanism of nucleophilic additions to carbonyl groups with special
emphasis on Claisen , Claisen-Schmidt, Benzoin, Aldol, Perkin and Knoevenagel
condensations. Condensation with ammonia and its derivatives. Wittig reaction. Mannich
reaction.-Addition of Grignard reagents. Oxidation and reduction of aldehydes and
ketones - Baeyer-Villiger oxidation-Cannizzaros reaction, Meerwein-Pondorof Verley,
Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, LiAIH4 and NaBH4 reductions (mechanisms expected)
.Use of acetal as protecting group.
References
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-18)
2. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry 6th Edition, Vol.- I, Pearson. ((Chapters-8,27)
24

3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
4. K.S Tewari and NK Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing
House (Chapter-19)
5. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education Asia.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C.N.PillaiOrganicChemistryUniversitiesPress.
4. Carboxylic and Sulphonic acids
(18 hours)
Structure of carboxylate ion- effects of substituents on acid strength of aliphatic and
aromatic carboxylic acids- ascent and descent in fatty acid series- Hell-VolhardZelinsky reaction -Mechanism of decarboxylation
Preparation of functional derivatives of carboxylic acidsacid chlorides, esters
anhydrides and amides their importance
Methods of formation and chemical reactions of anthranilic acid,cnnamic acid, acrylic
acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and
coumarin.
Preparation and reactions of benzene sulphonic acid, benzene sulphonyl chloride and
otho and para toluene sulphonyl chlorides- uses
References
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-)
2. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapters-9, 25,28)
3. M.K.Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
3. K.S Tewari and NK Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing
House (Chapter-20,21,28)
4. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. A. K. Bansal, A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, New Age International.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C.N.PillaiOrganicChemistry,UniversitiesPress.
5. Carbonic acid derivatives

(3 Hrs)

Preparation- reactions and structure of urea, thiourea and semi carbazide manufacture
of uea- preparation and basicity of guanidine.

25

References
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India.
2. I. L .Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-16)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-20)
5. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. A. K. Bansal, A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, New Age International.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press.
6. Grignard and related compounds

(3 Hrs)

Grignard reagents-formation, structure and synthetic applications, alkyl lithium,

Reformatsky reaction
References
1. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-)
2. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-15)
3. M.K.Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-27)
5. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education Asia.
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry UniversitiesPress.
7. Compounds containing active methylene groups

(4 Hrs)

Synthetic uses of malonic ester, acetoacetic ester and cyanoacetic ester. Keto-enol
tautomerism of ethyl acetoacetate
Alkylation of carbonyl compounds via enamines.

26

References
1. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall
of India. (Chapter-)
2. I. L .Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-10,13)
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-32)
5. B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further reading
1. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
2. C. N. Pillai, OrganicChemistry, UniversitiesPress.
8. Poly nuclear hydrocarbons and their derivatives

(3hrs)

Classification reactions and structure of naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.

Elementary idea of naphthyl amines, naphthols, naphthaquinone and anthraquinone.

References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry , 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-29)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter- 16)
3. K.S Tewari and NK Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing
House (Chapter- 25)
4. B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
Further reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C. N. Pillai Organic Chemistry Universities Press.

A. K. Bansal, A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, New Age International.
John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd.
S. H. Pine Organic Chemistry,McGraw Hill
A. K.Bansal,A Textbook of Organic Chemistry,New Age International
Publishers

27

Practical CH4 B01 -Qualitative Organic Analysis

Credit 1

(36 hrs)

1. Determination of Physical constants of solids and liquids

2. Study of the reactions of the following functional groups: reducing and nonreducing sugars, phenol, tertiary amines, amide, nitro and halogen compounds
diamide , anilide, polynuclear hydrocarbons
3. Systematic analysis of the following organic compounds containing one functional
group and characterization with its physical constant and a derivative :- reducing
and non reducing sugars, phenol, tertiary amines, amides, diamide, nitro and
halogen compounds, anilides and polynuclear hydrocarbons.
(Minimum ten compounds to be analysed)
References
1.
2.
3.

A. I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman.

Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry Pearson Education
F. G.Mann and B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry 4th edn, Pearson
Education.
V. K. Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry
Universities Press.

28

(Semester V)
CH5B01 Chemistry of d and f block elements
Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
To improve the level of understanding of the chemistry of transition and inner transition
metals, coordination compounds, organometallic compounds, metal carbonyls and
bioinorganic chemistry.
Objectives
To understand the general characteristics of the d and f block elements
To study the physical and chemical properties of d and f block elements
To study the Werners theory of coordination compounds
To study isomerism in metal complexes
To study the bonding in coordination compounds
To understand the applications of coordination compounds
To understand the classification, properties and applications of organometallic
compounds
To study the methods of preparation, properties, structure and bonding of metal
carbonyls and metal clusters
To understand the role of metals in biological systems.
1. Chemistry of d and f block Elements
(9hrs)
General characteristics of d-block elements with special reference to electronic
configuration, oxidation states, variable valency, metallic character, colour, magnetic
properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes. Comparison of the
properties of second and third transition series with first transition series.
Chemistry of lanthanides electronic structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction,
consequences of lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties, spectral properties and
separation of lanthanides by ion exchange and solvent extraction methods (Brief study).
Chemistry of actinides electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide contraction,
position of actinides in the periodic table, comparison with lanthanides in terms of
magnetic properties and spectral properties (Brief study).

29

References
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., Blackwell Science,
London.(Chapter 18, 29 and 30).
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 21 and 25)
Further Reading
1. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry,
Pearson 2006.
2. F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., John
Wiley, New York.
3. D. F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 3rd edn., Oxford
University Press.
2. Coordination Chemistry

(18hrs)

IUPAC nomenclature, coordination number, geometry of complexes with coordination

numbers 4 and 6. Stability of complexes - factors affecting the stability of metal complexes.
Chelates, chelate effect, stepwise stability constant and overall stability constant.
Isomerism in coordination compounds structural isomerism and stereo isomerism,
stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers.
Bonding theories Werners theory of coordination, EAN, Valence bond theory,
geometries
of coordination numbers 4-tetrahedral and square planar and 6-octahedral
and its limitations, high spin and low spin complexes, inner orbital and outer orbital
complexes. Crystal filed theory, splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and
square-planar complexes low spin and high spin complexes, strong and weak field
ligands, pairing energy, Jahn-Teller distortion, Jahn-Teller distortion in Cu (II)
complexes. MO theory, evidence for metal ligand covalency, MO diagram of complexes
of octahedral symmetry (sigma bonding only).
Spectral and magnetic properties of metal complexes-Electronic absorption spectrum of
3+

[Ti (H O) ] ion. Types of magnetic behavior, spin-only formula, calculation of magnetic

2

moments.
Reactivity of metal complexes-Labile and inert complexes, ligand substitution reactions
SN1and,SN2 substitution reactions of square planar complexes Trans effect and
applications of trans effect.

30

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., Blackwell Science,

London (Chapter 7)
R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30)
G.L. Meissler, D.A Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education
(Chapter 9, 10, 11 and 12)
J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry,
Pearson 2006( Chapter 14, 15, 16, 17)
F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn.,
John Wiley, New York (Chapter 2)

Further Reading
1. B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, J. Alexander, Concepts and models of Inorganic
Chemistry 3rd edn., John Wiley.
2. M. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn,
Butterworth.
3. Organometallic Compounds

(9hrs)

Definition, classification of organometallic compounds, Ylides, classification on the basis

of hapticity, naming of organometallic compounds. Catalytic properties of organometallic
compounds - alkene hydrogenation, synthesis of water gas shift reaction, Zeigler-Natta
polymerisation, 18 electron rule, metal-alkene complexes, metal-alkyne complexes,
carbene and carbyne complexes. Metallocenes ferrocene (preparation and structure
only). Zeises salt preparation, properties and structure.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 33)
2. G. L. Meissler, D. A Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education
(Chapter 13 and 14)
3. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry,
Pearson 2006( Chapter 18, 19)
Further Reading
1. R. C. Mehrothra and A. Singh, Organometallic chemistry, New age
publishers.
2. F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn.,
John Wiley, New York.
3. A G Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn. Pearson

31

4. Metal Carbonyls and Metal clusters

(9hrs)

Preparation and properties of mononuclear carbonyls. Structures of Mo (CO)6, Fe (CO)5

and Ni (CO)4. Polynuclear carbonyls, bridged carbonyls and bonding in carbonyls. Metal
clusters - carbonyl and halide clusters, low nuclearity carbonyl clusters and high
nuclearity carbonyl clusters, electron counting schemes for Rh6(CO)16 and [Os6(CO)18]2-,
metal only clusters (Zintl ions). Quadruple bond structure of Re2CI82-.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 31 and 32)
2. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry,
Pearson 2006( Chapter 15)
3. F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn.,
John Wiley, New York (Chapter 22 and 23)
Further Reading
1. D. F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 3rd edn., Oxford
University Press.
2. G. S. Sodhi, Organometallic Chemistry, Ane books Ltd, New Delhi, 2009.
5. Bioinorganic Chemistry
(9hrs)
Essential and trace elements in biological systems, myoglobin and haemoglobin, role of
myoglobin and haemoglobin in biological systems, mechanism of oxygen transport,
cooperativity, Bohr effect. Vitamin B12 (structure not expected) Metalloenzymes of zinc,
inhibition and poisoning of enzymes. Electron carriers cytochromes. Role of alkali and
alkaline earth metals in biological systems, Na/K pump. Biological function and toxicity
of metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, Hg and Pb, treatment of metal toxicity. Anti
cancer drugs cisplatin and carboplatin
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 36)
2. G. L. Meissler, D. A Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education
(Chapter
16)
3. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry,
Pearson 2006( Chapter 20)
4. F.A.Cotton,G.Wilkinson,P.L.Gaus,Basic Inorganic Chemistry,3 rd Edn,John
Wiley,1995
5. F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., John
Wiley, New York(Chapter 30)

32

Further Reading
1. D. F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry 3rd edn., Oxford University
Press.
2. G. S. Sodhi, Organometallic Chemistry, Ane books Ltd, New Delhi, 2009

Practical: CH5 B01-Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

Credit 1

(54 hrs)

1. Study of the reactions of the following radicals with a view to their identification
and confirmation.
Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Bi2+, Cd2+, As3+, Sn2+, Sb3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+,
Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+.
CO32 , S2 , SO42 , NO3 , F , Cl , Br , BO2 , C2O42-, C4H4O62-, CH3COO-, PO43- ,
AsO33-, AsO43- and CrO42
2. Systematic qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two acid and two basic
radicals from the above list without interfering radical by Semi-micro method only.
(Minimum of five mixtures to be analysed)
References
1.
2.
3.
4.

A. I. Vogel A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including

Elementary Instrumental Analysis: (Third Ed.) (ELBS)
G. Svehla, Text Book of Vogel's Macro and Semi-micro Inorganic Analysis,
revised, Orient Longman.
V. V. Ramanujam, Inorganic Semi micro Qualitative Analysis ,The National
Publishing Co., Chennai,
W. G. Palmer Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, Cambridge.

33

CH5B02- Basic Organic Chemistry-II

Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
To give the students a thorough knowledge about the mechanisms of reactions of some
selected functional groups in organic compounds and also to give an outline of applied
organic chemistry and the applications of organic chemistry in various spheres of
chemical sciences.
Objectives
To learn the chemistry of nitro compounds, amines, dyes, organic polymers,
soaps, detergents and organic reagents.
To understand and study mechanism of reactions of nitro compounds and
amines.
To have an elementary idea of chemotherapy, organic spectroscopy and
photochemistry
To identify organic compound using UV, IR and PMR spectroscopic techniques
To develop basic skills required for crystallisation, distillation, solvent extraction,
TLC and column chromatography.
1. Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

(20 Hrs)

Nitro compounds- nitromethane- tautomerism- reduction products of nitrobenzene in

acidic, neutral and alkaline media- electrolytic reduction and selective reduction of poly
nitro compounds- formation of charge transfer complexes.
Amines- isomerism- stereochemistry of amines. Separation of a mixture of primary,
secondary and tertiary amines- Structural features affecting basicity of aliphatic and
aromatic amines. Quaternary amine salts as phase-transfer catalysts. Comparative study
of aliphatic and aromatic amines.
Preparation of alkyl and arylamines (reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles), reductive
amination of aldehydic and ketonic compounds, Gabriel-Phthalimide reaction,
Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
Diazonium salts-preparation, synthetic transformations of aryl diazonium salts, azo
coupling-. Mechanisms of Sandmeyer's and Gatterman reactions- Schiemann and
Gomberg reactions
Preparation and uses of Phenyl hydrazine.
Diazomethane and diazoacetic ester - preparation, structure and synthetic uses.-Arndt
Eistert synthesis- mechanism Wolff rearrangement

34

References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapters13,22,23,24)
2. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India, (Chapter- 22,23,)
3. M. K.J ain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter- 22,23,24)
5. B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
Further Reading
1.
2.
3.
4.

P. Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry - 3rd Edn. Pearson Education Asia.

John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press.
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford
University Press

2. Dyes

(5 Hrs)

Theory of colour and constitution. Classification - according to structure and

method of application.
Preparation and uses of 1) Azo dye-methyl orange and Bismark brown 2) Triphenyl
methane dye -Malachite green. 3) Phthalein dye - phenolphthalein and fluroescein 4) Vat
dye - indigo 5) Anthraquinone dye - alizarin.
References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-31)
2. M. K.J ain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
3. K.S Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-38).
4. B. S. Bahl, Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand.

Further Reading
1. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
2. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press.

35

3. Organic photochemical reactions

(3 Hrs)

Introduction- Photochemical versus Thermal reactions

Reactions: Norrish reactions of acyclic Ketones. Patterno-Buchi, Photo-Fries
References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (p.-901-904).
2. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
Further Reading
1. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, IV Edn, John Wiley & Sons, NY,
2. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press
3. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry, Vth Edition, Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
4. Organic Polymers

(4 hrs)

Synthesis and applications of the following polymers- Polyesters- terephthalates,

polyamides- Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6, phenol formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde
resins, epoxy resins and polyurethanes, PVC and Teflon. Synthetic rubbers SBR and
Nitrile rubber.
References
1. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
2. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-37)
3. R. T. Morrison and R.N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India, (Chapter- 31)
4. Billmeyer F.W., Text book of polymer science, Jr.John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
5. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Further Reading
1.
2.

B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand

B. K. Sharma Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1989.

36

5. Some important aliphatic hydrocarbons

(2 hrs)

Cycloalakanes- relative stabilities

Butadiene structure and stability, 1,4 addition,
References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry , 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-19 and p127-129)
2. M. K.J ain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-8 and p.293).
Further Reading
B.S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
6. Soaps and Detergents

(3 hrs)

Composition of soaps- detergent action of soap-Synthetic detergents- - their functions

comparison between soaps and detergents- Environmental aspects. LAS and ABS
detergents
References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry , 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (p.-323)
2. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma, Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-36).
Further Reading
1. B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
7. Chemotherapy
(5 Hrs)
Drugs- introduction classification mode of action
Elementary idea of the structure and mode of action of the following drugs
Sulphanilamide, Amphicillin and Chloramphenicol,
Elementary idea of the structure and application of Chloroquine, Paracetamol and
Analgin.
Drugs in cancer therapy- Chlorambucil.

37

References
1. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry -, 6th Edition. Vol.- I, Pearson. (Chapter-18)
2. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-39)
Further Reading
1. B. S. Bahl Advanced organic Chemistry, S. Chand
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry, Vth Edition, Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd.
8. Chemistry of Organic Reagents

(4Hrs)

Analytical reagents Tollens reagent, Fehling solution, Schiffs reagents, Borsches

reagent, Benedict solution, Barfords reagent
Synthetic reagents NBS, Lead tetra acetate, Periodic acid, OsO4 , Ozone, LDA, Raney
Nickel, Ziegler Natta Catalyst, Selenium dioxide, DCC (elementary idea)
References
1. A. I. Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman.
2. F. G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th edn. Pearson
Education
3. N. K. Vishnoi, Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing
House.
4. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-22)
Further Reading
1. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, IV Edn, John Wiley & Sons, NY
2. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition, Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
3. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry, Universities Press.
9. Structure elucidation
(8 Hrs)
IR,UV and NMR spectral characteristics of simple molecules such as
ethylene,butadiene,benzene,acetaldehyde,acetone,acetophenone,crotonaldehyde,ethanol
ethyl acetate,acetic acid,aniline,acetamide
Problems pertaining to the structure elucidation of simple organic compounds
using IR and PMR spectroscopic techniques
Mass spectrometry- Introduction-EI ionisation- Determination Molecular mass by MS
(elementary idea- fragmentation study not required)
38

References
1. R. T. Morrison and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall
of India. (Chapter-17).
2. I. L. Finar Organic Chemistry, Vol.- I, 6th Edition, Pearson education (Chapter-1).
3. M. K. Jain and S.C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vishal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-44)
4. K. S. Tewari and N. K . Vishnoi Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House,(Chapter-26).
Further Reading
1. W. Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, Longman, 1995.
2. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman and G. S. Kriz Introduction to Spectrosopy
Thomson Brooks Cole.
3. Paula Y. Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn. Pearson Education Asia

Practical CH5 B02: Preparation and Basic Laboratory skills

Credit 1

(36 hrs)

A. Basic Laboratory Skills

a. Solvent extraction aniline from water - methyl benzoate from water - using etherRecord the yield recovery- (Any two experiments shall be done).
b. Crystallisation Any four compounds using ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water - Record
the yield recovery.
B. Preparations
I. Organic preparations involving.1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Oxidation (benzaldehyde to benzoic acid).

Hydrolysis (methyl salicylate or ethyl benzoate to the acid).
Nitration (m-dinitrobenzene and picric acid).
Halogenation (p-bromoacetanilide from acetanilide).
Diazocoupling (methyl orange or benzene azo -naphthol ).
References

1. F. G Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition,

Pearson Education.
2. A.I.Vogel, Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry Pearson
Education
3. Brauer Handbook of Preparative Inorganic chemistry,Vol - I & II, Academic
Press.
39

CH5B03-States of matter
Credits - 2

(36 hours)

Aim
To understand the general characteristics of different states of matter
Objectives
To study the intermolecular forces in gases and liquids
To understand the dynamics of the molecules in the gases and liquids
To study liquefaction of gases
To learn the structure of solids
To study defects in crystals
To study adsorption.

1. Gases

(12 hours)

Kinetic molecular model of gases: pressure of an ideal gas, derivation of gas laws,
Maxwells distribution of velocities molecular velocities (average, root mean square
and most probable velocities)
Collision diameter, mean free path, viscosity of gases temperature and pressure
dependence. Relation between mean free path and coefficient of viscosity. Barometric
distribution law, Law of equipartition of energy, degrees of freedom and molecular basis
of heat capacities.
Real gases: compressibility factor z, van der Waals equation of state derivation and
application in explaining real gas behaviour. Virial equation of state, van der Waals
equation expressed in virial form calculation of Boyle temperature, Isotherms of real
gases, continuity of states. Critical phenomena.
Liquefaction of gases (based on Joule-Thomson effect)
References
1.
2.
3.
4.

