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 BRITISH STANDARD BS 812-112:
1990
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Testing aggregates
Part 112: Methods for determination of
aggregate impact value (AIV)
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 17-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. BSI
BS 812-112:1990

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Cement,

Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee
(CAB/-) to Technical Committee CAB/2, upon which the following bodies were
represented:

Aggregate Concrete Block Association

Association of Consulting Engineers
Association of Consulting Scientists
Association of Lighweight Aggregate Manufacturers

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Brick Development Association
British Aggregate Construction Materials Industries
British Cement Association
British Ceramic Research Ltd.
British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association
British Geological Sciences
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Ready Mixed Concrete Association
British Steel Industry
Building Employers Confederation
Calcium Silicate Brick Association Ltd.
Chartered Institute of Building
Concrete Society
County Surveyors Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of Transport
Department of Transport (Transport and Road Research Laboratory)
Electricity Supply Industry in England and Wales
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Institute of Concrete Technology
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highways and Transportation
Institution of Structural Engineers
Institution of Water and Environmental Management
Mortar Producers Association Limited
Sand and Gravel Association Limited
Society of Chemical Industry

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry
Products Standards Policy
Committee, was published under
the authority of the Board of BSI
and comes into effect on Amendments issued since publication
29 June 1990
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
BSI 12-1998
8772 August 1995 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CAB/2
Draft for comment 85/13013 DC

ISBN 0 580 18827 2

 BS 812-112:1990

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Principle 1
4 Sampling 1
5 Apparatus 1
6 Preparation of test portions and specimens 3
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7 Procedure 3
8 Calculations and expression of results 4
9 Precision 4
10 Test report 5
Appendix A Recommended method for determining the aggregate
impact value for other size fractions of aggregate 6
Appendix B Details of the evaluation of precision data 6
Figure 1 Aggregate impact test machine
Table 1 Guide to minimum mass of test portions required to obtain
a suitable mass of material to determine aggregate impact value 3
Table 2 Particulars of test sieves for testing other
size fractions of aggregates 6
Table 3 Precision values for the determination of aggregate
impact value using materials in the dry condition 7
Table 4 Precision values for the determination of aggregate
impact value using materials in the soaked condition 7
Publications referred to Inside back cover

BSI 12-1998 i
BS 812-112:1990

Foreword

This Part of BS 812 has been prepared under the direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregate and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee, and is a
revision of clause 6 of BS 812-3:1975 which is withdrawn. It forms part of a
general revision of the 1975 edition of BS 812. As each of the tests or collection of
related tests is revised it will be issued as a separate Part or Section of this
standard.
The methods described in this revision have not been changed technically from
that given in BS 812-3:1975, but the opportunity has been taken to include a
procedure for determining the aggregate impact value of aggregates in a soaked
condition. This has been done because some aggregates have a significantly

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reduced resistance to impact when tested in this condition. With such aggregates,
tests on soaked samples give a more reliable indication of their performance in
practice.
It is intended that other British Standards should call up BS 812 test methods as
the basis for compliance. Nevertheless it is not intended that all aggregates
should be subjected to all the listed tests. Specifications in other standards should
call up only relevant test methods.
Some of the tests in other Parts of BS 812 are of limited application and advice on
the use of simpler tests is given, for example, when they can be used for a
preliminary sorting of aggregates to see whether more extensive testing is
justified.
Reference should be made to BS 812-101:1984 for general guidance on testing
aggregates, precision of test methods and variance arising from sampling errors.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

ii BSI 12-1998
 BS 812-112:1990

1 Scope 5.1.1.2 A circular metal base, with a mass of

between 22 kg and 30 kg, with a plane lower surface
This Part of BS 812 describes methods for the
of not less than 300 mm diameter and shall be
determination of the aggregate impact value (AIV)
supported on a level and plane concrete or stone
which gives a relative measure of the resistance of
block floor at least 450 mm thick. The machine shall
an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. be prevented from rocking either by fixing it to the
Two procedures are described, one in which the block or floor or by supporting it on a level and plane
aggregate is tested in a dry condition, and the other metal plate cast into the surface of the block or floor.
in a soaked condition.
5.1.1.3 A cylindrical steel cup, having an internal
The methods are applicable to aggregates passing diameter of 102 0.5 mm and an internal depth
at 14.0 mm test sieve and retained on a 10.0 mm
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of 50 0.25 mm. The walls shall be not less

