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Solution Agrawal Cap 2

This document contains solutions to homework problems about optical communication components and subsystems. It derives equations for dispersion, ray propagation in graded-index fibers, and Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates for deriving wave equations in optical fibers. It also solves problems involving the cut-off condition and spot size for single-mode fibers.

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Loren Forero
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598 views

Solution Agrawal Cap 2

This document contains solutions to homework problems about optical communication components and subsystems. It derives equations for dispersion, ray propagation in graded-index fibers, and Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates for deriving wave equations in optical fibers. It also solves problems involving the cut-off condition and spot size for single-mode fibers.

Uploaded by

Loren Forero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optical Communication Components and Subsystems

ECE 565 Spring 2005


Homework 2 Solutions
Problem 2.1. We use Equation 2.1.5 in Agrawal, which states that the dispersion is given by
T/L = (n12/n2c). But = (n1- n2)/ n1 =(n1-1.45)/ n1. So, 10 ns/km = (n12/1.45 x 2.99x10-4
km/ns) (n1-1.45)/ n1 or 1.45 x 2.99x10-3 = n12 1.45 n1. Solve this quadratic equation and
obtain n1= 1.453. Thus, = 0.0021.
Approximate alternative solution: Assume n1 n2 = 1.45 and use 10 ns/km = (n12/1.45 x
2.99x10-4 km/ns) (n1-1.45)/ n1 to find = 0.00207.
Problem 2.2. (First show that the solution of 2.1.8 is 2.1.9)
Using =2 in Equation 2.1.7, we obtain
n() = n1 [1 ( /a)2],

a.

After differentiation, we obtain dn/d = -2 n1 (/a2) . Now since << 1 and a <1, (
/a)2 << 1, and we can approximate n = n1 [1 ( /a)2] by n1. Thus, dn/d -2 n (/a2) and
the ray equation becomes
d2/dz2 = -2 (/a2) -k .
Propose a solution of the form (z) = erz, plug into the above differential equation, and obtain
the characteristic equation r2+k=0. Thus, r = i(k)1/2 = i(2)1/2 /a ip. The general
solution is (z) =A eipz + B e-ipz . Now (0) = 0 implies that A + B = 0, and '(0) = '0 implies
iAp - iBp = '0. Thus, A = (-i'0/p + 0)/2 and B= (i'0/p + 0)/2 = A*. Therefore, we can use
Eulers identity and recast (z) as 2|A |cos(pz + A) = 2|A |[ cos(pz)cos(A) - sin(pz)sin(A).
But |A |cos(A) = Re(A) = 0/2 and |A |sin(A) = Im(A) = -'0/2p, which completes the
derivation of 2.1.9 and we obtain (z) = 0cos(pz)cos(A) + '0/p sin(pz).
Special Problem: We first note that (z) is 2/p-periodic. Suppose that R1 and R2 are two
rays emerging from initial conditions 0 and 0, respectively. Then it is true that at z = 2/p,
both rays return to their respective initial positions (viz., 0 and 0). Now at z = 2/p, both
rays have traveled the same net distance, namely, 2/p (justify this statement). By Fermats
principle, both rays must have traveled the same net distance at the minimum time required,
so both times of flight must be the same! Thus, intermodal dispersion is completely absent in
this type of fiber.
An excellent derivation of Fermats principle can be found in the book by Born & Wolf
(Principles of Optics, 7th edition, page 136).
Problem 2.3.
Writing Eq.(2.2.1) in the frequency domain and by using B=0H, we obtain
x E = i0H.

Next, we write H in cylindrical coordinates: H=H + H + zHz, E=E + E + zEz and


apply the curl in cylindrical coordinates:
x E = (1Ez/ E/z ) - (Ez/ E/z) + z(1E + E/ 1E/)
= i0H.
We now equate the three components from the two sides of the above equation and obtain:
1Ez/ E/z = i0H,
Ez/ E/z = - i0H,
1E + E/ 1E/ = i0Hz.
We can apply the same procedure to Eq.(2.2.2), namely, take the curl of H in cylindrical
coordinates, x H = iE, and equate terms. This yields:
1Hz/ H/z = - iE,
Hz/ H/z = iE,
1H + H/ 1H/ = iEz.
We now replace all derivatives with respect to z by i since the z dependence is always of the
form eiz. We then express E, E, H, and H in terms of Ez and Hz using the above six
algebraic equations. For example, by substituting H from the first equation in the fifth
equation we obtain:
E = (i/)[-Hz/ + ( /0)(1Ez/ iE)] or
(1 [2/20]) E = (i/)[-Hz/ + ( /0)(1Ez/)].
Use =0n2, 1/c2= 00, and k0 = 0/c we obtain
1 [2/20] = p2/20, where p2 = n2 k0 - 2.
Hence, we finally obtain E = (i/p2)[(/)Ez/-0Hz/].
The other three equations are derived similarly.

Problem 2.5.
For single-mode fibers, the cut-off condition is given by V = 2k0 a(n12 n22)1/2 = 2.405.
Substitute 1 m for , 1.445 for n2, and solve for a to obtain: a=3.1815 m.
At = 1.3 m, V=1.85. From Eq.(2.2.45), w = 4.368 m.
From Eq.(2.2.46), = 1-exp(-2a2/w2) = 0.6539.

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