B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal

Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 1,2
K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 1, Macmillan India
Ltd Chaper 1
P.Atkins and J Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn., Oxford
University Press, Chapter 1
F. A. Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, 3rd Edn, John Wiley, Chapter 17
40

2. Liquids

(3hrs)

Intermolecular forces in liquids (qualitative idea only)- viscosity, the viscometer methodsurface tension - structure of liquids. Unusual behaviour of water.
References
1. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 1, Macmillan India
Ltd Chaper 2,3
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal
Pub. Co., Chapter 3.
3. Symmetry and Solid state
(21 hours)
Symmetry of molecules-symmetry elements and symmetry operations centre of
symmetry, plane of symmetry, proper and improper axes of symmetry, combination of
symmetry elements, molecular point groups, Schoenflies symbol, crystallographic point
groups
The nature of the solid state- anisotropy- the law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of
rational indices - Miller indices. Seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices. Xray diffraction, Braggs law, detailed study of simple, face centred and body centred
cubic systems Braggs x-ray diffractometer method and powder pattern method.
Analysis of powder diffraction patterns of NaCl and KCl, density of cubic crystals,
identification of cubic crystal from crystallographic data
Close packing of spheres, ccp and hcp arrangements .Structure of ionic compounds of the
type AX (NaCl, CsCl, ZnS) and AX2 (CaF2, Na 2O) .Defects in crystals stoichiometric
and non-stoichiometric defects, extrinsic and intrinsic defects. Electrical conductivity,
semiconductors, n-type, p-type, Superconductivity an introduction.
Liquid crystals thermographic behaviour. Classification, structure of nematic and
cholestric phases.
Adsorption types, adsorption of gases by solids factors influencing adsorption
Freundlich adsorption isotherm Langmuir adsorption isotherm (derivation). The BET
theory (no derivation) use of BET equation for the determination of surface area.
References
1. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 1, Macmillan India
Ltd Chapers 2,3
2. P. Atkins and J. Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn., Oxford
University Press, Chapter 23
3. A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach,
Viva Books Pvt. Ltd, Chapter 29
4. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical Chemistry,
Vishal Publishing Co, Chapter 5
41

Further reading
1. A. R. West, Solid State Chemistry and its applications, John Wiley.
2. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
3. P. W. Atkins, The elements of Physical chemistry, 8th edn., Oxford University
Press (2006).
4. S. H. Marron and J. B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan
Ltd. (1996)
5. D K Chakrabarty, Adsorption and Catalysis by Solids, New Age India.
6. R E Hummel, Understanding materials science 2nd edn, Springer.
7. G. M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill.
8. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd.
9. W. J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
10. W. Adamson and A P Gast, Physical Chemistry of surfaces, John Wiley sons.
11. http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html

12. K.J Laidler, John H.Meiser, Physical Chemistry,2nd edn.

Practical: CH5 B03-Physical Chemistry Practicals

Credits 2

(54hrs)

Viscosity percentage composition of a mixture.

Heat of solution KNO3, NH4Cl
Heat of neutralization
Determination of equivalent conductance of an electrolyte
Conductometric titration strong acid vs. strong base, weak acid-strong base
Determination of partition coefficient of non-volatile solute between two
immiscible solvents. E.g. I2 between CCl4 and water.
7. Transition temperature of salt hydrates. (Sodium thiosulphate, sodium acetate)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

References
1.
2.
3.
4.

W. G. Palmer: Experimental physical chemistry, Cambridge University Press.

J. B. Yadav: Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry Goel Publishing House.
R.C. Das and B. Behra; Experiments in Physical Chemistry , Tata McGraw hill.
K. K. Sharma : An Introduction of Practical Chemistry: Vikas Publishing House,
New Delhi.

42

CH5B04-Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy

Credits - 3

(54hours)

Aim
To understand the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and its applications in the study
of structure of atoms, bonding in molecules and molecular spectroscopy
Objectives
To differentiate between classical and quantum mechanics
To study the postulates of quantum mechanics and the quantum mechanical model
of the hydrogen atom
To study valence bond and molecular orbital theory
To study the principle and applications of microwave, infra red, Raman,
electronic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
To study the fundamentals of mass spectrometry
To study the fundamentals of photochemistry

1. Quantum mechanics

(18hrs)

Classical mechanics: concepts, failure of classical mechanics, qualitative idea about the
energy distribution in black body radiation. Planks radiation law, Compton effect.
Binding energy of an electron in hydrogen atom, radius of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie
hypothesis, dual nature of electrons Davisson and Germers experiment. Heisensbergs
uncertainty principle and its significance. Sinusoidal wave equation (no derivation
needed). Wave function physical interpretation, concept of operators, eigen functions,
eigen values.
Postulates of quantum mechanics, Particle in one-dimensional box derivation for
energy, application to linear conjugated polyene (butadiene). Introductory treatment of
Schrdinger equation for hydrogen atom. Quantum numbers and their importance,
hydrogen like wave functions radial and angular wave functions, radial distribution
curves.
Molecular orbital theory: basic ideas criteria for forming MO from AOs, construction
of molecular orbital by LCAO method, H2+ ion (elementary idea only), physical picture
of bonding and anti bonding wave functions, concept of , *, , * orbitals and their
characteristics. Introduction to valence bond model of hydrogen molecule, comparison of
MO and VB methods.

43

References
1. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 4, Macmillan India Ltd
Chaper 1,2
2. Mc Quarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd, Chapters 1,2,3,4,6
3. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter18
4. A. Bahl, B. S. Bahl, G. D. Tuli, Essentials of Physical Chemistry, S. Chand and
Company, chapter 1,2
5. K. J. Laidler, John H.Meiser, Physical Chemistry,2nd edn, Chapters 11,12
Further reading
1. P Atkins, J Poula, Physicl Chemistry, 8 th edn,OUP
2. Mc Quarrie, Quantum Chemistry, Viva Books
3. I. N. Levine, Quantum Chemistry 5th edn, Pearson.
4. R. K. Prasad, Quantum Chemistry, New Age.
2. Molecular spectroscopy I

(15hrs)

Introduction: electromagnetic radiation, regions of the spectrum, interaction of

electromagnetic radiation with molecules, various types of molecular spectroscopic
techniques, Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
Rotational spectrum: diatomic molecules, energy levels of a rigid rotator, selection rules,
determination of bond length.
Vibrational spectrum: the simple harmonic oscillator energy levels, force constant,
selection rules. Anharmonic oscillator pure vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules,
selection rules, fundamental frequencies, overtones, hot bands. Degrees of freedom for
polyatomic molecules, concept of group frequencies frequencies of common functional
groups in organic compounds.
Raman spectrum: quantum theory of Raman Effect (elementary idea), concept of
polarizability, qualitative treatment of pure rotational and pure vibrational Raman spectra
of diatomic molecules, selection rules, rule of mutual exclusion.
References
1. Mc Quarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd,
2. C. N. Baanwell and E M Mc Cash, Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy
4thedn, TataMc Graw Hill,Chapters I- 4.
3. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 4, Macmillan India
Ltd Chaper 4
4. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter 21
5. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal
Pub. Co., Chapter 21
6. K. J. Laidler, J. H.Meiser, Physical Chemistry,2nd edn, Chapter 13

44

Further reading
1. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, Introduction to spectroscopy 3rd edn,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2001.
2. D. N .Satyanarayana, Electronic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques,
Universities Press.
3. Molecular spectroscopy II
(15 hrs)
Electronic spectrum: concept of potential energy curves for bonding and anti-bonding
molecular orbitals, electronic transition, the Frank-Condon principle, dissociation energy.
Polyatomic molecules qualitative description of -, - and n- molecular orbitals, their
energy levels and the respective transitions.
NMR spectroscopy: basic principles of NMR spectroscopy nuclear spin, Larmor
precession. Proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR or PMR) nuclear shielding and
deshielding, chemical shift and molecular structure. Spin-spin splitting and coupling
constant. First order spectra interpretation of PMR spectra of simple organic molecules
such as ethyl bromide, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, toluene, acetophenone.
Mass spectrometry: Basic principle-ionization, fragmentation, separation of ions and
representation of the spectrum, application in molecular mass determination
References
1. Mc Quarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach, Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd,
2. C. N. Baanwell and E M Mc Cash, Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy
4thedn, TataMc Graw Hill,Chapters 6,7
3. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 4, Macmillan India
Ltd Chaper 4
4. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter 21
5. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal
Pub. Co., Chapter 21
6. K. J. Laidler, John H.Meiser, Physical Chemistry,2nd edn, Chapter 14
Further reading
1. P Atkins, J Poula, Physicl Chemistry, 8 th edn , OUP
2. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, Introduction to spectroscopy 3rd edn,
Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2001.
3. D. N. Satyanarayana, Electronic absorption spectroscopy and related techniques,
Universities Press.
4. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

45

4. Photochemistry

( 6 hrs)

Interaction of radiation with matter: Laws of photochemistry Grothus-Draper law,

Stark-Einstein law, examples of photochemical reactions. Beer law and Beer-Lamberts
law. Jablonsky diagram, qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, nonradiative processes (internal conversion, intersystem crossing).
Quantum yield , primary and secondary processes. Basic concepts of photosensitized
reactions photosynthesis, dissociation of hydrogen molecule, isomerization of 2-butene,
and chemiluminescence.
6 hrs
References
1. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 4, Macmillan India
Ltd, Chaper 7
2. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter 21
3. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal
Pub. Co., Chapter 22
4. K. K. Sharma, L R Sharma, A text book of Physical Chemistry, Vikas Publishing
house Chapter 24
Further reading
1. K. K. Rohatgi-Mukherjee , Fundamentals of Photochemistry, New Age.
2. K. K. Sharma, L. R. Sharma, A text book of Physical Chemistry, Vikas
Publishing house

(Semester VI)
CH6B01-APPLIED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
The aim of the course is to sensitise the students to the spectrum of applications of
chemical methods and materials.
Objectives
To understand
the principle of inorganic qualitative analysis
thermodynamic concepts in the extraction of metals
the applications of radioactivity and radioisotopes
the preparation and uses of inorganic polymers
preparation and application of nanomaterials
the chemistry of refractory and ceramic materials
the chemistry of the compounds of p block elements
thermal and chromatographic techniques
46

1. Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis

(3hrs)
Qualitative Analysis - solubility product, principle of elimination of interfering anions,
common ion effect, complex formation reactions including spot tests in qualitative
analysis, reactions involved in separation and identification of cations and anions in the
analysis, semi micro techniques.
References
1. Vogels qualitative inorganic analysis, Svehla, 7th edn., Pearson Education.
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 40)
2. Metallurgy
(9hrs)
Occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potential, methods of concentration of
ores, reduction to free metal, electrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy. Refining of metals,
electrolytic, ion exchange, zone refining, vapour phase refining and oxidative refining.
Thermodynamics of the oxidation of metals to metal oxides - Ellingham diagrams.
Extractive metallurgy of U and Ti.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 10)
2. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand,( Chapter 20)
3. A. Cottrel, An introduction to metallurgy, 2nd edn., University press.
3. Applications of Radioactivity

(3hrs)

Nuclear reactors conventional and breeder types. Applications of nuclear fusion. Rock
dating, radio carbon dating, activation analysis, study of reaction mechanism (ester
hydrolysis) and medical applications of Co60, I131 and Na24. Disposal of nuclear wastes.
Reference
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 38)
2. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, New Age International Pub.
3. H. J. Arnikar, Isotopes in the atomic age, Wiley Eastern(Chapter 12)
4. R. Gopalan, Elements of Nuclear Chemistry, Vikas Pub. House.
5. S. Glasstone, Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, East-west Press
6. M. Sharon, M. Sharon, Nuclear Chemistry, 2009, Ane Books

47

4. Inorganic Polymers

(6 hrs)

Inorganic polymers general properties, comparison with organic polymers,

glass transition temperature. Sulphur based polymers polymeric sulphur nitride and
chalcogenic glasses (preparation, properties and uses). Phosphorus based polymers

polyphosphazenes and polyphosphates. Silicon based polymers silicones and silicone

rubber (preparation, properties and uses).
Reference
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 34)
2. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand, (Chapter 36)
3. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn.,
Pearson 2006
5. Nanomaterials

(3hrs)

Nanomaterials synthesis chemical precipitation, mechano-chemical method, micro

emulsion method, reduction technique, chemical vapour deposition and sol-gel method
(brief study). Properties and applications of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
References
1. V. S. Muraleedharan and A. Subramania, Nanosciece and nanotechnology, Ane
Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009
2. T. Pradeep, Nano; The Essentials, Mc Graw-Hill education, New Delhi,2006.
6. Industrially important materials

(6hrs)

Refractory materials - carbides, nitrides, borides. Graphite and graphite oxide,

intercalation compounds of alkali metals, carbon monofluoride, intercalation compounds
of graphite with metal halides, glass, silicates, zeolites, ultramarines and ceramics.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 14)
2. S Prakash, G D Tuli, S K Basu and R D madan, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand,(Chapter 26, 27)

48

7. Non aqueous solvents

(3hrs)

Classification of solvents, characteristics of solvents, reactions in liquid ammonia, liquid

sulphur dioxide and liquid HF (acid base, amphoteric, solvation, oxidation reduction,
complex formation)
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone
Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 7)
2. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn.,
Pearson 2006 ( Chapter 9)
8. Compounds of p block Elements

(9hrs)

Boron hydrides diborane (preparation, properties and bonding), B5H9, B4H10 (structure
only). Closo carboranes, boron nitride, borazine, boric acid. Peroxy acids of sulphur.
Oxides and oxy acids of halogens (structure only), superacids, interhalogen compounds,
pseudohalogens, electropositive iodine, fluorocarbons. Fluorides, oxides and oxy fluorides
of xenon (structure only).
References
1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., Blackwell Science, London
(Chapter 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 )
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K C Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry,
Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20)
3. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th
edn., Pearson 2006
4. D. F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, , 3rd edn., Oxford
University Press.
5. M. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn,
Butterworth.

9. Analytical Techniques

(12 hrs)

Thermo analytical methods: Principle of thermo gravimetry, differential thermal analysis,

differential scanning caloimetry. Applications - TGA of calcium oxalate monohydrate,
DTA of calcium acetate monohydrate
Chromatography : Column Chromatography - Principle, types of adsorbents, preparation
of the column, elution, recovery of substances and applications.
Thin Layer Chromatography - Principle, choice of adsorbent and solvent, Preparation of
Chromatoplates, Rf-Values, significance of Rf values.
49

Paper Chromatography - Principle, Solvents used, Development of Chromatogram,

ascending, descending and radial paper chromatography.
Ion -

Exchange Chromatography Principle - Experimental techniques.

Gas Chromatography - Principle - Experimental techniques - Instrumentation and

applications.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) - Principle- Experimental techniques,
instrumentation and advantages.
References
1. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Analysis 6th edn., Pearson Education.
2. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry, Brooks/Cole Nelson.
Further reading
1. W. D. Callister Materials Science and Engineering- an introduction, , Wiley(NY).
2. J. M. Martinez-Duart, R. J. Martin-Palma and F. Agullo- Rueda, Nanotechnology
for microelectroics and optoelectronics, Elsevier.
3. R. Booker and , E. Boysen, Nanotechnology, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008
4. M. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn,
Butterworth.
5. D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, , 3rd edn., Oxford University
Press.
6. D.A.Skoog, F. J. Holler, and S. R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Brooks/Cole Nelson.
7. C. P. Poole Jr and F J Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley IndiaPvt Ltd
2009.
8. K. J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
9. R. Gopalan, Inorganic Chemistry for Undergraduates, Universities Press
10. G. L. Meissler, D.A Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education

50

Practical CH6 B01 Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

Credit 1

(54 hrs)

1. Elimination of interfering anions such as F , BO2 , C2O42-, C4H4O62-, PO43- ,

AsO33- AsO43- and CrO42
2. Systematic qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two acid and two basic
radicals from the following with one interfering radical by semi-micro method
only
Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Bi2+, Cd2+, As3+, Sn2+, Sb3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+,
Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+.
CO32 , S2 , SO42 , NO3 , F , Cl , Br , BO2 , C2O42-, C4H4O62-, CH3COO-, PO43- ,
AsO33-, AsO43- and CrO42
(Minimum of seven mixtures to be analysed)
References
1. G. Svehla Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis Pearson Education
2. V. V. Ramanujam, Inorganic Semi micro Qualitative Analysis ,The National
Publishing Co., Chennai,

51

CH 6B02 Chemistry of Natural products and Biomolecules

Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
To give an outline of bio-organic chemistry and chemistry of natural products
Objectives
To enable the students
To learn in detail the chemistry of carbohydrates, heterocyclic compounds, amino
acids, proteins and nucleic acids
To have a thorough idea on the structures of carbohydrates and some
heterocyclic compounds.
To understand the structure and functions of enzymes, proteins and nucleic acids.
To study the fundamentals of terpenoids, alkaloids, vitamins, lipids and steroids
To have an elementary idea of supramolecular chemistry and Green Fluorescent
Proteins
1. Natural products

(12Hrs)

Natural Products - Terpenoids - isoprene rule. Structure elucidation of citral and geraniol.
Natural rubber structure, latex collection and treatment vulcanisation
Alkaloids - general methods of isolation classification structure elucidation of conine,
piperine and nicotine.
Vitamins classification- structure (elementary idea) of vitamin A, C and B1.B2 ,B6
Lipids biological functions oils and fats common fatty acids- extraction and
refining- hydrogenation rancidity- identification of oils and fats saponification value,
acid value,iodine value and RM value.
References
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume I & II - Pearson Education(Chapters
8,14,17)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-42,43,40,38)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-40,41)
4. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-33)

52

Further reading
1. S. P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
2. O.P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products - - Goel Publications
2. Carbohydrates

(12 hrs)

Classification - constitution of glucose and fructose. Reactions of glucose and fructose osazone formation. Mutarotation and its mechanism. Cyclic structure. Pyranose and
furanose forms. Determination of ring size. Haworth projection formula, configuration of
monosaccharides ,epimerisation, chain lengthening and chain shortening of aldoses. Inter
conversion of aldoses and ketoses.
Disaccharides - reactions and structure of sucrose. Ring structure
Structure and properties of starch and cellulose. (elementary idea) .Industrial applications
of cellulose.
References
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume I & II - Pearson Education(Chapters 18)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-35)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-33)
4. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-34,35)
Further reading
1. J. F. Robyt, Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Springer
2. S. P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
3. Heterocyclic compounds.

(12Hrs)

Aromaticity of heterocyclic compounds.

Preparation, properties and uses of furan, pyrrole and thiophene.
Synthesis and reactions of pyridine and piperidine - comparative study of basicity of
pyrrole, pyridine and piperidine with amines.
Synthesis and reactions of quinoline, isoquinoline and indole with special reference to
Skraup. Bischler and Napieralskii and Fisher indole synthesis.

53

References
1. I. L.Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume I & II - Pearson Education(Chapters 30)
2. M. K.J ain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-33,34)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-29,30)
4. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-18)
Further reading
1. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
2. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press.
4. Amino acids and Proteins

(9 hrs)

Amino acids- classification, Zwitter ion. Peptide- solution phase peptide synthesis.
Classification of proteins based on physical and chemical properties and on physiological
functions.
Primary secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, helical and sheet structures
(elementary treatment only). Denaturation of proteins.
Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids -RNA and DNA, polynucleotide chain components
- biological functions.
Green Fluorescent Proteins (elementary idea)
References
1. I. L.Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume I & II - Pearson Education(Chapter
13,16)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-36,37)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-34,35)
4. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-36)
5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein
6. www.scholarpedia.org/article/fluorescent_protein
7. www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/timeline.html
8. www.gonda.ucla.edu/bri_core/gfp.htm
Further reading
O. P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products - - Goel Publications
54

5. Enzymes

(3hrs)

Chemical nature and properties of enzymes.

Nomenclature and classification of enzymes.
Mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate specificity of enzymes. Enzyme inhibition.
References
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume I & II - Pearson Education(Chapter 13,)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-36)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-34)
4. R. T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition - Prentice Hall of
India. (Chapter-36)
Further reading
1. John Mc Murry, Organic Chemistry - Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
2. C. N. Pillai OrganicChemistry Universities Press
3. S. P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
6. Steroids

(3 hrs)

Introduction Diels hydrocarbon- Structure and functions of cholesterol,

Elementary idea of HDL, LDL, Vitamin D.
References
1. I. L.Finar, Organic Chemistry - Volume II - Pearson Education(Chapter 11)
2. M. K. Jain and S. C. Sharma Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Visal
Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-39)
3. K. S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Vikas
Publishing House (Chapter-41)
Further reading
O. P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products - - Goel Publications
7. Supramolecular Chemistry

(3 Hrs)

Introduction-Molecular recognition-Host-guest interactions- types of non-covalent

interactions
55

References
Helena Dodzuik, Introduction to supramolecular chemistry Springer(chapter1,2)
Further reading
1. J. M. Lehn Supramolecular Chemistry,VCH
2. H.Vogtle Supramolecular Chemistry,Wiley
3. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular Chemistry
CH6B02: Preparation and Basic Laboratory Skills
Credit 1

(36 hrs)

a. Distillation- Purification of water and ethyl acetate-Record the yield recovery.

b. Chromatography 1. TLC - Separation and identification- Determination of Rf value of
o-and p- nitroanilines - benzil and o-nitroaniline ortho and para chloroanilines
or any two amino acids
2. Column Chromatography purification of o-nitro aniline, m- dinitro benzene,
benzene azo -naphthol. (non evaluative)
c. Organic preparations involving.1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Acylation (Benzoylation of aniline, phenol, -naphthol).

Esterification (benzoic acid).
Iodoform from acetone or ethyl methyl ketone.
Side chain oxidation (benzyl chloride to benzoic acid).
Claisen Schmidt: Dibenzal acetone from benzaldyde.

d. Technique of quantitative dilution.