test sieve. For smaller size fractions, a than 6 mm thick and the inner surfaces shall be
recommended method is described in appendix A. case hardened. The cup shall be rigidly fastened at
Aggregate sizes larger than 14 mm are not the centre of the base and be easily removed for
appropriate to the aggregate impact value test. emptying.
NOTE 1 For the determination of the resistance of an aggregate
to a slowly applied compressive load, see BS 812-110. 5.1.1.4 A metal hammer, with a mass of
NOTE 2 The titles of the publications referred to in this between 13.5 kg and 14.0 kg, the lower end of which
standard are listed in the inside back cover. shall be cylindrical in shape, 100.0 mm 0.5
diameter and 50 0.15 mm long, with a 1.5 mm
2 Definitions chamfer at the lower edge, and case hardened. The
For the purposes of this Part of BS 812 the hammer shall slide freely between vertical guides so
definitions given in BS 812-100, BS 812-101 and arranged that the lower (cylindrical) part of the
BS 812-102 apply. hammer is above and concentric with the cup.
5.1.1.5 Means for raising the hammer, and allowing
3 Principle it to fall freely between the vertical guides from a
A test specimen is compacted, in a standardized height of 380 5 mm on to the test sample in the
manner, into an open steel cup. The specimen is cup, and means for adjusting the height of fall
then subjected to a number of standard impacts within 5 mm.
from a dropping weight. This action breaks the 5.1.1.6 Means for supporting the hammer, whilst
aggregate to a degree which is dependent on the fastening or removing the cup.
impact resistance of the material. This degree is NOTE Some means for automatically recording the number of
assessed by a sieving test on the impacted specimen blows is desirable.
and is taken as the aggregate impact value (AIV). 5.1.2 Square-hole perforated-plate test sieves, of
sizes 14.0 mm and 10.0 mm and a
4 Sampling wovenwire 2.36 mm test sieve. The test sieves shall
The sample used for the test (the laboratory sample) comply with BS 410.
shall be taken in accordance with clause 5 of 5.1.3 A cylindrical metal measure, of sufficient
BS 812-102:1989. rigidity to retain its form under rough usage and
with an internal diameter of 75 1 mm and an
5 Apparatus internal depth of 50 1 mm.
NOTE All apparatus should comply with the general 5.1.4 A tamping rod, made out of straight iron or
requirements of BS 812-100.
steel bar of circular cross section, 16 1 mm
5.1 General diameter and 600 5 mm long, with both ends
5.1.1 Impact testing machine hemispherical.
5.1.1.1 General The machine shall be of the general 5.1.5 A balance, of capacity not less than 500 g
form shown in , have a total mass of between 45 kg readable to 0.1 g.
and 60 kg and shall comprise the parts described in 5.1.6 A well-ventilated oven, thermostatically
5.1.1.2 to 5.1.1.6. controlled at a temperature of 105 5 C.
5.1.7 A rubber mallet.

BSI 12-1998 1
BS 812-112:1990

Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 17-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. BSI

Figure 1 Aggregate impact test machine

5.1.8 A metal tray, of known mass large enough to 5.2.2 One or more wire-mesh baskets, having
contain 1 kg of aggregate. apertures not larger than 6.5 mm or a perforated
5.1.9 A brush, with stiff bristles. container of convenient size with hangers for lifting
purposes.
5.2 Additional apparatus for testing aggregate
in a soaked condition 5.2.3 A stout watertight container, in which the
basket(s) may be immersed.
5.2.1 Drying cloths or absorbent paper, for the
surface-drying of the aggregate after it has been 5.2.4 A supply of clean water, of drinking quality.
soaked in water, e.g. two hand-towels of a size not
less than 750 mm 450 mm or rolls of absorbent
paper of suitable size and absorbency.

2 BSI 12-1998
 BS 812-112:1990

6 Preparation of test portions and 6.3 For test specimens in a soaked condition
specimens 6.3.1 Prepare the test portion using the procedure
described in 6.1 except that the test portion is tested
6.1 Test portions
in the as-received condition and not oven-dried.
Reduce the laboratory sample by the procedures Place each test specimen (see note to 7.2.1) in the
described in clause 6 of BS 812-102:1989 to produce wire basket and immerse it in the water in the
a test portion of sufficient mass to produce three test container with a cover of at least 50 mm of water
specimens of 14 mm to 10 mm size fraction. above the top of the basket. Immediately after
NOTE A single test specimen is that quantity of material immersion remove the entrapped air from the
required to fill the cup (see 7.1.1. and Table 1). specimen by lifting the basket 25 mm above the base
Table 1 Guide to minimum mass of test
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of the container and allowing it to drop 25 times at