1. Preparation of 100 mL 0.2 M H2SO4 from commercial acid
2. Preparation of 250 mL 0.025 M thiosulphate from .1 M thiosulphate
3. Preparation of sucrose solutions of different concentrations by dilution
(Any such five experiments)

56

References
1. F. G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry Fourth
Edition,Pearson Education.
2. A. I. Vogel, Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry Pearson
Education.
3. V. K . Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra Comprehensive Practical Organic
Chemistry,Universities Press.
4. A. I. Vogel A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including
Elementary Instrumental Analysis: (Third Ed.) (ELBS)

CH6B03-Equilibrium and Kinetics

Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim
To provide an insight into the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of chemical reactions
and phase equilibria
Objectives
To study the laws of thermodynamics
To derive Gibbs-Helmholtz, Clausius-Clapeyron, Gibbs-Duhem equations
To derive the relation between Kp, Kc and Kx
To derive the phase rule
To derive the rate equations for zero, first and second order reactions
To study the phase diagrams of one and two component systems
To understand the theories of chemical kinetics
To get an elementary idea of catalysis including enzyme catalsis.
Thermodynamics
1. Introduction, definition of thermodynamic terms, intensive and extensive properties,
path and state functions, exact and inexact differentials, zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy and
enthalpy, heat capacity, Cp and Cv relation in ideal gas systems, change in thermodynamic
properties of an ideal gas during (i) isothermal/adiabatic, reversible/irreversible
processes. Joule-Thomson experiment, Joule-Thomson coefficient JT , inversion
temperature.
2. Second law: Limitations of first law statements of second law, Carnots cycle
efficiency of heat engines, Carnot theorem. Entropy entropy change for various
reversible/irreversible processes, spontaneous and non spontaneous processes .Change in
entropy of an ideal gas with pressure, volume and temperature. Third law of
thermodynamics-statement and significance

57

3. Helmholtz energy and Gibbs energy variation of Gibbs energy with T and P. Criteria
for reversible and irreversible processes. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Clasius- Clapeyron
equation, applications. Partial molar properties chemical potential, Gibbs-Duhem
equation, chemical potential in a system of ideal gases, concept of activity.
Chemical equilibrium: conditions for chemical equilibrium,relation between Kc and Kx
Kp , vant Hoff reaction isotherm. Temperature dependence of Kp vant Hoff equation.
36 hrs
References
1.
2.
3.
4.

R. P. Rastogi, R. R. Misra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th

edn., Vikas Pub. Pvt. Ltd. (2003 ), chapters 1,2,3,4,5
P. Atkins and J Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn., Oxford
University Press, Chapters 2,3,4,5
K. K. Sharma, L. K. Sharma,.A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 4th edn,Vikas
publishing House, Chapters 6,7, 8, 9
B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal
Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 9,11,12,13

Further reading
1.

J. Rajaram and J. C. Kuriakose, Thermodynamics, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand &

Co (1986).
2. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley
3. W. J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
4. D. A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach
Viva Books Pvt. Ltd
5. F. A. Alberty and R. J .Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
6. G. M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
7. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
8. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, (2004).
Phase equilibria
The phase rule, equilibrium between phases conditions. One component system water
system, sulphur system. Two component systems solid-liquid equilibrium simple
eutectic , lead- silver system, formation of compounds with congruent melting point
ferric chloride- water system, formation of compounds with incongruent melting point
sodium sulphate- water system. Three component systems having one partially miscible
pair acetic acid-water-chloroform system.
9hrs

58

References
1. R. P. Rastogi, R. R. Misra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics,
6th edn., Vikas Pub. Pvt. Ltd. (2003 ), chapter 9
2. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 3, Macmillan
India Ltd.Chapters 3, 5, 6
3. P. Atkins and J Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn.,
Oxford University Press, Chapter 8
4. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,,
Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 14
Further reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

W. J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.

D. A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular
Approach Viva Books Pvt. Ltd
F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
G. M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
(1997)
G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi, (2004).
H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John
Wiley

Kinetics
Rate of reaction, rate equation, order and molecularity of reactions, Integrated rate
expressions for first and second order reactions. Zero order reactions, pseudoorder
reactions, half life.
Theories of chemical kinetics: effect of temperature on the rate of reaction, Arrhenius
equation, concept of activation energy Collision theory, transition state theory.
Thermodynamic parameters for activation Eyring equation (no derivation needed),
enthalpy and entropy of activation. Theory of unimolecular reactions Lindemann
theory.
Kinetics of complex (composite) reactions: Opposing reactions, consecutive reactions,
and parallel (simultaneous) reactions. Chain reactions steady state treatment, hydrogen
bromine reaction.
Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis Michaelis-Menten equation (no
derivation needed). Heterogeneous catalysis surface catalysis, uni and bi molecular
reactions on surface. Elementary idea about autocatalysis.
9 hrs
References
1.

B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal

Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 7,8
59

D. A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach

Viva Books Pvt. LtdChapters 26, 27
3. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 4, Macmillan India
Ltd, Chapter 6
4. K K Sharma, L K Sharma,A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 4th edn,Vikas
publishing House, Chapters 17, 18
Further reading
1. K. J. Laidler, Chemical kinetics 3rd edn, Pearson education 2004.
2. J Rajaram and J C Kuriakose, Kinetics and mechanisms of chemical
transformations, Macmillan, 2006.
3. W. J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
4. S. H. Marron and J. B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan
Ltd. (1996)
5. F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
6. G. M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
7. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
8. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, (2004).
9. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley
2.

CH6 B03 :Physical Chemistry Practicals

Credit 1
(54 hrs)
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Critical solution temperature. Phenol-water system

a. Determination of molecular weight by Rasts Method (using naphthalene,
camphor or biphenyl as solvent and acetanilide, p-dichlorobenzene etc. as
solute.)
Kinetics of simple reactions eg. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
Potentiometric titration Fe2+ vs. Cr2O72, I- vs. MnO4,strong acid- strong base,
weak acid-strong base.
Data analysis of kinetic experiments using spreadsheet program (determination of
rate constant )
Determination of equivalence point of potentiometric and conductometric titrations
using spreadsheet program.
References

1.
2.
3.
4.

W. G. Palmer: Experimental physical chemistry, Cambridge University Press.

J.B. Yadav: Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry Goel Publishing House.
R.C. Das and B. Behra; Experiments in Physical Chemistry , Tata McGraw hill.
K.K. Sharma : An Introduction of Practical Chemistry: Vikas Publishing House,
New Delhi

60

CH6B04-SOLUTION CHEMISTRY
Credits - 3

(54 hours)

Aim: To provide an insight into the characteristics of different types of solutions and
electrochemical phenomena
Objectives:
To study the behaviour of binary liquid mixtures, CST, azeotropes, colligative
properties
To study solubility of gases in liquids,
To study ionic equilibria and electrical properties of ions in solution.
To study the concepts of acids and bases, pH and buffer solutions
1. Solutions

(12 hrs)

Introduction-- Binary liquid solutions Raoults law- ideal and non-ideal solutionsGmix, Vmix, and Smix for ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and boiling
point-composition curves of ideal and non-ideal binary liquid solutions. Fractional
distillation of binary liquid-liquid solutions distillation of immiscible liquids, partially
miscible liquid-liquid systems. Critical solution temperature (CST) the lever rule,
introduction to ternary liquid solutions.
Solubility of gases in liquids Henrys law. Distribution of a solute between two solvents
Nernst distribution law. colligative properties of dilute solutions vapour pressure
lowering, Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression (thermodynamic
derivation).Molar mass determination-related problems- Osmotic pressure laws of
osmotic pressure - Reverse osmosis purification of sea water. Abnormal molecular
masses van Hoff factor degree of association and degree of dissociation.
References
1.

B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal

Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 15, 24,25
2. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 4, Macmillan India Ltd,
chapter 4
2. Ionic Equilibria
( 12 hours)
Introduction-concepts of acids and bases, relative strength of acid-base pairs, influence of
solvents, Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft acids and bases. Pearsons
HSAB concept, applications,. Dissociation constants acids, bases, and polyprotic acids.
Ostwalds dilution law. Ionic product of water pH. Buffer solutions mechanism of
buffer action, Henderson equation. Hydrolysis of salts hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis, pH of salt solutions .Acid-base indicators, theories, determination of pH by
indicators, solubility product principle applications.

61

References
1.
2.

K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 1, Macmillan India

Ltd, chapter 4
B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal
Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 16

3. Electrical Conductance

( 15 Hours)

Introduction- Faradays laws of electrolysis, electrochemical equivalent, and chemical

equivalent-electrolytic conductivity, molar conductivity - Variation of molar conductivity
with concentration. Kohlrauschs law applications.
Ionic mobility relation with ion conductivity, influence of temperature on ion
conductivity, ion conductivity and viscosity Waldens rule, influence of dielectric
constant of solvent on ion conductivity. Abnormal ion conductivity of hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions.
Discharge of ions during electrolysis Hittorfs theoretical device. Transport Numbers
determination by Hittorfs method and moving boundary method.
Debye-Hckel theory of strong electrolytes the concept of ionic atmosphere,
Asymmetry and electrophoretic effect, Debye- Hckel-Onsager equation (no derivation)..
Activity, mean ionic activity and mean ionic activity coefficients of electrolytes. Ionic
strength of a solution, Debye-Hckel limiting law (no derivation). Applications of
conductance measurements Determinations of degree of dissociation of weak
electrolytes, ionic product of water, and solubility of sparingly soluble salts,
coductometric titrations.
References
1. K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 1, Macmillan India
Ltd,chapter 5
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,
Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 17

4. Electromotive force

(15 Hours)

Introduction - Galvanic cells, characteristics of reversible cells. Reversible electrodes

different types, electrode potential electrochemical series. Representation of cells emf
of cell. Thermodynamics of reversible cells and reversible electrodes Determination of
G, H and S of cell reaction. Emf and equilibrium constant of cell reaction, effect of
electrolyte concentration on electrode potential and emf (Nerst equation).

62

Concentration cells electrode concentration cell and electrolyte concentration cells.

Types of electrolyte concentration cells with transference and without transference,
liquid junction potential. Fuel cells the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
Applications of emf measurements determination of solubility product, determination
of pH using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode.
Potentiometric titrations, oxidation reduction indicators.
Irreversible electrode processes overvoltage. Corrosion of metals forms of corrosion,
corrosion monitoring and prevention methods.
References
1.
2.
3.

K. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 3, Macmillan India

Ltd, chapter 8
I.N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter 14
B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,
Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 18

Further reading
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley

P. W. Atkins,The elements of Physical chemistry, 8th edn, Oxford University
Press.
G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, (2004).
D. A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry A molecular Approach
Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. (2005)
S. H. Marron and J. B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan
Ltd. (1996)
G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley
W. J. Moore, Physical chemistry, Orient Longman.

63

Practical: CH6B05- Gravimetric Analysis

Credit 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(36 hrs)

Estimation of Barium as BaSO4

Estimation of sulphate as BaSO4
Estimation of magnesium as oxinate
Estimation of iron as Fe2O3
Estimation of Nickel as dimethyl glyoxime complex
Estimation of copper as CuCNS

References
1. A.I. Vogel A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including
Elementary Instrumental Analysis: (Third Ed.) (ELBS)
2. J. Bassett, R.C.Denney, G.H. Heffery and J Mendham,. Vogels Textbook of
quantitative Inorganic Analysis (revised), ELBS.

64

CH6B06: CHOICE BASED COURSES

Credits - 3

(54 hours)

(Students may be given the option to choose any one of the following courses)

CH6B06.1 : Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology

Aim: The aim of this course is to provide a basic understanding of nanochemistry and
nanotechnology.
Objectives: To study
History,terminology,and scales of nano systems
Synthesis and characterisation of nano systems
Electrical and optical properties of nano systems
Applications of nanomaterials
1 History-terminology- scales of nanosystems- nanoparticles : introduction-atoms to
molecules-quantum dots-shrinking of bulk materials to quantum dots. Different types of
nanoparticles: metal nanoparticles and monolayer substituted nanoparticles- fullerenes:
synthesis and characterization- carbon nanotubes: synthesis and characterization- various
approaches in nanoparticle synthesis : self-assembled monolayers, monolayer protected
metal nanoparticles.
- (12Hrs)
2 Characterization of nanomaterials : Important methods for the characterization of
nanomaterials electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM), environmental transmission electron
microscopy (ETEM), scanning probe electron microscopy (SPL), secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS)-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPES and XPES).
- (15 Hrs)
3 Electrical and optical properties of nanomaterials: electrical and optical properties
of nanoparticles- electrical and optical properties of carbon nanotubes- nanocatalysisnanolithography- nanochemical devices- optoelectronic devices- photodetectors- LEDs
and lasers.
- (15 Hrs)
4 Applications of nanomaterials: nanocrystals- immunogold labeling- applications in
medical diagnosis- nanobased drug delivery- applications in biotechnologynanosensors- self-assebly, nanosensor based on quantum size effects- nanobiosensorsnanomedicines- destructive applications of nanomaterials- nanomaterials in war.
(12 Hrs)

65

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

T. Pradeep, Nano: The Essentials, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New

Delhi (2007).
V. S. Muraleedharan and A. Subramania, Nanosciece and nanotechnology,
Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009
C. N. R. Rao and A.Govindraj, Nanotubes and Nanowires, Royal Society of
Chemistry (2005).
J. M. M. Duart, R. J. M. Palma and F.A. Rueda,Nanotechnology and
microelectronics and optoelectronics, Elsevier (2002).
R. Booker and , E. Boysen, Nanotechnology, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008
K. J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
C. P. Poole Jr and F J Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley IndiaPvt
Ltd 2009.
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
G.L Hornyak, J.Dutta, H.F Tibbals, A.K Rao, Introduction to Nanoscience,
CRC Press

CH6B06.2 : Industrial Chemistry

Aim:The aim of this course is to provide an outline of the application of the principles
and techniques of chemistry in the manufacture some industrial products.
Objectives
To understand the requirements to start an industry - different fuels used and the
industrial catalysts used.
To know about different petrochemical industries
To understand the manufacture of fertilizers and speciality chemicals.
To acquire knowledge about oils, soaps, detergents, sugar industry, leather and
pesticide industries.
To understand the important process of metallurgy, extraction of metals and
environmental problems caused by chemical industries.
1 Industrial Requirements
Requirements of an industry - location - water - industrial water treatment - safety
measures pilot plants. Fuels - types of fuels with examples - coal - carbonisation of coal
- coal tar distillation - liquid fuels - gaseous fuels - selection of fuels - nuclear fuels.
Energy - sources of energy - renewable and non-renewable energies - non conventional
energies. Industrial catalysts - Types of catalysts - Functions and applications of Raney
Nickel, Pd, CuCrO4, TiO2, Al, V and Pt based catalysts and zeolites.
(18 hours)

66

2 Petrochemical Industries
Crude oil - constitution and distillation - composition of different distillates - pour points,
depressants, drag reducers, viscosity reducers, ignition point, flash point, octane number
cracking - catalysts used in petroleum industries - structure, selectivity and applications.
Manufacture of synthetic petrol - Bergius and Fischer Tropsh processes - Manufacture of
petrochemicals and petrochemical polymers - Manufacture of higher olefins,
Acetaldehyde, Acetic acid, Ethylene glycol, Glycerine, Acetone, Phenol, Carbon
disulphide, Vinylacetate, Cumene, Chlorophrene, Butane diols, Xylenes, Linear alkyl
benzenes and their sulphonates.
(18 hours)
3 Fertilizers and Speciality Chemicals
Manufacture - Properties and industrial uses of solvents - DMF, DMSO, THF and
Dioxane. Fertilizers - Raw materials, manufacture (flow chart chemical process with
equations) of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea, calcium cyanamide, calcium
ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, super
phosphate of lime, NPK fertilizers. Manufacture in pure form of the following - Sodium
carbonate, Oxalic acid, Potassium dichromate, Perchloric acid.
(9 hours)
4 Oils, Soaps and Detergents
Manufacture of Cl2, NaOH and Chlorates of Na and K - manufacture of perchlorate. Oils
- difference between oils and fats - manufacture of cotton seed oil and soybean oil refining of oil -manufacture of soaps - toilet and transparent soaps - Detergents synthetic detergents surface active agents and their classification - manufacture of
anionic, cationic and non ionic detergents and shampoo.
Sugar industry - manufacture of sugar from cane sugar and beet root.
Manufacture of leather - hides - Vegetable and chrome tanning finishing.
Manufacture of DDT, dinitrophenols, BHC, gamaxane, malathion, parathion. (9 hours)

References:
1. Sharma B.K, Industrial chemistry, Goel publishing House, 2003, Meerut.
2. Drydens C.E, Outlines of Chemical Technology, Gopala Rao, Eastwest
press, NewDelhi.
3. Shreve R.V., Chemical Process Industries, Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing
company, Mumbai.
4. Steines H.,Introduction to Petrochemicals, Pergaman Press

67

CH6B06.3:Polymer Chemistry
Aim: The aim of this course is to provide a basic understanding of classification,
preparation, Physical and chemical characteristics and applications of polymers
Objectives
To know about the types of polymers and the chemistry of polymerisation.
To understand the physical properties of polymers, their reactions and
degradation.
To acquire knowledge about the polymerisation techniques and polymer
processing.
To know the chemistry of individual polymers, their preparation and properties
To have an idea about the recent advances in polymer science
1 Introduction to Polymers
Importance of polymers: Basic concept- monomers and polymers - definition.
Classification of polymers on the basis of microstructures, macrostructures and
applications (thermosetting and thermoplastics) .Distinction among plastics, elastomers
and fibers. Homo and heteropolymers. Copolymers. Chemistry of polymerization ,Chain
polymerisation, Free radical, ionic, coordination, step Polymerisation ,Polyaddition and
polycondensation ,miscellaneous ring-opening & group transfer polymerisations. (9Hrs)
2 Physical Properties and Reactions of Polymers
Properties: Glass transition temperature (Tg)- Definition- Factors affecting Tgrelationships between Tg and molecular weight and melting point. Importance
of Tg.
Molecular weight of polymers: Number average, weight average, sedimentation
and
viscosity average molecular weights. Molecular weights and degree of polymerisation.
Reactions: hydrolysis-hydrogenation addition - substitutions-cross-linking vulcanisation
and cyclisation reactions. Polymer degradation. Basic idea of thermal, photo and
oxidative degradations of polymers.
(18Hrs)
3 Polymerisation Techniques and Processing
Polymerisation techniques: Bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, melt condensation and
interfacial polycondensation polymerisations. Polymer processing: Calendering - die
casting, rotational casting - compression. Injection moulding.
(9 Hrs)
4 Chemistry of Commercial Polymers
General methods of preparation, properties and uses of the following Polymers: Teflon,
polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polystyrene, PAN, polyesters,polycarbonates,
polyamides, (Kevlar), polyurethanes, PVC, epoxy resins, rubber-styrene and neoprene
rubbers, Phenol - formaldehydes and urea-formaldehyde resins.
(9Hrs)
5 Advances in Polymers
Biopolymers - biomaterials. Polymers in medical field. High temperature and fireresistant polymers. Silicones, Conducting polymers- carbon fibers. (basic idea only).
(9Hrs)

68

References:
1. Billmeyer F.W., Text book of polymer science, Jr.John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
2. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Sharma, B.K., Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1989.
4. Arora M.G., Singh M. and Yadav M.S., Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Revised edition,
Anmol Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.
Visit to a polymer processing unit

CH6B06.4:Environmental Chemistry
Aim: To study mainly the chemical aspects of environmental issues
Objectives:
To study:
Environmental management and impact assessment
Toxic effects of pollutants
Air, water, and soil pollution
1 Environmental management and impact assessment
(5 hours)
Basic principles, concepts and scope of environmental planning, Conservation of energy
Renewable and non renewable energy sources-nuclear energy, solar energy, hydrogen,
non conventional energy sources. Environmental pollution concepts and definition.
Impact assessment- aim, concepts and methods, Environmental management system
ISO-14001.
2 Chemical toxicology
(10 hours)
Toxicity -effects, toxic chemicals in the environment, impact of toxic chemicals on
enzymes, biochemical effects of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, NOx, SO2 , O3, PAN, CN,
pesticides, carcinogenic substances.
3 Air pollution
(10 hours)
Primary pollutants, hydrocarbons-photochemical smog, particulates, radioactivity, effects
of atmospheric pollution - acid rain, ozone layer depletion. Indoor air pollution. Effect
of electric and magnetic fields in the environment . Air pollution accidents Bhopal and
Chernobyl. Air quality standards. Sampling and analysis of pollutants CO, SO2, H2S,
hydrocarbons, SPM. Noise pollution measurement, classification ,hazards.
4 Water pollution
(17 hours)
Types, effects and sources of water pollution. Pollution of fresh water, ground water and
ocean. Thermal pollution. Sampling and measurement of water quality
odouar,colour,EC,turbidity,TDS,salinity, COD, BOD, DO, coliform, pH, acidity, CO2,
alkalinity, hardness, NO3-, NO2-, NH3, phosphate, fluoride, chloride, cyanide, sulphide,
sulphate and metals- As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Hg,SAR,WQI. Water quality parameters and
standard. Case study: Kuttanadu wetland. Waste water treatment techniques.

69

5 Lithosphere
(12 hours)
Composition of soil - reactions in soil. Wastes and pollutants in soil. . Sampling
procedures and analysis of soil- cation exchange capacity, lime status, lime requirement,
gypsum requirement, pH, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg. Management of solid waste
References
1. A. K. De, Environmental Chemistry, New age International (p) ltd.
2. G. T. Tyler, Living in the Environment, Tomson Brooke/Cole.
3. N. Manivasakam, Physico-chemical examination of water, sewage and industrial
effluents, Pragathi prakashan.
4. D .Clarson, Soil and water analytical methods, ISBN:81-901483-0-3.
5. R. K. Khitoliya, Environmental Pollution Management and Control for
sustainable development, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
6. B. B. Kebbekus and S. Mitra, Enveronmental chemical analysis, Blacke
Academic & Professional.
7. S. S.Dara, A Textbook of Environmental chemistry and pollution control,
S.Chand & Company Ltd.
8. R. A. Malaviya, Environmental Pollution and its control under international law.
9. Pramod Singh, Environmental pollution management.
10. G. K. Ghosh, Environmental pollution A scientific study.
11. Nelson L. Numerow, Industrial water pollution.
12. James W. Moore and S.Ramamoorthy, Organic chemicals in natural waters
13. Hutzinger, Aquatic pollutants.
14. F. Kreith Handbook of Solid waste management, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
15. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, APHA
16. Peter O Neil, Environmental Chemistry, Blackie Academic and Professional,
London.
17. S P Mishra and S N Pandey, Essential Environmental Studies, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi.
18. V K Ahluwalia, Environmental Chemistry, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

70

CH6B06.5:Soil and Agricultural Chemistry

Aim: To study the fundamentals of soil and agricultural chemistry
Objectives:
To understand the soil and its formation
To know the physical properties of soil and other related aspects
To acquire knowledge about chemistry aspects of soil and nitrogen fixing process
To understand the chemistry of nutrients that are present in soil
To understand the chemistry of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides
1 Origin of Soil
Definition of soil - origin - igneous - metamorphic and sedimentary rocks - rock systems
weathering of rocks and minerals - main components of soil- organic, inorganic, liquid
and gaseous phase - minerals of importance with respect to industries and agriculture Soil formation - physical, chemical and biological factors responsible for soil formationsoil forming processes - Major soil groups of Kerala- methods of soil survey - remote
sensing and soil mapping - soil resource management - use of satellite data for source
inventory.
(9 Hrs)
2 Physical Properties of Soil
Physical properties of soil - soil texture and textural classification - pore space - bulk
density, particle density - soil structure and soil colour - surface area - soil colloids plasticity, shrinkage - flocculation and deflocculation - soil air, soil temperature, their
importance in plant growth soil reaction - Ion exchange reaction- cation exchange anion exchange - Buffering capacity hydrogen ion concentration - determination of pH
values - Factors affecting soil pH - Soil pH and nutrient availability - Soil degradation causes.
(9 Hrs)
3 Chemistry Aspects of Soil
Origin of problem soils, their properties- acid, alkali and saline soils - diagnosis remediation of acid and salt affected soils - Methods of reclamation and after care Quality of irrigation water causes for poor quality waters for irrigation, their effects in
soils and crops. Soil testing - concept, objectives and basis - soil sampling, collection
processing, despatch of soil and water samples. soil organic matter - its decomposition
and effect on soil fertility - source of organic matter in soil - maintenance and distribution
- soil organism - their role - nitrification - denitrification, nitrogen fixation in soils biological nitrogen fixation - microbial interrelationship in soil - microbes in pest and
disease management - Bio-conversion of agricultural wastes.
(9 Hrs)

71

4 Plant Nutrients
Plant nutrients - macro and micro nutrients - their role in plant growth - sources- forms of
nutrient absorbed by plants - factors affecting nutrient absorption - deficiency symptoms
in plants - corrective measures - chemicals used for correcting nutritional deficiencies nutrient requirement of crops, their availability, fixation and release of nutrients.
Fertilizers - classification of NPK fertilizers - sources - natural and synthetic - straight
complex - liquid fertilizers, their properties, use and relative efficiency - micro nutrient
fertilizers - mixed fertilizers - principle of fertilizers use - the efficient use of various
fertilizers - integrated nutrient management - biofertilizers - rhizobium, azospirillum,
azetobacter - Blue green algae and azolla - production and quality control of biofertilizers.
(18 Hrs)
5 Pesticides, Fungicides and Herbicides
Pesticides: Definition Classification organic and inorganic pesticides mechanism of
action Characteristics Safe handling of pesticides impact of pesticides on soil, plants
and environment Acts and Laws concerning the pesticides. Fungicides: definition
classification mechanism of action sulfur, copper, mercury compounds, dithanes,
dithiocarbamates. Herbicides: definition classification mechanism of action Arsenic
and boron compounds nitro compounds, chloro compounds, triazines, propionic acid
derivatives, urea compounds. Acaricides rodenticides attractants repellants
fumigants, defoliants
(9 Hrs)
References:
1. Biswas, T. D. and Mukeherjee, S. K. Textbook of Soil Science, 1987
2. Daji, A.J. A Textbook of Soil Science, Asia Publishing House, Madras, 1970
3. Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J. D. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers,
Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, 1990
4. Hesse,P.R. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis, John Murray, New York, 1971.
5. Buchel, K.H. Chemistry of Pesticides, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
6. Sree Ramula, U. S. Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides, Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1979

72

CH6B06.6: Computer Applications in Chemistry

Aim: To provide a basic understanding of computational chemistry
Objectives
Tto understand the use of computational chemistry as applied to modern
problems in chemistry.
To gain technical proficiency with computational chemistry software and to
understand and make predictions about the properties of chemical systems
through computation.
To understand the role of cheminformatics and bioinformatics
1. Computational Chemistry

(22 Hrs)

Introduction-Scope of computational chemistry-Computational tools-molecular

mechanics- abinitio molecular orbital models- semiempirical molecular orbital
models- Density Functional theory, -Introductory theory of these models- basis setSlater and Gaussian functions-split-valence sets-selection of a suitable model for a
computational problem
Molecular geometries-geometry optimization- potential energy surfaces, local and
global minima, transition states, and Hessian indices-z-matrix of water, ammonia,
methane, ethane, butane, ethene, and ethyne.
Constrained geometry optimization-single point energy calculation-conformational
analysis of ethane and butane-constructing energy profile diagram,-determining
inversion energy barrier of ammonia
Isodesmic and homodesmic reactions-comparing ring strain energy of cycloalkanes
Hands on experience on
computational chemistry softwares- Huckel theory (SHMO free software
www.chem.ucalgary.ca/SHMO/), Molecular mechanics ( Tinker free software
http://dasher.wustl.edu/ ) Semiempircal methods ( Winmopac free software
www.psu.ru/science/soft/winmopac/index_e.html ) Abinitio methods (GAMESS
free software www.classic.chem.msu.su/gran/gamess/downloads.html)
Programs for chemical structure drawing ( ISISDRAW
www.ch.cam.ac.uk/cil/SGTL/MDL/ISISdraw.html, Chemsketch
www.acdlabs.com/download/)Software for visualization of computational results molecular structure,
molecular orbitals, dipole moments, electrostatic potentials- animationsdynamics- Molekel (free software www.cscs.ch/molekel/) Jmol (free software
http://jmol.sourceforge.net/download/)

73

2.

Cheminformatics

( 16 Hrs)

Introduction to cheminformatics, History and Evolution of cheminformatics, Use of

cheminformatics, Prospects of cheminformatics, Molecular Modeling and Structure
Elucidation
Nomenclature; Different types of Notations; SMILES Coding; Matrix
Representations; Structure of Molfiles and Sdfiles; Libraries and toolkits; Different
electronic effects; Reaction classification
Database Concepts, Structured Query Language, Design of Chemical Databases, Data
Abstraction; Data Models (Elementary ideas only)
Prediction of Properties of Compounds; Linear Free Energy Relations; Quantitative
Structure-Property Relations; Descriptor Analysis; Structure-Spectra correlations;
Prediction of NMR, IR and Mass spectra;
Computer Assisted Structure elucidations; Computer Assisted Synthesis Design,
Introduction to drug design; Application of Cheminformatics in Drug Design, Design
of combinatorial libraries;
3. Bioinformatics

( 16 Hrs)

Bioinformatics Basics- Internet Use and Search Engines- Fundamentals of Internet,

WWW, HTML, URLs -Browsers: Netscape/Opera/Explorer Search Engines: Google,
PUBMED, NCBI EMBL, GENBANK, Entrez, Unigene, PDB, SwissProt, And TrEMBL
Bioinformatics Softwares and their uses (elementary ideas): Clustal V, Clustal W 1.7,
RasMol, Oligo, Molscript, Treeview, Alscript, Genetic Analysis Software, Phylip
Introduction to Genes and Proteins- Genome Sequences ORFs, Genes, Intones, Exons,
Splice Variants DNA/ RNA Secondary Structure, Triplet Coding Protein Sequences.
Alignment of pairs of sequence ,Introduction to sequence analysis, Sequence analysis of
biological data , models for sequence analysis and their biological motivation , methods
of alignment, Application of dot matrix , Methods of optimal alignment using gap penalty
and sore matrices, tools for sequence analysis
Introduction to phylogenetic tree analysis. Using pattern to predict genes, Method of gene
prediction , prediction tools, protein structure databases and visualization tools, protein
prediction tools, Method of protein prediction for known fold and unknown fold , protein
function prediction.
Bioinformatics in pharmaceutical industries, immunology, agriculture, forestry,
Geoinformatics- Legal, ethical and commercial ramifications of bioinformatics,
Biosensing

74

References
1. T Clark , Hand book of computational chemistry, Wiley New York.
2. W J Hehre, A J Shusterman, W W Huang, A laboratory book of computational
organic chemistry , Wavefunction Inc.
3. A R Leach , Molecular Modeling, Longman
4. D C Young, Computational Chemistry ,A practical guide to applying techniques
to real world problems, John wiley
5. F Jensen , Introduction to computational chemistry , John Wiley
6. I Levine, Quantum Chemistry
7. Oprea, T. I. Chemoinformatics in drug discovery. John Wiley & Sons: New York,
NY, 2005
8. Andrew Leach, An Introduction to Chemoinformatics
Johann Gasteiger (Editor), Thomas Engel (Editor) Chemoinformatics: A
Textbook Wiley Publications
9. Varnek, A., Tropsha, A, Eds.; Chemoinformatics Approaches to Virtual
Screening; RSC Publishing, Cambridge, England, 2008.
10. H. M. Dietel, P. J. Dietel and T. R. Nieto, Internet and World Wide Web- how to
program, Pearson Education India.
11. S.C. Rastogi, Namita Mendirata, Parag Rastogi Bioinformatics concepts, skills
and application, CBS publisher
12. D. Baxevanis and F. Oulette, "Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of
genes and proteins", Wiley (2002)
13. Arthur M. Lesk, "Introduction to Bioinformatics" Oxford University( 2002),
James Tisdall, Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics", O'Reilly & Associates., (200I)
Learning Perl, 3rd Edition.
14. A Malcolm Campbell and L.J. Heyer ,Discovering Genomics proteomics and
Bioinformatics

CH6B06.7: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Credits:3
Hours:54
Objectives
To understand the common diseases and the cure
To know the terms of pharmacology
To understand the mechanism of drug action
To acquire knowledge about chemotherapy and the antibiotics
To understand the drugs used for diabetes, hypertension, cholesterolemia
To acquire knowledge about various health promoting drugs
1. INTRODUCTION
Common diseases - Infective diseases - insect-borne, air-borne and water-borne
hereditary diseases. Terminology - drug, pharmacology, pharmacognosy,
pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, anti metabolites. Absorption of drugs - routes of
75

administration of drugs, factors affecting absorption. Assay of drugs - chemical,

biological, immunological assays, LD50 and ED50 therapeutic index, drug dosage. (18
Hrs)
2. DESIGNATION OF DRUGS
Designation of drugs based on physiological action; Definition and two examples with
structure each of : Anesthetics-General and local. Analgesics - Narcotic and synthetic.
Antipyretics and anti inflammatory agents. Antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin,
chloramphenicol, tetracyclins.
Antivirals. AIDS - symptoms, prevention, treatment. Cancer and neoplastic agents. (9
Hrs)
3. COMMON BODY AILMENTS
Diabetes - Causes, hyper and hypoglycemic drugs -Psychedelic drugs, hypnotics,
sedatives (barbiturates, LSD) - Blood pressure - Systolic & Diastolic Hypertensive drugs
- Cardiovascular drugs anti arrhythmic, antianginals, vasodilators CNS depressants
and stimulants Lipid profile - HDL, LDL cholesterol, lipid lowering drugs. (9 Hrs)
4. HEALTH PROMOTING MEDICINES
Nutracenticals-Vitamins A B C D E and K (structure expected) micronutrients such as Na
K Ca Cu Zn I -Medicinally important inorganic compounds of Al, P, As, Hg, Fe
Organic Pharmaceutical acids; Agents for kidney function(Aminohippuric acid); Agents
for liver function (Sulfobromophthalein); Agents for pituitary function (metyrapone) Organic pharmaceutical bases - antioxidants, treatment of ulcer and skin diseases. (18
Hrs)
Book for Study:
1. Jayashree Ghosh, Pharmaceutical chemistry, S.Chand and Company Ltd., 2006, New
Delhi.

Books for Reference:

1. Lakshmi S., Pharmaceutical chemistry, S.Chand & Sons, 1995, New Delhi.
2. Ashutosh Kar, Medicinal chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1993, New Delhi.
3. David William & Thomas Lemke, Foyes principles of medicinal chemistry, 5th editon
2005, BI publishers.
4. Romas Nogrady, Medicinal chemistry, II Edition 2004, Oxford University.

CH6B06.8: PETROCHEMICALS
Credits : 3
1 Petrochemical Industries

Hours:54

Introduction to crude oil, explanatory methods, oil

reservoirs, transportation of crude oil, constitution of crude oil, Natural gas
constituents. Distillation of crude oil, Separation of natural gas
constituents. Distillation of crude oil, Separation of natural gas and
76

different fractions based on relative volatilities, Compositions of different

distillates. Meaning of terms such as Pour point depressants, drag
reducers, viscosity reducers, ignition point, flash point, octane number,
doctor solution. Types of hydrocarbon fuels and their characteristics.
Detailed discussion of the following operations with respect to process,
mechanism, catalysts used and applications; Cracking catalytic cracking,
Hydrocracking, Isomerization, Reforming, Alkylation. Sulphur, hydrogen,
petroleum coke and nitrogen compounds from petroleum. General
discussion of the following reactions with respect to mechanism and
applications Oxidation, ammoxidation, hydroformylation, hydration.
30 hours

2 Manufacture of Petrochemicals
Manufacture of the following compounds:
Methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, C 4 hydrocarbons, higher
olefins. Preparation of the following from methane methanol, carbon
black, hydrogen cyanide, chlorinated methanes, carbon disulphide.
Preparation of the following from ethylene Ethyl chloride, ethanol,
ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, styrene, vinyl
acetate, ethanolamines, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile. Manufacture of the
following from propylene; Isopropanol, cumene, glycerine, acrylonitrile.
Manufacture of the following from acetylene: Vinyl chloride, chloroprene,
acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde. Manufacture of the following from C 4
hydrocarbons: Butadiene, isobutene, isobutane, butanediols, oligomers.
24 hours
References:1. W.L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
2. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker Inc 1991,The chemistry and technology of
Petroleum
3. Tripathi G.N, Indian Petroleum Directory
4. B.K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits
Petrochemicals-Wiley
5. ASTM Methods, Indian standards
6. Sukumar Maiti, Introduction to Petrochemicals

77

CH5D01:Open courses
Credits-4

72 Hours
CH5D01.I: Dairy Science

Aim: To study the fundamentals of dairy science

Objectives
To understand the chemical composition of milk
To know the techniques of milk processing
To acquire knowledge about various milk products
To understand the chemistry of other types of special milk
To acquire knowledge about techniques of fermentation of milk and various milk
products
1 Composition of Milk
Milk - definition-general composition of milk - constituents of milk - lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates ,vitamins and minerals - physical properties of milk - colour, odour,
acidity, specific gravity, viscosity and conductivity - factors affecting the composition of
milk - adulterants, preservatives and neutraliser-examples and their detection - estimation
of fat, acidity and total solids in milk.
(12Hrs)
2 Processing of Milk
Microbiology of milk - destruction of micro organisms in milk - physico - chemical
changes taking place in milk due to processing - boiling, pasteurisation - types of
pasteurisation - Bottle, Batch and HTST (High Temperature Short Time) - Vacuum
pasteurisation - Ultra High Temperature Pasteurisation.
(12Hrs)
3 Major Milk Products
Cream-definition-composition-chemistry of creaming process-gravitational and
centrifugal methods of separation of cream-estimation of fat in cream.
Butter - definition - composition - theory of churning - desibutter - salted butter
estimation of acidity and moisture content in butter.
Ghee - major constitutents - common adulterants added to ghee and their detection
rancidity - definition - prevention - antioxidants and synergists - natural and synthetic.
(12 Hrs)
4 Special Milk
Standardised milk - definition - merits - reconstituted milk - definition - flow diagram of
manufacture - Homogenised milk - flavoured milk - vitaminised milk - toned milk -

78

Incitation milk vegetable toned milk - humanised milk - condensed milk - definition
composition and nutritive value.
(12 Hrs)
5 Fermented and Other Milk Products
Fermented milk products - fermentation of milk - definition, conditions, cultured milk definition of culture - examples, conditions - cultured cream cultured butter milk - Bulgaxious milk - acidophilous milk - Yoheer Indigeneous
products - Khoa and chchana -definition - Preparation of khoa and chahana- sweets Gulabjam, chana sweet, Rassogilla. Ice cream - definition - percentage composition
types - ingredients - manufacture of ice-cream stabilizers - emulsifiers and their rolemilk powder - definition - need for making milk powder - drying process - types of
drying- dairy detergents - characteristics - classification - washing procedure sterilization -chloramine T and hypochlorite solution.
(24 Hrs)
Visit to a pasturisation factory/Milk product company and submission of a report.
References:
1. Robert Jenness and Patom S., Wiley, Principles of Dairy Chemistry, New York
2. Rangappa K.S. and Acharya K.T., Indian Dairy Products
3. Wond F.P., Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry, Springer.
4. Lampert L.M., Modern Dairy products, Chemical Publishing Company Inc., New
York.
5. Warner, Wiley, Principles of Dairy Procesing, New York
6. Sukumar De, Outlines of Dairy technology.