portions required to obtain a suitable mass of a rate of about once a second. Keep the basket and
material to determine aggregate impact value aggregate completely immersed during the
Grade of the aggregate Minimum mass of
operation and for a subsequent period of 24 2 h
the test portiona
and maintain the water temperature at 20 5 C.
6.3.2 After soaking, remove the specimen of
mm kg
aggregate from the basket and blot the free water
All-in aggregate 40 max. size 20 from the surface with the absorbent cloths. Carry
All-in aggregate 20 max. size 15 out the completion of preparation and testing as
described in 7.2 immediately after this operation.
Graded aggregate 40 to 5 12
Graded aggregate 20 to 5 8
7 Procedure
7.1 Test specimens in a dry condition
Graded aggregate 14 to 5 5
a For
7.1.1 Rest the impact machine, without wedging or
normal density aggregates. packing, upon the level plate, block or floor, so that
6.2 Test specimens in a dry condition it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are
vertical. Before fixing the cup to the impact
6.2.1 Thoroughly sieve the entire dried test portion machine, place the whole of the test specimen in the
on the 14 mm and 10 mm test sieves to remove the cup and then compact by 25 strokes of the tamping
oversize and undersize fraction. Divide the rod (see 6.2.3). With the minimum of disturbance to
resulting 14 mm to 10 mm size fractions to produce the test specimen, fix the cup firmly in position on
three test specimens each of sufficient mass to fill the base of the machine. Adjust the height of the
the measure (see 5.1.3) when it is filled by the hammer so that its lower face is 380 5 mm above
procedure described in 6.2.3. the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup and
NOTE Mechanical sieving should only be used for aggregates then allow it to fall freely on to the aggregate.
which do not degrade under its action. Subject the test specimen to a total of 15 such blows,
6.2.2 Dry the test specimens by heating at a each being delivered at an interval of not less
temperature of 105 5 C for a period of not more than 1 s.
than 4 h. Cool to room temperature before testing. NOTE No adjustment for hammer height is required after the
6.2.3 Fill the measure to overflowing with the first blow.
aggregate comprising the test specimen by means of 7.1.2 Remove the crushed aggregate by holding the
a scoop. Tamp the aggregate with 25 blows of the cup over a clean tray and hammering on the outside
rounded end of the tamping rod, each blow being with the rubber mallet until the particles are
given by allowing the tamping rod to fall freely from sufficiently disturbed to enable the mass of the
a height of about 50 mm above the surface of the specimen to fall freely on to the tray.
aggregate and the blows being evenly distributed NOTE 1 If this fails to remove the compacted aggregate other
over the surface. methods should be used but take care not to cause further
crushing of the particles.
Remove the surplus aggregate by rolling the NOTE 2 Mechanical sieving should only be used for aggregates
tamping rod across, and in contact with, the top of which do not degrade under its action.
the container. Remove by hand any aggregate which Transfer fine particles adhering to the inside of the
impedes its progress and fill any obvious cup and the underside of the hammer to the tray by
depressions with added aggregate. Record the net means of the stiff bristle brush. Weigh the tray and
mass of aggregate in the measure and use the same the aggregate and record the mass of aggregate used
mass for the second test specimen. (M1) to the nearest 0.1 g.

BSI 12-1998 3
BS 812-112:1990

7.1.3 Sieve the whole of the specimen in the tray on 8.2 Aggregate in the soaked condition
the 2.36 mm test sieve until no further significant 8.2.1 Calculate the mass of fines m expressed as a
amount passes during a further period of 1 min. percentage of the total mass for each test specimen
Weigh and record the masses of the fractions from the following equation:
passing and retained on the sieve to the
nearest 0.1 g (M2 and M3 respectively), and if the M
m = 2 100
total mass (M2 + M3) differs from the initial mass M1
(M1) by more than 1 g, discard the result and test a
where
further specimen.
7.1.4 Repeat the procedure as described in 7.1.1 to M1 is the mass of oven-dried test specimen