CH5D01.2: Food Science

Aim:To get a basic understanding of the different aspects of food science
Objectives
To understand the chemistry of food adulteration and adulterants
To know the methods of analyzing the adulterants
To know the chemistry of food poisoning
To acquire knowledge about food additives
To understand the chemistry of beverages and soft drinks
To know the methods of preparing the soft drinks by field visits
To acquire knowledge about various edible oils and the processing techniques
related to oils
1 Food Adulteration
Sources of food, types, advantages and disadvantages. Food adulteration - contamination
of wheat, rice, mlk, butter etc. with clay stones, water and toxic chemicals Common
adulterants. Ghee adulterants and their detection. Detection of adultered Foods by simple
analytical techniques.
(18 Hrs)
79

2 Food Poisons
Food poisons - natural poisons (alkaloids - nephrotoxic) - pesticdes. (DDT, BHC,
Malathion) - Chemical poisons - First aid for poison consumed victims.
(9 Hrs)
3 Food Additives
Food additives - artificial sweeteners - Saccharin - Cyclomate and aspartate. Food
flavours - esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds. Food colours - restricted use spurious colours Emulsifying agents - preservatives ,leavening agents. Baking powder
yeast - taste makers MSG, vinegar.
(18 Hrs)
4 Beverages
Beverages - Soft drinks - soda - fruit juices - alcoholic beverages examples. Carbonation
addiction to alcohol - cirrhosis of liver and social problems.
(9 Hrs)
5 Edible Oils
Fats, oils - Sources of oils - Production of refined vegetable oils - Preservation.
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids Iodine value - Role of MUFA and PUFA in
preventing heart diseases - determination of iodine - value , RM value, saponification
value and their significance. Estimation of I2 and RM values in Edible oils (18 Hrs)
References:
1. Swaminathan M., Food Science and Experimental oods, Ganesh and Company.
2. Jayashree Ghosh, Fundamental concepts of Applied chemistry, S. Chand & Co.
Publishers
3. Thankamma Jacob, Text Books of applied chemistry for Home Science and allied
Sciences, Macmillan.
4. B. Sreelakshmi, Food Science, New Age

CH5D01.3: Forensic Science

Aim:To study some fundamental aspects of forensic science
Objectives
To learn Crime investigation through diagnosis of poisoning and postmortem.
To acquire knowledge about explosions, the causes (gelatin sticks, RDX etc) and
the security measures.
To understand the methods of detecting forgery in bank and educational records.
To acquire a comprehensive knowledge about tracks and traces.
To understand the chemical methods used in crime investigation.(Medical
aspects).
1 Poisons
Poisons-types and classification-diagnosis of poisons in the living and the dead clinical
symptoms - postmortem appearances. Heavy metal contamination (Hg, Pb, Cd) of sea
foods-use of neutron activation analysis in detecting Arsenic in human hair. Treatment in
cases of poisoning - use of antidotes for common poisons.
(12Hrs)
80

2 Crime Detection
Accidental explosion during manufacture of matches and fire works. Human bombspossible explosives (gelatin sticks and RDX) - metal detector devices and other security
measures for VVIP- composition of bullets and detecting powder burn. Analysis of
incendiary and timed bombs - spill of toxic and corrosive chemicals from tankers.
(12Hrs)
3 Forgery and Counterfeiting
Documents - different types of forged signatures-simulated and traced
forgeries - inherent signs of forgery methods - writing deliberately modifieduses of ultraviolet rays - comparison of type written letters - checking silver
line water mark in currency notes - alloy analysis using AAS to detect
counterfeit coins - detection of gold purity in 22 carat ornaments - detecting
gold plated jewels - authenticity of diamond.
(12Hrs)
4 Tracks and Traces
Tracks and traces - small tracks and police dogs-foot prints - casting of foot prints residue prints, walking pattern or tyre marks - miscellaneous traces and tracks - glass
fracture - tool markpaints fibres. Analysis of biological substances - blood, saliva, urine
and hair- Cranial analysis (head and teeth) DNA Finger printing for tissue identification
in dismembered bodies -Detecting steroid consumption in athletes and race horses.
(18Hrs)
5 Medical Aspects
Aids - causes and prevention - misuse of scheduled drugs - burns and their treatment by
plastic surgery. Metabolite analysis using mass spectrum gas
chromatography.
Arson-natural fires and arson - burning characteristics and chemistry of combustible
materials - nature of combustion. Ballistics classification - internal and terminal
ballistics - small arms - laboratory examination of barrel washing and detection of
powder residue by chemical tests.
(18Hrs)
References:
1. T.H.James, Forensic Sciences, Stanley Thornes Ltd.
2. Richard, Criminalistics - An Introduction to Forensic Science (College Version),
8th Edition, Sofestein, Printice Hall.

81

CH5D01.4: Environmental Chemistry

Aim:
The aim of the course is to enable students to study the concept and techniques in
monitoring, analysing and solving environmental issues and to develop programmes to
inculcate environmental awareness among the common mass.
Objectives:
To study:
Environmental management and impact assessment
Toxic effects of pollutants
Air, water, and soil pollution
Effluent and waste management
1 Environmental management and impact assessment
(5 Hrs)
Basic principles, concepts and scope of environmental planning, Conservation of energy
Renewable and non renewable energy sources-nuclear energy, solar energy, hydrogen,
non conventional energy sources. Environmental pollution concepts and definition.
Impact assessment- aim, concepts and methods, Environmental management system
ISO-14001.
2 Chemical toxicology
(9 Hrs)
Toxicity -effects, toxic chemicals in the environment, impact of toxic chemicals on
enzymes, biochemical effects of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, NOx, SO2 , O3, PAN, CN,
pesticides, carcinogenic substances.
3 Air pollution
(10 Hrs)
Primary pollutants, hydrocarbons-photochemical smog, particulates, radioactivity, effects
of atmospheric pollution -acid rain, ozone layer depletion. Indoor air pollution. Effect of
electric and magnetic fields in the environment Air pollution accidents Bhopal and
Chernobyl. Air quality standards. Sampling and analysis of pollutants CO, SO2, H2S,
hydrocarbons, SPM. Noise pollution Measurement, Classification ,Hazards.
4 Water pollution
(20 Hrs)
Types, effects and sources of water pollution. Pollution of fresh water, ground water and
ocean. Thermal pollution. Sampling and measurement of water quality
odour,color,EC,turbidity,TDS, salinity, COD, BOD, DO, coliform, pH, acidity, CO2,
alkalinity, hardness, NO3-, NO2-, NH3, phosphate, fluoride, chloride, cyanide, sulphide,
sulphate and metals- As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Hg, SAR, WQI,. Water quality parameters and
standards. Case study: Kuttanadu wetland. Waste water treatment techniques.

82

5 Effluent and waste management

(20 Hrs)
Effluent definition and characteristics. Methods for water and waste water treatment
and systems (physical, chemical, and biological). Air pollution emission control devises
principle methods. Plants, animals and microorganisms for controlling pollution and
treatment of effluents. Waste management definition, characterization, sources and
classification. Waste treatment and disposing methods, - recycling and reuse. Methods
for management for hazardous and toxic wastes. Principle and strategies of green
chemistry Illustrate with examples.
6 Lithosphere
(8 Hrs)
Composition, reactions in soil,. Wastes and pollutants in soil. . Sampling procedures and
analysis of soil- cation exchange capacity, lime status, lime requirement, gypsum
requirement, pH, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg. Management of solid waste
References
1. A. K. De, Environmental Chemistry, New age International Ltd.
2. G.T.T yler, Living in the Environment, Tomson Brooke/Cole
3. N. Manivasakam, Physico-chemical examination of water, sewage and industrial
effluents, Pragathi Prakashan.
4. D. Clarson, Soil and water analytical methods, ISBN:81-901483-0-3.
5. R. K. Khitoliya, Environmental Pollution Management and Control for
sustainable development, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
6. B. B. Kebbekus and S. Mitra, Enveronmental chemical analysis, Blacke
Academic & Professional.
7. S. S. Dara, A Textbook of Environmental chemistry and pollution control,
S.Chand & Company Ltd.
8. R. A. Malaviya, Environmental Pollution and its control under international law.
9. Pramod Singh, Environmental pollution management.
10. G. K. Ghosh, Environmental pollution A scientific study.
11. Nelson L. Numerow, Industrial water pollution.
12. James W. Moore and S.Ramamoorthy, Organic chemicals in natural waters
13. Hutzinger, Aquatic pollutants.
14. F. Kreith Handbook of Solid waste management, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
15. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, APHA
16. Peter O Neil, Environmental Chemistry, Blackie Academic and Professional,
London
17. S P Mishra and S N Pandey, Essential Environmental Studies, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi.
18. V K Ahluwalia,Environmental Chemistry, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

83

CH5D01.5: Chemistry in Everyday life

Aim and objectives:
Chemistry is an integral part of everyday life. Whether it is the food we eat, the clothes
we wear , the drugs we consume or the cosmetics we apply- there is chemistry in it. A
general information of the chemistry behind these will create an awareness as to what is
good and what is bad and to be discarded. For example, we come across a myriad of
cosmetic products , which claim to increase our quality of life and well being. But in
reality are they as advantageous as they claim to be? An insight into the processes
involved in their production will give us ample information regarding these. Similarly we
can also gather information as to what is the difference between the various types of
soaps,their mode of action, why the disparity in their prices and why soaps are preferred
over detergents. Likewise, a student can also become enlightened about the pros and
cons of using processed food stuff, which is in vogue today. The above mentioned
points are some of the benefits a student who opts to study this subject offered as a
common course will receive.
1 Food additives and Flavours
(12 Hrs)
Functional food additives, adulteration , food laws. Food colours - permitted and non
permitted- Toxicology. Flavours natural and synthetic- Toxicology .Other functional
additives- Soft drinks- formulation Health drinks.
2 Soaps
( 7 Hrs)
Soaps Introduction , detergent action of soap. Toilet soap, bathing bars, washing soaps,
liquid soap manufacture- additives, fillers and flavours. Significance of acidity and
alkalinity.
3 Synthetic Detergents
( 9 Hrs )
Detergents- Introduction, detergent action, types of detergents-cationic, anionic,
amphiphilic detergents. Common detergent chemicals. Additives, excipients colours and
flavours. Enzymes used in commercial detergents . Environmental hazards.
4 Cosmetics
( 12 Hrs)
Cosmetics- Introduction, classification bathing oils, face creams, toilet powder, skin
products, dental cosmetics, hair dyes, shaving cream, shampoo, general formulation of
each type. Toxicology of cosmetics.

84

5 Plastics , Paper and Dyes

(14 Hrs)

Plastics in every day life . Brief idea of polymerization-Thermoplastic and thermosetting

polymers. Use of PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, ABS. Recycling of plastics.
Biodegradable plastics. Environmental hazards of plastics. News print paper, writing
paper, paper boards, cardboards. Organic materials, wood, cotton, jute and coir.
International recycling codes, and symbols for identification. Natural and synthetic dyes
( basic idea only).
6 Drugs

( 6 Hrs)

Chemotherapy- types of drugs- analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines, antacids

tranquilizers, sedatives, antibiotics, antifertility drugs.
7 Chemistry and Agriculture

( 12 Hrs)

Fertilizers- natural, synthetic, mixed, NPK fertilizers. Excessive use of fertilizers and
its impact on the environment. Bio fertilizers. Plant growth hormones.
Pesticides- Classification-insecticides, herbicides, fungicides. Excessive use of pesticides
environmental hazards. Bio pesticides. Antiseptics and Disinfectants-Oils - vegetable
oils, mineral oil, essential oil-Sugars, artificial sugars
References:
1. T.P. Coultate, Food- The Chemistry of its components. Royal Society of
Chemistry, London( Paper back)
2. Shashi Chowls,Engineering Chemistry, Danpat Rai Publication.
3. B.K. Sharma. Industrial Chemistry
4. CNR Rao- Understanding chemistry, Universities Press.
5. Puri and Sharma. Advanced Organic Chemistry.
6. Brown, Insect control by chemicals
7. A. K. De, Environmental Chemistry, New age International Ltd.
8. S. S. Dara, A Textbook of Environmental chemistry and pollution control,
S.Chand & Company Ltd.
9. Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J. D. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers,
Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, 1990.
10. Buchel, K.H. Chemistry of Pesticides, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
11. P.C Pall, K. Goel, R.K Gupta, Insecticides,pesticides and agrobased industries.
12. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
13. I.I Singh, V.K Kapoor, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry

85

CH5D01.6: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Aim:To study the fundamentals of nanoscience and nanotechnology
Objectives
Why Nanotechnology?
What are the historical landmarks in the area?
What are the terms and concepts of Nanoscience?
What are nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires and other low-dimensional
systems?
What are the principal properties used to explore nanomaterials and what are the
techniques used?
How do we manipulate nanomaterials in areas such as biology, biotechnology,
medicine, medical diagnosis, sensors etc.?
What are the main social, economic and ethical issues related to Nanotechnology?
1.Nanomaterials: Historical landmarks- terminology-scales-top-down and bottom-up
paths in nanoscience- Feynmans hypothesis-low dimensional solids-nanoparticles:
fullerene- its discovery-production-contribution to nanotechnology-unusual
properties of fullerene. Nanotubes:carbon nanotubes- architectural characteristicssynthesis- properties.
(18 Hrs)
2.Nanoscience: Its social, economic and ethical perspectives- responsible
development of nanotechnology- existing laws and regulations- regulatory
agencies-U.S.Govermment laws- intellectual property policy of nanotechnologytechnology transfer. Energy challenges-environmental impacts of nanotechnologyGreen nanotechnology- technology business: nanoeconomics- entrepreneurs in the
technological ecosystem- nanoethics- challenges to mankind- future of
nanotechnology.
(18 Hrs)
3.Seeing the nanoworld: fundamental particles-elctromagnetic radiation- its
components- impact on matter-the Plancks equation- de Broglie relation- matterwave concept of radiation- concept of colour and vision- spectroscopic methods and
radiation- elementary ideas of UV-visible, IR, NMR,XPES and UPES techniques. X
ray techniques- SEM, TEM, STM, SPL, and SIMS - their use in the studies of
nanosystems.
(18 Hrs)
4.Applications of nanotechnology: Nanobiology- immuno targeted nanoparticlesnanomaterials in medical diagnosis- bio-nano information fusion. Nanomedicinesnanoparticle drug systems for oral, nasal, and ocular administration- therapeutic
applications. Nanosensors- smart dusts- nanomaterials in war- destructive
applications of nanotechnology.
(18 Hrs)

86

References:
1. T. Pradeep, Nano: The Essentials, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New
Delhi (2007).
2. V. S. Muraleedharan and A. Subramania, Nanosciece and nanotechnology,
Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009
3. C. N. R. Rao and A.Govindraj, Nanotubes and Nanowires, Royal Society of
Chemistry (2005)
4. J. M. M. Duart, R. J. M. Palma and F.A. Rueda,Nanotechnology and
Microelectronics and optoelectronics, Elsevier (2002)
5. R. Booker and , E. Boysen, Nanotechnology, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008
6. K. J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
7. C. P. Poole Jr and F J Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley IndiaPvt
Ltd 2009.
8. L. E. Foster, Nanotechnology: Science, Innovation and Opportunity, Pearson
Education (2008).
9. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
Chemistry Resources on the Internet
ISIS Draw, Free Chemical structure drawing program
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/vtxtindex.htm An excellent virtual text book of
organic chemistry
http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/virtualtextbook.html
www.symmetry.otterbein.edu/tutorial/index.html symmetry topics with interactive
models
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Carey.html online organic chemistry
book
http://molinspiration.com:9080/mi/webme.html
molecule sketcher allows creation
and editing of molecules online
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFrame.html website with extensive
hyperlinking to explore topics in thermodynamics, kinetic molecular theory, quantum
mechanics and physics in general
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html periodic table
http://www.chemeddl.org/collections/ptl/ periodic table
http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/pertable_fla.htm periodic table
www.chemtube3d.com/ This site contains interactive 3D animations for some of the
most important organic reactions
87

COMPLEMENTARY COURSES IN CHEMISTRY

I-SEMESTER
CH1C01 : Basic Theoretical and Analytical Chemistry
(Common to physical sciences, life sciences geology and family and community
science)

Credits-2

(36 Hrs)

Aim: The aim of the course is to provide an insight into some of the fundamental
concepts and principles that are very essential in the study of chemistry
Objectives
To study atomic structure, basics of thermodynamics and the concept of
equilibrium
To understand principles of analytical chemistry and chromatographic techniques
1. Atomic Structure

(8 Hrs)

Introduction:-Atoms, Dual nature of matter and radiation. Photoelectric effect,de Broglie

equation, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, Concept of orbital, Quantum numbers,
shapes of orbitals (s-, p-, d-), Electronic configuration of atoms-Aufbau principle, Hunds
rule of maximum multiplicity, Paulis exclusion principle.
References:
1. Manas Chanda, Atomic Structure and Molecular Spectroscopy
2. P. L. Soni Inorganic Chemistry
3. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M.S. Pathania, Elements of Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn.
Vishal Pub. CO., 2008 (Chapter 19)
4. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan(Chapter 3)
2. Concept of Equilibrium

(5 Hrs)

Acids and bases Arrhenius, Lowry-Bronsted and Lewis Concepts, ionic product of
water, introductory idea of pH, pOH. Strengths of acids and bases, Ka and Kb, pKa and
pKb, buffer solution (elementary idea only), Solvation, solubility, solubility product,
common ion effect, application.

88

References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M.S. Pathania, Elements of Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn.
Vishal Pub. CO., 2008 (Chapter 16)
2. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan(Chapter 11)
3. Laws of Thermodynamics

(8 Hrs)

System and Surrounding. First law of Thermodynamics: Internal energy, Significance of

internal energy change, enthalpy, Second law of Thermodynamics: free energy, Entropy
and Spontaneity, Statement of second law based on entropy, Entropy change in Phase
transitions (No derivation required)-entropy of fusion, entropy of vaporization, entropy of
sublimation.
The concept of Gibbs's free energy- Physical significance of free energy, conditions for
equilibrium & spontaneity based on G values. Effect of temperature on spontaneity of
Reaction. Third law of Thermodynamics.
References
1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M.S. Pathania, Elements of Physical Chemistry, 3 rd edn.
Vishal Pub. CO., 2008 (Chapter 9,11,12)
2. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan(Chapter 9)
4. Analytical Chemistry- Basic principles

(9 Hrs)

Laboratory operations(Non-evaluative): Use of different glasswares like pipette, burette,

standard measuring flask, distillation apparatus; heating methods, filtration techniques,
weighing principle in chemical balance, weighing in electronic balance-general idea.
Evaluation of analytical data: Accuracy, precision, absolute error, relative error, types of
error. Methods of elimination or minimization of errors.
Titrimetric method of analysis: General principle, types of titrations, requirements for
titrimeric analysis. Concentration terms- molality, molarity, normality, weight
percentage, ppm, and millimoles. Primary and secondary standards, criteria for primary
standards, preparation of standard solutions, standardization of solutions, limitation of
volumetric analysis, end point. Acid-base titrations, redox titrations (general idea only).
Gravimetric method of analysis: General principle-separation by precipitation.Separation
and purification techniques: Recrystallisatoin, use of drying agents, sublimation. General
principles of distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure.
Solvent extraction.

89

References
1. R. A. Day Junior, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 5th edn. Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1988(Chapters 2,3,4,6,8,11)
2. Vogels Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Mendham, R. C.
Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, 6th edn. Pearson Education (2003)(Chapters
3,4,10)
3. R. Gopalan, Analytical Chemistry, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
5. Chromatographic Techniques

(6 Hrs)

Chromatography, Principle of differential migration. Classification of

chromatographic methods. Basic principle and uses of Thin layer chromatography (TLC),
Paper chromatography (PC), Rf value, Column chromatography, Gas
chromatography(GC), High performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ion Exchange
chromatography (IEC)
Refernces
1. R. A. Day Junior, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 5th edn. Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1988(Chapters17,18)
2. Vogels Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, J. Mendham, R. C.
Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, 6th edn. Pearson Education (2003).
3. R. Gopalan, Analytical Chemistry, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.

90

II SEMESTER
CH2C01: Basic Organic Chemistry
( Common to physical sciences, life sciences geology and family and community
science)

Credits-2

(36Hrs)

Aim
The aim of the course is to understand some fundamental aspects of organic chemistry
Objectives:
To study
Stereochemistry of organic compounds
Mechanisms of some basic organic reactions
Classification of polymers, polymerization reactions, and
the structure and uses of some commercial and natural
polymers
1. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds

(13 Hrs)

Geometrical isomerism- cis and trans configuration, determination of configuration and

interconversion of cis-trans isomers, E and Z configuration .Optical isomerism- Optical
activity, Chirality, Stereogenic Centre, Enantiomers and diastereomers, Racemisation
Conformation-

Newman projection, Saw-horse projection, Conformations of Ethane, n-

Butane, Cyclohexane.
References
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol. I , 6th edn. Pearson(Chapter2-4)
2. S. M. Mukherji, S. P Singh, R. P Kapoor, Organic Chemistry Vol.1,NewAge
International(P) Ltd,2006(Chapter 2)
91

2. Mechanisms of Organic Reactions

(15 Hrs)

Hybridization- sp3, sp2 and sp, (ethane, ethene, ethyne). Polarity of bonds. Inductive,
mesomeric, and hyperconjugative effects. Bond fission- homolytic and heterolytic
fission. Reaction intermediates- radicals, carbocations and carbanions.
Classification of reagents- electrophiles, nucleophiles. Types of organic reactions
addition, substitution and elimination reactions.
Substitution reactions: nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides- SN1 and SN2
mechanisms. Electrophilic substitution in benzene-reaction mechanism.
Addition reactions: electrophilic addition to ethene, propene and ethyne-the
Markwonikoffs rule, Peroxide effect.
Elimination reactions: E1 and E2 mechanisms
References
1. I. L. Finar , Organic Chemistry, 6th edn. Vol. I Pearson(Chapters 2,4,5,20)
2. Peter Sykes, A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th edn. Orient
Longman,1988(Chapters 4,7,9)
3. S. M. Mukherji, S.P Singh, Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry,
Macmillan, Third Edn.,2003(Chapters 1,2,4,5,6,9)
3. Natural and Synthetic Polymers

(8 Hrs)

Classification of polymers: Natural, synthetic; linear, cross-linked and network; plastics,

elastomers, fibres; homopolymers and copolymers. Polymerization reactions, typical
examples- polyethene, polypropylene, PVC, phenol-formaldehyde and melamineformaldehyde resins, polyamides (nylons) and polyester. Natural rubber: structure,
vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers- SBR, nitrile rubber, neoprene. Biodegradability of
polymers, environmental hazards.
Reference
1. V. R. Gowariker, Polymer Science, Wiley Eastern(Chapters 1,2,9)

92

PRACTICAL-I
(Semester I and II)
( Common to physical sciences, life sciences geology and family and community
science)

CH2C02: Volumetric Analysis

Credits 2

72 hours

Standard solution must be prepared by the student

1. Acidimetry and Alkalimetry
1.
2.
3.
4.

Standardization of HCl with standard Na2CO3 solution

Standardization of NaOH with standard oxalic acid solution
Estimation of any acid using standard NaOH
Estimation of any alkali using standard HCl.

2. Permanganometry
1. Standardization of KMnO4 using (i) oxalic acid (ii) Mohrs salt
2. Estimation of Fe2+ in Mohrs salt and crystalline Ferrous Sulphate using standard
KMnO4.
3. Dichrometry
1. Estimation of Ferrous ions (external indicator)
2. Estimation of Ferrous ions (internal indicator)
3. Estimation of FeSO4. 7 H2O (external indicator)
4. Iodimetry and Iodometry
1.
2.
3.
4.

Standardization of Iodine solution

Standardization of Sodium thiosulphate
Estimation of KMnO4
Estimation of Copper

5. Gravimetric Analysis
1. Determination of percentage of water in Barium chloride crystals
2. Estimation of Barium as Barium Sulphate
93

6. Determination of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

1. Melting Point
2. Boiling Point
References
1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson
2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons
4. R.D Day, A.L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India
Pvt. Ltd.
SEMESTER-III

CH3C01.1 : Advanced Physical Chemistry I

(For students who have opted Physical Sciences and Geology as Main)

Credits-3
Aim:

(54 Hrs)
To give the students a thorough knowledge about molecular structure and
its electrical and nuclear properties and to develop proper aptitude towards
the study of molecular structure

Objectives:
To enable the students to get a clear idea about the molecular structure
To make students capable of understanding and studying electrical and
nuclear properties of molecules.
1. Nuclear Chemistry

(13 Hrs)

Stability of Nucleus:- binding energy, magic number, packing fraction, n/p ratio.
Radioactivity: detection, GM counter, units of radioactivity.Nuclear Processes:
natural radioactivity, induced radioactivity, fertile and fissile isotopes.Nuclear
Reactions:

fission

and

fusion,

chain

reactions,

disposal

of

nuclear

wastes.Applications: Reactors conventional and breeder, energy generation,

94

rock dating and radiocarbon dating, neutron activation analysis; medical,

agricultural and industrial applications.
2. Symmetry and Molecular Structure

(6 Hrs)

Symmetry elements and symmetry operation Centre of symmetry, plane of

symmetry, proper and improper axes of symmetry, identity, molecular point
groups, Schoenflies symbol (determination of point groups not expected
3. Solid State

(15 Hrs)

Classification: amorphous, crystalline differences.Lattice ,lattice energy (general

idea), unit cell, examples of simple cubic, bcc and fcc lattices, calculation of number
of molecules in a unit cell, calculation of lattice parameters of cubic unit cell.
Weiss and Miller indices, crystal systems, Bravaice lattices, X-ray diffraction
Braggs equation, structure determination of NaCl by X-ray diffraction.
Theories of Solid: metallic bond, band theory, conductors, semiconductors and
insulators, mention of super conductors.Magnetic Properties: classification diamagnetic, paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferro and ferrimagnetic, permanent
and temporary magnets.
4. Liquid State

(6 Hrs)

Intermolecular forces, liquids compared with gases and solids (qualitative idea only),
viscosity, surface tension (method of determination not expected), structure of
liquids (a qualitative description).Liquid crystals the intermediate phase between
solid and normal liquid phases, thermographic behaviour, classification, structure of
nematic and cholesteric phases.
5. Surface Chemistry and Colloids

(6 Hrs)

Adsorption types of adsorption of gases by solids, factors influencing adsorption,

Freundlich adsorption isotherm Langmuir adsorption isotherm (derivation not
required). Colloids: preparation, properties optical and electrical, electric double
layer,

coagulation,

electrophoresis,

electroosmosis,

surfactants,

micelle,

applications of colloids.

95

6. Phase Equilibrium

(8 Hrs)

The phase rule, definition, equilibrium between phases, one component system
water system, two component systems: solid- liquid equilibrium simple eutectic,
lead-silver

system,

solid

solution.Distribution

law,

partition

coefficient,

applications.
References:
1. H.J. Arnikar ,Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry (Revised

IV edn.) ,New Age

International Pub. (1995)

2. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, M.S. Pathania ,Elements of Physical Chemistry, 40th edn.
Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar (2003)
3. Ashcroft/ Mermin ,Solid State Physics,Thomson Publishers
4. J. Tareen and T. Kutty ,A basic course in Crystallography,University Press.

CH3C01.2: Advanced Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

(For students who have opted Biological Sciences and
Family and Community Science as Main)

Credits-3

(54 Hrs)

Aim:
The aim of the course is to promote understanding facts and concepts in inorganic
and organic chemistry.
Objectives:
To give the students a basic understanding of nuclear chemistry and heterocyclic
compounds.
To learn about various types of food additives.
I .Nuclear Chemistry

(10 Hrs)

Radioactivity- natural radioactivity, artificial radioactivity, disintegration rates, half life

period and disintegration constant.
Nuclear Reactions - nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, nuclear reactors
Applications of radioisotopes - carbon dating, rock dating, in medicine, in agriculture,
and in industry.
96

2. Chemistry and Agriculture

(12 Hrs)

NPK representation, superphosphates, triple super phosphate ,uses of mixed fertilizers,

micronutrients and their role, bio-fertilizers, plant growth hormones.
Pesticides-classifications with simple examples, mention of biopesticides.
Insecticides stomach poisons, contact insecticides, fumigants. Method of preparation
and use of DDT, BHC, pyrethrin.
Herbicides- structure and function of 2, 4,-D and 2,4,5 T
Fungicides- inorganic and organic- Bordeaux mixture, diothio carbamates
Excessive use of pesticides environmental hazards.
3. Chemistry of Living cell

(9 Hrs)

Thermodynamics of Living cell- Exergonic and endergonic reactions, coupled reactions,

biological oxidation reactions (general idea)
Photosynthesis- Metalloporphyrin, chlorophyll, elementary idea of photophosphorylation.
Photosynthesis and respiration comparison.
Biologically important molecules (structure not required): Haemoglobin general
functions of haemoglobin, transport of oxygen, pH of blood, myoglobin, cytochromes,
Ferredoxine (elementary idea)
4. Heterocyclic Compounds

(12 Hrs)

Aromaticity Huckel rule, preparation (any one method), properties, structure and
aromaticity of furan, pyridine, indole, pyrimidine and purine.
5. Chemotherapy

(6 Hrs)

Outline study and applications of antibiotics, sulpha drugs antipyretics, analgesics

tranquillizers, and antidepressants (preparation not needed) .Drug addiction abuse and
prevention.
6. Food Additives

(5 Hrs)

Artificial sweeteners saccharin, cyclamate aspartame (general idea)

Food Flavours (names only) esters, aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds.
Food colours- Restricted use, spurious colours.
General discussion of emulsifying agents, preservatives, leavening agents, baking
powder, yeast.Taste-enhancers- MSG, vinegar
97

References
1. I. L Finar ,Organic Chemistry Vol 1&2, 6th Edition ,Pearson
2. H. J. Arnikar,Essentials of nuclear chemistry, Revised 4th edition, New Age
International Publications ,1995.
3. C.N. R Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillion
4. G. T. Austin, Shreves Chemical process Industries,. 5th edition , Mc Graw Hill,
1984.
5. Rastogi, Biochemistry, Tata Mc Graw. Hill Publication, 1996.
6. B. Sreelakshmi, Food Science, New Age International Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

IV-SEMESTER

CH4C01.1:

Advanced Physical Chemistry II

(For students who have opted Physical Sciences and

Geology as Main)

Credits-3
Aim

(54 Hrs)
:

To promote understanding of the basic facts and concepts in

spectroscopy and to develop interest in students to study the structure
and properties of matter.

Objectives

To help the students to get a basic idea about spectroscopy

To enable the students to study the rules governing chemical

reactions and factors influencing them.

1. Introduction to Spectroscopy

(12 Hrs)

Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, electromagnetic spectrum,

quantization of energy, electronic, vibrational and rotational energy levels,
Boltzmann distribution of energy (formula only), population of levels.
UV- Visible Spectroscopy: Beer Lamberts law, molar extinction coefficient and
its importance, UV spectrum,

max, chromophore, auxochrome, red shift,

98

blue shift, types of transition.Infra-red spectroscopy: vibrational degrees of

freedom, types of vibrations symmetric and asymmetric stretching and bending.
Concept of group frequencies-frequencies of common functional groups in
organic compounds.Rotational Spectroscopy: diatomic molecules, determination
of bond length.
2. Chemical Kinetics

(8 Hrs)

Rate of reaction, rate law, order of reaction, molecularity of reaction. Integrated

rate expression for first order reaction, half life, determination of order of
reactions.Influence of temperature on reaction rate Arrhenius equation, concept
of activation energy, importance of activated complex, catalysis examples
.3. Photochemistry

(5 Hrs)

Laws of Photochemistry, photochemical process primary and secondary,

quantum yield.Basic Concepts of Photosensitized reactions, flash photolysis and
chemiluminescene.Frank-Condon principle fluorescence and phosphorescence.
4. Electrochemistry

(12 Hrs)

Conductance of electrolytic solution, electrolytic conductivity (K), and molar

conductivity (

) of solutions of electrolytes. Variation of conductivity and molar

conductivity with concentration. Kohlrauschs law application.Faradays laws of

electrolysis, electrochemical equivalent and chemical equivalent, transport numberdetermination by Hittorfs method.Applications of conductance measurements Kw,
Ksp, conductometric titrations,strong and weak electrolytes. Ostwalds dilution law,
hydrolysis of salts.
5. Electromotive Force

(11 Hrs)

Galvanic cells, characteristics of reversible cells. Reversible electrodes different

types, electrode potential effect of electrolyte concentration on electrode potential
and emf (Nernst equation). Electrochemical series, representation of cell ,EMF of
cell.EMF and equilibrium constant of cell reaction, concentration cells general
discussion of electrode concentration cell and electrolyte concentration cells.
Liquid junction potential, fuel cells the hydrogen oxygen fuel cell.

99

Application of emf measurement determination of pH using hydrogen electrode,

quinhydrone electrode, glass electrode- potentiometric titrations.
6. Redox Reactions

(6Hrs)

Oxidation Reduction reactions: explanation with examples, oxidation states, rules to

assign oxidation states in polyatomic molecules, determination of oxidation states.
Oxidation reduction titrations:Experimental method, example.
References:
1. C. N. Banwell, E.M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy , 4th edn.
Tata McGraw Hill Pub. C. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Bruce H. Mahan,University Chemistry 3rd edn.
3. P. Atkins. J. Paula, Atkins Physical Chemistry. 8th edn. Oxford University Press,
2006.
4. B. R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical Chemistry, 40th
edn. Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar (2003).

100

CH4C01.2 :Advanced Bio- organic Chemistry

(For students who have opted Biological Sciences and
Famility and Community Science as Main)

Credits-3

(54 Hrs)

Aim :
The aim of this course is to promote understanding of facts and concepts in
bioorganic chemistry and to develop interest in the study of biomolecules.
Objectives:
To study:
The classification and properties of amino acids
The structure and functions of proteins, nucleic acids,ADP,ATP
and AMP
Classification, properties and structure of carbohydrates
Classification and characteristics of enzymes and mechanism of
enzyme action.
Fundamentals of vitamins,hormones,steroids,essential oils, lipids
and alkaloids

1. Amino acids and proteins

(12 Hrs)

Classification of amino acids, zwitter ion, general chemical properties of

- amino

acids, separation of amino acids, synthesis of glycine, alanine, phenyl alanine ( any
one method) .Peptides peptide bond, polypeptides.Proteins- amino acids as building
block of proteins, classifications, prosthetic group, properties, denaturation.Structure
of proteins- primary, secondary and tertiary structure.
2. Enzymes and Nucleic acids

(9 Hrs)

Enzymes General nature, classification, cofactors, characteristics of enzyme action,

mechanism of enzyme action (elementary idea only)
101

Energy rich molecules: elementary structure of ATP, ADP and AMP.

Nucleic acids- Chemical composition, nucleosides, nucleotides. Structure of DNA &
RNA. Biological Functions
3. Carbohydrates

(11 Hrs)

Classification of carbohydrates , preparation and properties of glucose, fructose and

sucrose. Haworth configuration of
-D

fructose,maltose

and

-D glucose and
cellobiose

-D glucose,

(ring

size

-D fructose,

determination

not

expected).Mutarotation. Conversion of glucose to fructose and vice-versa. Structure

of starch and cellulose. Industrial applications of cellulose.
4. Vitamins, Steroids and Hormones

( 9 Hrs)

Structure and biological activity of vitamin A, B and C.

Steroids- general introduction, cholesterol and bile acids.
Hormones (structure not required)- Introduction, steroid hormones peptide hormones,
amine hormones, artificial hormones (general idea)
5. Lipids

(5 Hrs)

Simple lipids and complex lipids- isolation- properties. Analysis of oils and fats- acid
value, saponification value, iodine value. Soaps, cleaning action of soaps. Detergents
(general idea)
6. Natural Products

(8 Hrs)

Terpenoids: Essential oils- isolation, isoprene rule. Elementary study

of citral,

geraniol and natural rubber.

Alkaloids- Isolation, general properties. Structure of coniine, nicotine, piperine
References
1. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol 1&2, 6th edition, Pearson
2. K. S. Tewari, N. K. Vishnoi, A Text Book of Organic chemistry, 3rd edition ,
Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd ,2006.
3. Rastogi,Biochemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication ,1996
4. Dr. A.C. Deb, Fundamentals of Biochemistry
5. C. N. R Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan.
102

CH4C02:PRACTICAL-II
(Semesters III and IV)

Credits-2

(72Hrs)
CH4C02.1 :Physical Chemistry Practical
(For students who have opted Physical Sciences and
Geology as Main)

1. Molecular Weight by Victor Meyers method

2. Determination of Partition coefficient of a non volatile solute
3. Transition temperature of salt hydrates, eg. Sodium thiosulphate Sodium acetate
etc.
4. Critical solution temperature of phenol water system
5. Phase diagram of two component systems
6. .Heat of Solution KNO3, NH4Cl
7. Heat of neutralization
8

Determination of equivalent conductance of an electrolyte

9 . Conductometric titration of strong acid Vs. strong base

10. Potentiometric titrations : Fe2+ Vs. Cr2O72- and Fe2+ Vs. KMnO4
11. Determination of molecular weight by Rasts method. (using nephthalein,
camphor or biphenyl as solvenet and acetanilide, pdichlorobenzene etc.as solute)
12. Kinetics of simple reactions, eg. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate

References
1.
2.
3.
4.

W. G. Palmer: Experimental physical chemistry, Cambridge University Press.

J. B. Yadav: Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry Goel Publishing House.
R. C. Das and B. Behra; Experiments in Physical Chemistry , Tata McGraw hill.
K. K. Sharma : An Introduction of Practical Chemistry: Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi
103

CH4C02.2 : Organic Chemistry Practicals

(For students who have opted Biological Sciences and
Famility and Community Science as Main)
1. Tests for elements: Nitrogen, Halogen and Sulphur
2. Determination of Physical constants
3. Study of reactions of common functional groups.
4. Qualitative analysis with a view to characterization of functional groups
and identification of the following compounds: Naphathalene, anthracene,
chlorobenzene, benzyl chloride, p-dichlorobenzene, benzyl alcohol,
phenol, o-, m- and p- cresols,

- naphthol,

- naphthol, resorcinol,

benzaldehyde, accetophenone, benzophenone: benzoic acid, phthalic acid,

cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, ethyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, benzamide,
urea, aniline, o-, m- and p- toluidines, dimethyl aniline, nitrobenzene, onitrotoluene, m-dinitrobenzene and glucose.
5. Organic

preparation

involving

halogenation,

nitration,

oxidation,

reduction, acetylation, benozylation, hydrolysis, diazotization

6. Isolation of an organic compound from a natural source.
References:
1. A. I Vogel, A Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman.
2. F. G.Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition, Pearson
Education.
3. V. K. Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra , Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.

N. B : These complementary courses are applicable to relevant Model-II and other

courses

104

II. BSc CHEMISTRY(Vocational)- Model II

The structure of the B.Sc chemistry (Vocational) Model-II Programme is as follows:

Type of course

Number of courses

Credits

A. Common courses

24

B. Core (Chemistry)

14

48

Core Vocational

10

28

16

35

120

(Industrial Chemistry )

C. Complementary Course
Mathematics
D. Open course
Total

105

B.Sc. Chemistry (Vocational)- Detailed Scheme

Sl.
No
.

Study components

No.
of
Cours
es

Course

16

Credit
per

Total
Instructional
hours/ week/
for the
program

Contact hours/ week

SEMESTER
1

20

10

LANGUAGES AND COMMON

COURSES

Language: English
Language: Second Language
Total

Total
Credits

24

Core Courses (Chemistry)

1. Theory and Practical
2. Theory
3. Theory and Practical
4. Theory and Practical
5. Practical

2
2
5
3
1

3
3
4
4
1

6
6
20
12
1

24=8
23=6
5 5 = 25
3 6 = 18
12= 2

6. Choice based course

Total

3
48

1 3 = 3

Core Vocational
Industrial Chemistry
Theory
Theory
Practical

2
4
3

3
3
2

6
12
6

8
12
12

On the job training/Project

Total

3
3
10 5
6 12
2
3

6
4

6
4
2

28

Complementary Course

C
D

Mathematics
Open Course

TOTAL

16

20

120

150

36

5
4

25 25 25 25 25

106

25

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Core Courses

Sl
No.
1.

2.

3.

Course
Code

CH1B01

CH2B01

CH3B01

4.

CH4B01

5.

CH5B01

6.

CH5B02

7.

CH5B03

8.

CH5B04

9.

CH5D01

Title of the course

First Semester
Theory : Methodology of Chemistry
As a discipline of Science
Practical : Volumetric Analysis
Second Semester
Theory : Theoretical and Inorganic
Chemistry
Practical : Volumetric analysis
Third Semester
Theory : Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fourth Semester
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry I
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fifth Semester
Theory : Chemistry of d and f block
elements
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry II
Practical : Preparation and basic Lab
Skills
Theory : States of matter
Practical : Physical chemistry
Practical
Theory : Quantum mechanics and
Spectroscopy
Open course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
Hours for
the course

Contact
Hours/
week

36

36

36

36

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

54

54

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

3
3

2
2

36
54

2
3

54

72

107

Sl.
No

Course
Code

Title of the course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit
per
Course

Total
Contact
hours
for the
course

Contact
Hours/ week

Sixth Semester
10.

12.

CH6B03

13.

CH6B04

Theory : Applied Inorganic

Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Chemistry of Natural
Products and Biomolecules
Practical : Preparation and basic
Lab. Skills
Theory : Equilibrium and kinetics
Practical : Physical Chemistry
Practicals
Theory : Solution chemistry

14.

CH6B05

Practical : Gravimetric Analysis

36

15.

CH6B06

Theory : Choice Based Course

54

11.

CH6B01

CH6B02

54

54

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
54

3
3

54

108

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Vocational Courses

Sl.
No

Course
Code

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Title of the course

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
hours
for the
course

Contact
Hours/
week

First Semester
1.
2.

IC1B01
-

Industrial Aspects of Inorganic and

3
Organic Chemistry
Practical-I
No Exam.

72

36

72

36

3
3

3
3

54
54

3
3

No Exam
No Exam

36
36

2
2

54

54

3
3

2
2

36
36

2
2

36

2(Sem.V)

Second Semester
3.

IC2B01

4.

IC2B02

3.
4.

IC3B01
IC3B02

5.
6.

7.

IC4B01

8.

IC4B02

9.
10.

IC4B03
IC4B04

11.

IC6B05

Industrial Aspects
Chemistry
Practical I

of

Physical

Third Semester
Unit Operations in Chemical Industry
Unit Process in Organic Chemicals
Manufacture
Practical-II
Practical-III
Fourth Semester
Instrumental Methods of Chemical
Analysis-I
Instrumental Methods of Chemical
Analysis-II
Practical-II
Practical-III
Fifth and Sixth Semester
On the job training/Project

On the job training/Project: All students have to undergo on the job training in a
chemical industry for a minimum period of thirty days and submit a project report.
The minimum period of thirty days need not be at a single stretch.The vacation days
can be utilised for this purpose. The report of the project should be submitted in
duplicate to the department at the end of the sixth semester and should be produced
before the examiners appointed by the University.

109

SYLLABUS FOR VOCATIONAL COURSES (INDUSTRIAL

CHEMISTRY)
Semester I
IC1B01: Industrial Aspects of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry

Credits-3

(72 Hrs)

Aim: The aim of this course is to provide an exposure to the industrial aspects of
different branches of chemistry and some aspects of chemical engineering.
Objectives:
To study:
The various natural sources of energy and industrially important materials derived
from them
The basic concepts of metallurgical operations
The basic concepts of the energy and material balance
Industrial Aspects of Organic chemistry
Module 1
Nomenclature-generic name-trade name-raw materials for organic compounds:
PetroleumNatural gas-fraction of crude oil-cracking-reforming-hydro forming-isomerisation
(12Hrs)
Module 2
Coal: types-structure properties-distillation of coal-chemicals derived from them
(12Hrs)
Module 3
Renewable natural resources: Cellulose-starch-properties- modification -important
industrial
chemicals derived from them-alcohols and alcohol based chemicals oxalic acid furfural
(12Hrs)
Industrial Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry
Module 4
Basic metallurgical operations: Pulverisation-calcinations roasting-refiningPhysicochemical principle of extraction of iron-copper-lead-silver-sodium-aluminiummagnesium zinc and chromium
(9Hrs)

110

Module 5
Inorganic materials of industrial importance: Their availability-forms-structure and
modification.
Alumina-silica silicates-clays-mica-carbon-zeolites(9Hrs)
Module 6
Basic Engineering Aspects
Unit operations of chemical engineering foundations-material balance-molecular unitsmole - volume-mechanical laws-Energy balances-Dimensional analysis-Dimensionless
groupsGraphical integration-Mean values
(9Hrs)
Module 7
Transportation of Fluids
Pipe- pipe standards-strength of pipe-Tubing- Fittings-pipe joints- Flanges-ValvesCocks- Globe
valves-Globe valves-Gate valves-Check valves-Pumps-Reciprocating pumps-piston
pumpsplunger pumps-Centrifugal pumps-Self priming pumps
(9Hrs)

References:
1. E. J. Hoffmann ,Coal conversion the Energon Co.Lavamic, Wyoming USA
2. Steiner, Introduction to petroleum chemicals, Pergamon press
3. L. F. Hath, S Matarm, From Agro carbons to petrochemicals, Gulf publishing Co.
Houston
4. A. G. Hall,Cotton, Cellulose, its Chemistry and Technology Cellulose
5. E. Heuser, Chemistry of cellulose
6. R. L. Whistler ,Methods in CarbohydrateChemistry Vol.3
7. R.W. Kerr ,Chemistry and industry of starch
8. O. B. Wurzburg ,Modified starches- properties and uses
9. Herbash, Principles of extractive metallurgy Vol.1 and 2
10. A. Volskky, E. Sergievskaya ,Theory of metallurgical process
11. A. R. Baiky , Clays ,H .Ries ,Text book of Metallurgy, John Wiley and sons
12. Fillipoy, Theory of metallurgical process, MIR Publications
13. Pchlke, Unit processes of extractive metallurgy ,Elsevier publication
14. Walter L Badger,Introduction to chemical engineering
15. McCabe,Text book of unit operations in chemical engineering
16. Kale, Unit operations I& II.

111

Semester II
IC2B01: Industrial Aspects of Physical Chemistry
Credits-3

(72Hrs)

Aim: This course aims at the industrial applications of some aspects of physical
chemistry .
Objectives:
To understand:
Surface phenomena of liquid
Different methods of separation
Module 1
Surface and interfacial phenomena
Preparation and properties of colloids
(9Hrs)
Module 2
Adsorption isotherm, sols-gels-emulsions-micro emulsions-micelles-aerosols-effect of
surfactants-hydrotropes
(12Hrs)
Module 3
Catalysis
Introduction-types-homogeneous and heterogeneous basic principles mechanismfactors affecting the
performance. Introduction to phase transfer catalysis.
(9Hrs)
Module 4
Enzyme Catalysed reactions rate model industrially important reactions
(6Hrs)
Module 5
Size separation
Standard screens-Screen analysis-Wire screen-Types of screening equipmentGrizzliesTrommels-Shaking screens- Vibrating screens-Air separation methods-Cyclone
separators-Bag filters-Corttell precipitator-Scrubbers
(9Hrs)
Module 6
Filters
Air filters-size separation by settling-simple classifiers-Classifiers using hydraulic waterMechanical classifiers-General laws of settling-free settling-viscous resistancesedimentation-The Kynch theory
(9Hrs)
112

Module 7
Crushing and grinding
Introduction-Jaw crushers-intermediate crushers-rolls-selection of crushing rolls-edge
runners-fine grinders-roller mills-centrifugal grinders-boll mills-ultra fine grinders-closed
circuit grinding
(9Hrs)
Module 8
Health diet and environment
Nutrient requirements-major and minor nutrients-carbohydrate-fat-proteins-vitaminsminerals and trace elements - cholesterol-nutrient content of food-anorexia and obesity
(9Hrs)
References:
1. Shepherd, Aerosol science and technology
2. B. Delmon, G. Janner, Catalysis Heterogeneous and homogeneous.
3. J .Anderson, Catalysis science and technology
4. J. Fendler, E. Fendler Catalysis in micellar and macro molecular systems
5. E. K. Rideal, H. S. Taylor, Catalysis in theory and practice
6. C. Starles, Phase transfer catalysis, Principles and techniques
7. J. J. Bikermann, Surface chemistry, Academic press
8. A.W. Adamson,Physical chemistry of surfaces
9. Delmon, Catalysis: Heterogeneous and homogeneous, Elseiver science publisher
10. Walter L Badger, Introduction to chemical engineering
11. Mc Cabe, Text book of unit operations in chemical engineering
12. Kale Unit operations I& II
13. Robert S. Boikess, Elements of chemistry.

VOCATIONAL COURSE PRACTICALS

Semester I & II
IC2B02 Practical-I
Credits-2

(72 hrs)

1. Simple Laboratory techniques: Crystallisation-fractional crystallizationdistillation2. Fractional distillation, boiling point diagram (12expts)
3. Extraction process: Phase diagram-Partition coefficient (4expts)
4. Preparation of standard solution: Primary and secondary solution-determination of
H2SO4, H3PO4 in a mixture
113

5. Calibration of thermometers (2 expts)

6. Acquaintance with safety measures in laboratory, hazard of chemicals (4expts)
7. Ore analysis-dolomite, lime stone, calcite, analysis of alloys such as cuprous
nickel

References:
1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson
2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons
4. R. D Day, A.L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India
Pvt. Ltd

SEMESTER-III

IC3B01:Unit Operations in Chemical Industry

Credits-3

(54 Hrs)

Aim
The course aims at giving an exposure to the various unit operations and processes in
industry
Objectives
To study unit operations and processes such as
Distillation
Absorption
Evaporation
Filtration
Crystallisation
Solvent Extraction
Module 1
Distillation: Introduction: Batch and continuous distillation, separation of azeotropes,
Plate columns and packed columns
(9Hrs)
Module 2
Absorption: Introduction: Equipment- packed columns, spray columns, bubble columns,
packed bubble columns, mechanically agitated contractors
(9Hrs)

114

Module 3
Evaporation: Introduction: Equipment- short tube (standard) evaporator, forced
circulation evaporators. Falling film evaporators. Climbing film(upward flow)
evaporators, wiped(agitated)film evaporators.
(12Hrs)
Module 4
Filtration: Introduction: Filter media and filter aids, Equipment- plate and frame filter
press, nutch filter, rotary drum filter, sparkler filter, candle filter, bag filter, centrifuge
Drying: Introduction: free moisture, bound moisture, drying curve, Equipment- tray
dryer, rotary dryer, flash dryer, fluid bed dryer, drum dryer, spray dryer.
(9Hrs)
Module 5
Crystallization: Introduction: solubility, super saturation, nucleation, crystal growth,
Equipment- tank crystallizer, agitated crystallizer, evaporator crystallizer, draft tube
crystalliser.
Extraction: Introduction: selection of solvents; Equipment-spray columns, mixer settler.
Mixing: Introduction: mixing of liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, solid-solid systems (15Hrs)

References:
1. W.L.Badger and J.T.Bachero,Introduction to Chemical Engineering, Tata
McGraw Hill, U.S.A
2. W.L.McCabe and J.C.Smith,Unit operations in Chemical Engineering, Tata
McGraw Hill N.Y
3. J.H.Perry, Chemical Engineering Hand Book, McGraw Hill, N.Y
4. D.D.Kale, Unit Operations 1 and 2 , Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, Pune

115

IC3B02:Unit Processes in Organic Chemicals Manufacture

Credits-3

(54 Hrs)

Aim
The aim of the course is to provide an understanding of some important unit
processes in organic chemicals manufacture
Objectives
To study unit processes such as:
Nitration
Halogenation
Sulphonation
Oxidation
Hydrogenation
Alkylation
Esterification
Ammination
Hydrolysis
Module 1
Nitration: Introduction: Nitrating agents, kinetics and mechanism of nitration processes
such as nitration of (a) Paraffinic hydrocarbons(b)Benzene to nitro benzene and meta di
nitro benzene (c) Chlorobenzene to o- and p- nitrochlorobenzene (d) Acetanilide to pnitro acetanilide (e) Toluene (f) Continuous vs batch nitration
Halogenation: Introduction: Kinetics of halogenation reactions, reagents for
halogenation, Halogenation of aromatics- side chain and nuclear halogenations. Chloral,
mono chloroacetic acid and chloromethanes, dichlorofluoromethane.
Sulphonation: Introduction: Sulphonating agents, chemical and physical factors in
sulphonation. Kinetics and mechanism of sulphonation reaction. Commercial
sulphonation of benzene, naphthalene, alkyl benzene. Batch vs continuous sulphonation.
(15 Hrs)
Module 2
Oxidation: Introduction types of oxidation reactions. Oxidizing agents .Kinetics and
mechanism of oxidation of Organic compounds, Liquid phase oxidation, Vapour phase
oxidation. Commercial manufacture of benzoic acid, acrolein, acetaldehyde, acetic acid
Hydrogenation: Introduction- Kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogenation reactions.
Catalysts for hydrogenation reactions, Hydrogenation of vegetable oil, Manufacture of
methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, hydrogenation of acids and esters to
alcohols, catalytic reforming.
(12Hrs)

116

Module 3
Alkylation: Introduction: Types of Alkylation, Alkylating agents. Thermodynamics and
mechanism of alkylation reactions, manufacture of alkyl benzene (for detergent
manufacture), ethyl benzene, phenyl ethyl alcohol, N-alkyl anilines (mono and di-methyl
and ethyl anilines)
(9Hrs)
Module 4
Esterification: Introduction: Hydrodynamics and kinetics of esterification, esterification
by organic acids, by addition of unsaturated compounds, esterification of carboxylic acid
derivatives, commercial manufacture of ethyl acetate, dioctyl phthalate, vinyl acetate,
cellulose acetate
(9Hrs)
.
Module 5
Amination : (a) By reduction: Introduction, Methods of reduction- metal and acid,
catalytic, sulphide, electrolytic, metal and alkali sulphites, metal hydrides, sodium metal,
concentrated caustic oxidation, reduction, commercial manufacture of aniline, meta nitro
aniline , para amino phenol,(b)By ammonolysis: Introduction, aminating agents, factors
affecting
Hydrolysis: Introduction, hydrolysing agents, kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanism
of hydrolysis
(9Hrs)
Reference :
1. P.H.Groggins, Unit Process in Organic Synthesis, McGraw Hill, N.Y

117

SEMESTER IV

IC4B01:Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis-I

Credits-3
(54 Hrs)
Aim
The aim of the course is to give an understanding of the principle and
instrumentation of different instrumental methods of chemical analysis
Objectives
To study the principle and instrumentation of
UV-Visible and IR spectrophotometry
Spectrofluorimetry
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Column, Paper, Thin- layer, and Gas Chromatography
Different Electroanalytical techniques

Module 1
Principles of Instrumentation
Characteristics of measurement system: Introduction- Functional units Classification
(automatic/manual type, self operated/power operated, analogue/digital)-Performance
characteristics (Static/dynamic characteristics) Zero order instrument and first order
instrument
Signal and noise- types of noises- chemical noise- instrumental noise -thermal-shot
flicker and environmental noise-S/N ratio and its significance- techniques for S/N
enhancement hardware and software methods.
Transducers characteristics of transducers, sensitivity and transfer function- some
typical examples. Photo emissive- photo conductive and photovoltaic systems- photo
multiplier and photo diode. Thermocouples and thermistors
(12 Hrs)
Module 2
Typical Analytical Instruments -1
Spectrophotometry : Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter- classification
of methods- Beer Lambert law- Deviation from Beer Lambert law.
118

UV- Visible spectrometry: Origin of absorption spectra, components of typical

instrument Source- Tungsten filament lamp, Hydrogen and Deuterium discharge lamps.
Wavelength selectors- filters, prisms and grating -Sample cell - Detectors
Single and double beam spectrophotometers
I.R spectrophotometry: classification of the types-Sources Nernst glower, globar,
Nichrome wire-Wavelength selectors-Sample cell characteristics- sample preparationsolvent selection-Detectors thermal, pneumatic and pyroelectric-NDIR instruments
(12Hrs)
Module 3
Typical Analytical Instruments -2
Molecular fluorescence: spectrofluorimetry factors affecting fluorescence typical
instrumentation
Atomic spectroscopy: (1) AAS Principle- typical instrumentation Flames, Nebulisersburner system- Non flame techniques-Resonant line source HCL and EDL- source
modulation- sample preparation- Interference in measurements
(2) AES: Excitation techniques- arc, spark and ICP
Sampling:Basis of sampling- sampling procedure- Importance of representative
sampling- sample preparations of solid, liquid and gaseous analytes- Hazards in
sampling.
(10Hrs)
Module 4
Chromatography: General aspects of chromatography- Classification: Adsorption,
Partition, Ion exchange ,Gel permeation and molecular sieving
Column chromatography: Construction and operation of column- choice of adsorbents
and eluents, methods of detection. Derivatisation- HPLC equipmentThin layer and paper chromatography:Different techniques- typical examples- Ion
exchange chromatography and Ion chromatography.
Gas chromatography: principle- types of carrier gases- stationary phases- different types
of columns- capillary columns- temperature programming- Typical detectors- TCD, FID
and ECD
(10 Hrs)

Module 5
Electro Analytical Instrumentation
(1)Potentiometric methods : Principle- technique and detection limit
(2)Non Potentiometric methods:(a)Conductometry (b)Polarography (c)Amperometry
(d)Anodic stripping analysis (e) coulometry (primary and secondary)
Introduction to various ion selective electrodes
(10 Hrs)
119

References:
1. Jeffry,Basset, Mendhem,R.C Denwy ,Vogels Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis, 4th &5th Edition
2. Skoog and Leary, Principles of Instrumental analysis ,4th Edition, Sanders College
Publishing
3. D.Patranabis, Principles of Industrial Instrumentation, 2nd Edition , Tata McGraw-Hill
Company Delhi

IC4B02:Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis-II

Credits-3
(54 Hrs)
Aim
The aim of the course is to give an exposure to process instrumentation
Objectives
To study :
The principle, construction and working of devices for the
measurement of temperature,pressure,liquid level, density,and
viscosity
The working of microprocessor based instruments
The use of computers in chemistry
Module 1
Process Instrumentation
Difference between Process Instrumentation and Laboratory Instrumentation- concept of
measurement and accuracy
Principle, construction and working of following measurements
(1)Temperature: Glass thermometers- bimetallic thermometers- pressure spring
thermometers- vapour filled thermometers- resistance thermometers- radiation
pyrometers
(2)Pressure: Manometers- barometers -Bourdon pressure gauge.- bellow and diaphragm
type gauges- McCleod gauge - Pirani gauge, Electrical pressure transducer (Linear
Variable Differential Transformer type)
(12Hrs)
Module 2
Principle, construction and working of following measurements
(1)Liquid level measurement: Direct and Indirect measurements
120

Float type liquid level gauge- ultrasonic level gauge-bubbler system

(2)Density measurements (3) Viscosity measurements
(12Hrs)
Module 3
Microprocessor Based Instruments
Telemetry: Pneumatic- electrical (voltage telemetering)- frequency telemetering,
multiplexing- Modulation of digital data- transmission channels- fibre optics
(15Hrs)
Module 4
Use of Computers in Chemistry
Introductory concepts of Hardware and Software- ALU- CPU- Algorithm- Flow chart etc
Fundamentals of C programmingData types- int, float ,char ..
Functions in C (main (),Input/Output functions, getchar(),putchar(),getch().)
Standard library functions in C
Looping
Conditional operators like if else, do while, switch break
File handling concept
Simple programs (Use of arrays and pointers not expected)
To calculate rate constant of first order reactions (Kinetics)
To calculate interplanar distance in crystals (crystallography)
To classify atoms into Fermions and bosons (Atomic structure)
(15Hrs)
References:
1. Byron Gottfried, Programming with C , 2nd Edition ,Tata McGraw Hill
2. P. Balaguruswami, Programming with ANSI C , Tata McGraw Hill
3. K. V. Raman, Computers in Chemistry
4. D. P. Eckman, Industrial Instrumentation ,John Wiley &Sons
5. D. Patranabis, Principles of Industrial Instrumentation, 2nd Edition , Tata McGraw-Hill
Company Delhi
Further Reading
1. Willard, Merrit, Dean &Settle- Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
C.B.S Publishers, 4thEdition
2. J.G.Dick, Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hill

121

IC4B03:Practical-II
Semester (III&IV)

Credits-2

(72 Hrs)

1 .Unit Process: ( 16 experiments )

One or two examples for each of the following unit process:
Nitration,sulphonation,Friedelcraft
reaction,esterification,hydrolysis,oxidation,halogenations,
chlorosulphonation,reduction,polymerisation ,reactionsof diazonium salts
2 .Determination of acid value, saponification value, and iodine value of oil.
3 Depression and elevation in boiling /melting point of solids and liquids
4 Chromatography-Column, paper, thin layer
5 Ore analysis-dolomite, lime stone, calcite, analysis of alloys such as cuprous nickel

IC4B04:Practical-III
Semester (III&IV)

Credits-2

(72 Hrs)

1.Instrumental methods of analysis: use of colorimeter, pH meter, potentiometer,

conductometer, refractometer, polarimeter
2.Material testing: testing of alloys, identification of plastics/ rubber, estimation of yield
point,
Youngs modulus, flaredness,optical ,thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties
3. Process instrumentation: transducers for measuring, flow control
4. Determination of flash point and ignition point of liquids
5. Water analysis: solid content, hardness, COD, and other tests as per industrial
specifications
6. Flow measuring devices: floats
7.Monographs of representative raw materials such as sulphuric acid ,toluene, sodium
carbonate, sodium hydroxide, carbon tetrachloride, benzoic acid ( 5- 6 ) compounds
8. Limit tests for heavy metals Pb, As, Hg, Fe, and ash content
References:
1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 8th edn, Brooks/Cole Nelson
2. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th edn, Pearsons Education
Ltd.
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons
4. R. D Day, A.L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India
Pvt. Ltd
5. D.D Despande,Physical Chemistry of macromolecules, Vishal Publication, New
Delhi
122

III.BSc PETROCHEMICALS

The structure of the B.Sc Petrochemicals Programme is as follows:

Type of course

Number of courses

Credits

A. Common courses( English)

B. Core courses (Chemistry)

14

48

28

i. Mathematics

16

ii. Computer Science

16

34

120

Petrochemicals

C. Complementary courses

D. Open course
Total

123

B.Sc Petrochemicals- Detailed Scheme

Sl.
No.

Study components

No.
of
Cours
es

Course

Credit
per

Total
Instructional
hours/ week/
for the
program

Contact hours/ week

SEMESTER
1

10

LANGUAGES AND COMMON

COURSES

Language: English
Total

Total
Credits

8
8

Core Courses (Chemistry)

1. Theory and Practical
2. Theory
3. Theory and Practical
4. Theory and Practical
5. Practical

2
2
5
3
1

3
3
4
4
1

6
6
20
12
1

24=8
23=6
5 5 = 25
3 6 = 18
12= 2

6. Choice Based Course

Total
Petrochemicals

3 3
10 5
6 12
2

48

Theory
Theory
Practical

4
2
2

3
4
2

12
8
4

On the job training/Project

Total

14
8
8

3
4
2

3
4
2
2

28

Complementary Courses

i. Mathematics
ii. Computer Science

4
4

4
4

Total

Open Course

TOTAL

39

16
16
32
4

21
21

120

150

5
5

5
5

5
6

6
5
4

25 25 25 25 25

124

25

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Core Courses

Sl
No.

Course
Code

1.

CH1B01

2.

3.

CH2B01

CH3B01

4.

CH4B01

5.

CH5B01

6.

CH5B02

7.

CH5B03

8.

CH5B04

9.

CH5D01

Title of the course

First Semester
Theory : Methodology of Chemistry
As a discipline of Science
Practical : Volumetric Analysis
Second Semester
Theory : Theoretical and Inorganic
Chemistry
Practical : Volumetric analysis
Third Semester
Theory : Fundamentals of Organic
Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fourth Semester
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry I
Practical : Qualitative organic analysis
Fifth Semester
Theory : Chemistry of d and f block
elements
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Basic Organic Chemistry II
Practical : Preparation and basic Lab
Skills
Theory : States of matter
Practical : Physical chemistry
Practical
Theory : Quantum mechanics and
Spectroscopy
Open course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
Hours for
the course

Contact
Hours/
week

36

36

36

36

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

54

54

3
3

3
1

54
36

3
2

3
3

2
2

36
54

2
3

54

72

125

Sl.
No

Course
Code

Title of the course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Total
Contact
hours
for the
course

Contact
Hours/
week

Sixth Semester
11.

13.

CH6B03

14.

CH6B04

Theory : Applied Inorganic

Chemistry
Practical : Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis
Theory : Chemistry of Natural
Products and Biomolecules
Practical : Preparation and basic Lab
Skills
Theory : Equilibrium and kinetics
Practical : Physical Chemistry
Practicals
Theory : Solution chemistry

15.

CH6B05

Practical : Gravimetric Analysis

36

16.

CH6B06

Theory :Choice Based Course

54

12.

CH6B01

CH6B02

54

54

54

36

3
3

3
1

54
54

3
3

54

126

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Petrochemicals Courses

Sl.
No

Course
Code

Title of the course

Total
Contact
hours
for the
course

Exam.
Duration
Hrs

Credit per
Course

Contact
Hours/
week

3
No Exam.

3
-

72
36

4
2

3
3

3
2

72
36

4
2

72

3
No Exam

3
-

54
36

3
2

3
3
3

4
3
2

72
54
36

4
3
2

36

First Semester
1.
2.

PC1B01
-

Origin and Recovery of Crude Oil

Practical-I
Second Semester

3.
4.

PC2B01
PC2B02

Test Methods and Petroleum Process

Practical I
Third Semester

5.

PC3B01

6.
7.

PC3B02
-

Production and application

compounds from Petroleum
Manufacture of Petrochemicals-I
Practical-II

of

Fourth Semester
8.
9.
10.

PC4B01
PC4B02
PC4B03

11.

PC6B01

Manufacture of Petrochemicals-II
Petroleum Industries in India
Practical-II
Fifth and Sixth Semester
On the job training/Project

2(Sem.V)

On the job training/Project:All students have to undergo on the job training in a

chemical industry preferably in a petrochemical industry for a minimum period of
thirty days and submit a project report.The minimum period of thirty days need not be
at a single stretch.The vacation days can be utilised for this purpose. The report of the
project should be submitted in duplicate to the department at the end of the sixth
semester and should be produced before the examiners appointed by the University.

127

SYLLABUS FOR PETROCHEMICALS COURSES

Semester- 1
PC1B01: Origin and Recovery of Crude Oil
Credits- 3

(72 hrs)

Aim: The aim of the course is to give an insight into the origin and exploration of
petroleum.
Objectives :To study:
Theories regarding the origin of petroleum
Methods of exploration and composition of crude oil
Refining of petroleum
Characteristics and uses of fuels and bitumen from crude oil
Module-1.
Crude Oil : Historical review, chemistry of petroleum hydrocarbons---study of ASTM
and Institute of petroleum(IP) ,composition of crude oil.
Oil reservoirs ----Anticline trapFault___stratigraphic trap ----Constitution of crude oil,
Oil Exploration methods- geophysical exploration---magnetic method, gravimetric
method , electrical method---radio acitive method. Core sampling, Drilling operations.
Petroleum production- natural methoddissolved gas drivewater drivegravity drivesecondary methods. Other source of petroleum. Petroleum from coal, natural gas and its
constitution. .
Elemental analysis of crude oil, hydrocarbon compounds, non -hydrocarbon compounds
in crude oil, metallic constituents
(18 hrs)
Module-2
Transportation and storage of crude oil: Crude transportation and product transferring.
Type of storage tanks - Cone roof and floating roof, nitrogen blanketing, truck and
tankers,LPG bullets. Pipe line transfer, Rail way. Crude Reservoirs .Indian resources of
petroleum
(18 hrs)

128

Module-3
Function of refineries: simple refinery ,complex refinery, integrated refinery sweetening
process , stripping, distillation procedures, heat exchangers,separation of products from
crude oil, reduced crude oil ,vacuum distillation Composition of different distillates
(18 hrs)
Module-4
Type of hydrocarbon fuels and its characteristics. ASTM methods of product testing.
Specifications for various fuels. Detailed study of
Naphtha, LPG ,Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel oils , Bitumen ,Rubberized bitumen and
bitumen emulsion
(18 hrs)
References
1. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker,The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum , Inc
1991
2. Tripathi G.N ,Indian Petroleum Directory , Indian Petroleum Publishers
3. Asphalt hand book, Manual series , Asphalt institute 1989
4. W.L.Nelson ,Petroleum refining engineering,Mc.Graw Hill
5. R.A.Meyers ,Handbook of petroleum refining process
6. B.K Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry,Goyal Publication
7. Sukumar Maiti ,Introduction to Petrochemicals
8. D.S.J Jones ,Elements of Petroleum Processing
9. Dr.KochuBaby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry An Overview
10. R.A.Meyers ,Handbook of petroleum refining process
11. B.K Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry,Goyal Publication
12. Sukumar Maiti ,Introduction to Petrochemicals
13. D.S.J Jones ,Elements of Petroleum Processing
14. Dr.Kochu Baby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry An Overview
15. Rakesh Rathi ,Petroleum refining Process ,S.B.S Publishers

129

Semester- 2

PC2B01: Test Methods and Petroleum Processes

Credits- 3

(72 hrs)

Aim: the aim of the course is to provide an account of some important quality parameters
of crude oil fractions and also some important chemical modifications of petroleum
fractions
Objectives :. To study:
Important quality parameters of crude oil fractions
Cracking and reforming of petroleum
Characteristics of aviation fuel
Physical properties of bitumen
Module-1
Introduction Significance effect of blending and illustration of the following:Pour
point, Cloud point ,Cetane number ,Pour point Depressants
Octane number and octane boosters ,Distillation, viscosity and its reducers
Flash point ,copper corrosion, calorific value, Reid vapor pressure, Aniline point.
Detailed study of Abel and PMC method.
Doctor solution and its uses.API gravity, existent gum and potential gum
(20 hrs)
Module-2
Evaluation of Bitumen: Elastic recovery, ductility ,softening point,
penetration test.

(8 hrs)

Module-3
Aviation fuels: Different types of Aviation fuels .and analysis; silver corrosion , WSIM,
JEFTOT ,anti oxidants, static electricity reducers, final boiling point.,total sulphur,
mercaptans,lubricity, smoke point freezing point, calorific value
(12 hrs)
Module-4
Manufacture of gasoline by cracking, antiknock performance, research octane
numbermotor octane number, road octane number
(10 hrs)

130

Module-5
Cracking operations :Different types of cracking.Thermal cracking of petroleum
products,thermal cracking of vacuum gas oil. Types of thermal cracking:mixed phase
cracking , vapor phase cracking, selective cracking, visbreaking. Catalytic crackingCommercial processes. Feed stocks of catalytic cracking, process variables of
cracking.Catalysts for cracking. Hydro cracking,hyro processing. Comparison of hydro
cracking and hydro treating. Hydro forming , plat forming ,uniforming, ultra forming,
auto forming. Catalysts for hydro cracking. Reforming: Thermal reforming, catalytic
reforming , fixed bed reforming, hyperforming. Isomerism . Hysomer process. Penex
process-Alkylation
(22 hrs)
References
1. ASTM Methods, Indian standards(Methods of test for petroleum and its Products,)
2. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker ,The chemistry and technology of Petroleum ,Inc
1991
3. Tripathi G.N,Indian Petroleum Directory , Indian Petroleum Publishers
4. Asphalt hand book, Manual series , Asphalt institute 1989,
5. W.l. Nelson, Petroleum engineering .
6. B.K. Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry
7. Navid Nader Pow ,Petrochemical Production Process,S.B.S Publishers
8. Dr.KochuBaby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry

PC2B02:Practical -I
(Semester I and II)
Credits- 2
(72 hrs)
1.Determination of softening point
2.Determination of penetration of bitumen
3.Determination of Ductility of Bitumen
4.Determination of Aniline point of diesel fuel
5.Determination of Diesel Index
6.Distillation of Petrol
7.Distillation of Kerosene
8.Distillation of Diesel
9.Determination of water content in diesel Dean Stark Method
10.Determination of water content in furnace oil- Dean Stark Method

Reference:
ASTM Methods, Indian standards(Methods of test for petroleum and its Products,)

131

Semester 3

PC3B01:Production and Application of Compounds from Petroleum

Credits-4

(72 hrs)

Aim: The aim of this course is to give an account of the methods of preparation and
applications of some important petrochemicals
Objectives:
To study:
Manufacture of sulphur, hydrogen, petroleum coke and nitrogen
compounds
Ammoxidation, hdroformylation and hydration reactions
Manufacturing processes of ethylene,acetylene ,propylene and
higher olefin
Manufacture and processing of plastics
Module-1
Manufacture of sulphur from under ground --Freush process--From hydrogen sulphide
Partial oxidation method and Engineering problems-- Hydrogen --Properties--hydrogen
as a fuel--- manufacture of hydrogen from naphtha cracking,--From hydrocarbons by
partial oxidation.-- Petroleum coke--Uses-manufacture by Hot oven method---thermal
cracking--- fluidized coking--- Delayed coking--- and Nitrogen compounds in petroleum.
Nitroparaffins--Nitro ethane---I nitro propane---2nitropropane.--manufacture of nitrogen
compounds from petroleum
(24 Hrs)
Module-2
.Study of following reactions and applications :
Ammoxidation-- Applications of ammoxidation --.preparation of acrylonitrile-Terephthalic acid by ammoxidation -Lummns processHydroformylation ---oxo
process--Modifications of oxo process --Uses of oxo processHydrogenation-- Aldex
process--Aldol condensation---oxidation-- Hydration categories of hydration-Clathrates-Applications of hydration---preparation of ethyl alcohol--Isopropyl alcohol
acrylonitrile-- Dow chemical process--Acetaldehyde--Oxidation-type of oxides-Classification of oxides--application of oxidation in petroleum compounds.---union
carbide process --weaker process
(24 Hrs)
Module-3
Steam naphtha cracking of Hydrocarbons:
Manufacture of Ethylene--- AcetylenePropylene-- Higher olefins from naphtha-Process-- economics .(present day procedures and its economics)
(12 hrs)

132

Module-4
Plastics: Propertiesuses-thermoplastics- thermosetting plastics - moulding constituents
of a plastic-moulding of plastics into articles- compression moulding-injection mouldingtransfer mouldingextrusion mouldingengineering plastics.
(12 Hrs)
References:1. W.L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
2. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker Inc 1991,The chemistry and technology of
Petroleum
3. Tripathi G.N, Indian Petroleum Directory
4. B.K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits
Petrochemicals-Wiley
5. A.L Waddan , Chemicals from petroleum
6. l.F Hatels and S. Mater Gulf, From Hydrocarbons to Petrochemicals
7. Jain an d Jain, Engineering chemistry
8. Navid Nadar Pow , Ptrochemical production process
9. H Steiner ,Introduction to petrochemicals
10. Rakesh Rati, Petrochemical refining process

PC3B02: Manufacture of Petrochemicals-I

Credits-3

(54 hrs)

Aim: To make the students aware ofthe methods of manufacture and uses of some of the
important petrochemicals.
Objectives: To study the manufacturing methods and uses of:
Methanol, carbon black, chlorinated methane,and hydrogen
cyanide from methane and natural gas
Ethyl chloride, ethanol, ethanolamines, ethylene oxide,
acrylonitrile,vinyl acetate, styrene,ethylene
glycol,acetaldehyde and acetic acid from ethylene.
Module-1
Manufacture from Natural gas and Methane
Methanol-properties and uses- manufacturing methods catalytic hydration method.-side
reactions, Carbon black-uses and properties-Channel black-Furnace black(gas and oil)thermal black-Acetylene black-manufacture, Hydrogen cyanide-uses and propertiesmanufacture by Andrew sons process-By Degusser process, Shawnigan process
Chlorinated methane-uses ,Manufacture of methyl chloride-methyl dichlorideChloroform-carbon tetra chloride, carbon disulphide uses- manufacture by Thacker
process Acetylene-uses-manufacture by sachse process-wulf process
(30 Hrs)

133

Module-2
Manufacture from Ethylene
Ethyl chloride-uses-manufacture by hydrochlorination ,Ethanol-Different process of
manufacture-uses-manufacture by catalytic hydration-, Ethylene oxide uses and
properties- Manufacture by oxidation ,Ethanolamines- monoethanol amine - diethanol
amine-triethanol amines--uses- manufacture- Engineering problems
Ethylene glycol-uses-Different methods of preparation-Manufacture through
chlorohydrin-Manufacture by oxidation, Acetaldehyde-Process of manufacture- recent
advances-uses-Production by Thekar process., Acetic acid-Uses and manufacture by
oxidation, styrene-uses-manufacture-by benzene-Purification-Vinyl acetate-uses and manufacture by acetic acid and oxygen-- Ethanol amines-- Vinyl
chloride-uses-manufacture by thermal pyrolysis- Acrylonitrile- uses and Manufacture by
ethylene oxide and hydrogen cyanide
(24 Hrs)
References:1. W.L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
2. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker Inc 1991,The chemistry and technology of
Petroleum
3. Tripathi G.N, Indian Petroleum Directory
4. B.K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits
Petrochemicals-Wiley
5. ASTM Methods, Indian standards

Semester 4

PC4B01: Manufacture of Petrochemicals -II

Credits-4

(72 hrs)

Aim:To make the students aware of the methods of manufacture and uses of some
industrially important chemicals from petroleum.
Objectives: To study the methods of manufacture and uses of of the following
petrochemicals
Isopropanol, cumene,glycerine and acrylonitrile from propylene
Vinyl chloride,acetaldehyde,chloroprene,and acrylonitrile from
acetylene
Butadiene and benzene from C- 4 hydrocarbons
Benzene, toluene, xylenes,naphthalene, linear alkyl benzene,detergents
and explosives
Module-1
Manufacture from propylene
Isopropanol---uses-properties-manufacture by hydration method-- Cumene-usesmanufacturing methods. Propylene-alkylation method,---Glycerin uses-natural glycerin

134

synthetic glycerin--manufacture by allyl chloride-- manufacture via acrolein--Acrylonitrile -- uses-- manufacture by amoxidation method
(24 Hrs)
Module-2
Manufacture from Acetylene
Vinyl chloride-uses-manufacture-engineering problems-economics-- Acetaldehyde-usesproperties-hydration of acetylene-hydration solutions-process of manufacture--Chloroprene uses- Neoprene- manufacture,---Acrylonitrile uses-propertiesmanufacture by hydrogen cyanide process---disadvantages
(24 Hrs)
Module-3
Manufacture from C-4 hydrocarbons
Butadiene-uses-occurrence-methods of preparation-manufacture by Houdry Process--Benzene-uses manufacture by hydrodealkylation--- C-4 oligomers
4 .BTX aromatics Principal sources-Benzene-Toluene-Xylenes-uses -manufacture
Naphthalene-uses-sources-manufacture by hydrodealkylation, Linear alkyl benzeneGeneral reactions-side reactions-manufacture
Detergents- classification of detergents-uses of detergents-surfactants-additivesmanufacture-cleaning action of detergents. Difference between soap and detergents.
(24 Hrs)
References:7. W.L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
8. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker Inc 1991,The chemistry and technology of
Petroleum
9. Tripathi G.N, Indian Petroleum Directory
10. B.K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits
Petrochemicals-Wiley
11. ASTM Methods, Indian standards
12. Sukumar Maiti, Introduction to Petrochemicals

135

PC4B02: Petroleum Industries in India

Credits-3

(54hrs)

Aim:.To create awareness among students about the petroleum industries in India
Objectives: To study:
Catalysts in petroleum industry
Petroleum and petrochemical industries in india
Energy crisis and petrochemical industries
Ecology and energy crisis
Module-1
Catalysts in petroleum industry General properties-classificationcatalytic activitycatalysts in refining process-Reforming catalysts-hydro treating catalysts-catalysts in
petro chemical industry-Ziegler catalyst-preparation-properties-disadvantagesmiscellaneous polymerization catalysts- recent advances in catalysts-Role of polymers in
catalysts-enzyme catalysts- preparation, structure, selectivity and application
(18 Hrs)
Module-2
Pollution from petroleum industryrefinery pollution-water pollutionair pollution-sea
water pollution-effect of oil pollution- physical and chemicalcontrol methods-environmental protection-- National standards of air and water pollution (12 Hrs)
Module-3
Energy crisis ---coal as an alternative to oil non-conventional sources of energysolar
energybio gas-advantages-tidal energy geothermal energy-wind energynuclear
fuels (general study only)
(8 Hrs)
Module-4
Importance of Petroleum and petrochemical industry in the contest of Indian economy
general cost-capital cost-production cost-R&D economicsMajor govt oil companies engaged in refining and marketing petroleum
Function of ONGC.
( 8 Hrs)
Module-5
Indian petrochemical industry Difficulties encountered in Indian petro chemical
industries.-Public sector and private sector Petroleum conception pattern
Indian reserves, Developments in petrochemical industry -developments in quality of
petroleum fuels and future Future of petrochemical industry.
( 8 Hrs)
References:1. W.L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
2. Trimn , Catalysts in petrochemical refining
3. Jain and Jain, Engineering Chemistry
4. B.K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits
Petrochemicals-Wiley
5. ASTM Methods, Indian standards
6. Sukumar Maiti, Introduction to Petrochemicals
136

PC4B03:Practical -II
(Semester III and IV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Credits-2
Determination of density of light oils
Determination of density of medium type oils
Determination of surface tension of kerosene
Determination of Viscosity of Diesel
Determination of Viscosity of furnace oil
Determination of Ried vapour pressure of petrol

72 Hours

Reference: ASTM methods, Indian standards

137