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7.1.3 inclusive using a second specimen of the same (in g);
mass as the first specimen.
M2 is the mass of oven-dried material
7.2 Aggregate in a soaked condition passing the 2.36 mm test sieve (in g).
7.2.1 Follow the test procedure described in 7.1,
8.2.2 Calculate the aggregate impact value (AIV)
except that the number of blows of the hammer to
expressed as a percentage to the first decimal place
which the aggregate is subjected, is the number of
for each test specimen from the equation:
blows which will yield between 5 % and 20 % of fines
when this value is calculated by the procedure given 15m
( AIV ) =
in clause 8. n
NOTE The number of blows will usually be less than 15, but the where
actual number has to be ascertained by a process of trial and
error. For this reason, more than two test specimens will almost
invariably be required and due allowance should be made for this n is the number of hammer blows to which
when preparing the specimen by the procedure given in 6.3. Once the specimen is subjected.
the number of blows required has been determined, the
procedure is repeated on a second test specimen which is 8.3 Results
subjected to the same number of blows.
Calculate the mean of the two values determined
7.2.2 Remove the crushed specimen from the cup in 8.1 or 8.2 to the nearest whole number. Report
and dry it in the oven at a temperature of 105 5 C the mean as the aggregate impact value, unless the
either to constant mass or for a minimum period individual results differ by more than 0.15 times the
of 12 h. Allow the dried material to cool and weigh to mean value. In this case repeat the test on two
the nearest gram and record the mass of the test further specimens, calculate the median of the four
specimen (M1). Complete the procedure as described results to the nearest whole number, and report the
in 7.1.2 starting at the stage where the specimen is median as the aggregate impact value.
sieved on the 2.36 mm test sieve.
In the case of tests on aggregate in the soaked
8 Calculations and expression of condition report the number of hammer blows.
NOTE The median of four results is calculated by excluding the
results highest and the lowest result and calculating the mean of the two
8.1 Aggregate in the dry condition middle results.

Calculate the aggregate impact value (AIV) 9 Precision

expressed as a percentage to the first decimal place
for each test specimen from the following equation: 9.1 A precision experiment was carried out
involving 15 laboratories. Details of the experiment
M and the precision data are given in appendix B.
( AIV ) = 2 100
M1 9.2 Uses of precision data are described in clause 5
where of BS 812-101:1984.

M1 is the mass of the test specimen(in g);

M2 is the mass of the material passing the
2.36 mm test sieve (in g).

4 BSI 12-1998
 BS 812-112:1990

10 Test report
The report shall affirm that the aggregate impact
value of the dry aggregate and/or soaked aggregate
was determined in accordance with this Part of
BS 812 and whether or not a certificate of sampling
is available. If available, a copy of the certificate
shall be provided. The test report shall contain the
following additional information:
a) sample identification and sample description;
b) the condition in which the aggregate was
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tested, i.e. dry or soaked condition;

c) the aggregate impact value (AIV) of the dry
aggregate;
d) the aggregate impact value of the aggregate in
a soaked condition and the number of blows of the
hammer that was used in the determination;
e) if the AIV is greater than 30 %, a statement
that the results obtained should be treated with
caution.

BSI 12-1998 5
BS 812-112:1990

Appendix A Recommended method for A.4 Procedure

determining the aggregate impact Follow the procedure described in clause 7 using the
value for other size fractions of appropriate separating sieves given in Table 2.
aggregate
A.5 Calculation and expression of results
A.1 General Follow the general procedure described in clause 8.
When required, or if the definitive size fraction A.6 Test report
passing the 14 mm test sieve and retained on
a l0 mm test sieve is not available, tests may be The test report shall contain the information

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made on aggregates of other sizes which pass specified in clause 10, with additionally the size of
a 14.0 mm test sieve and are retained on 2.36 mm aggregate tested.
test sieve. Because of the lack of experience of Appendix B Details of the evaulation
testing sizes other than the definitive size fraction,
of precision data
it has not been possible to give any positive
indication as to how the results obtained on
B.1 The precision data given in Table 3 and Table 4
non-standard sizes would compare with those
were determined from an experiment conducted
obtained by the standard test procedures. In general
in 1989/90 involving 15 laboratories. The
the smaller sizes of aggregate will give a lower
experiment was designed, and the data analysed,
value, but the relationship between the values following the principles set out in BS 5497-1. The
obtained with different sizes may vary from one materials used were from 4 t stockpiles. Laboratory
aggregate to another.
samples of approximately 125 kg were taken in
accordance with BS 812-102, and one laboratory
A.2 Apparatus
sample of each material was sent to each laboratory.
The apparatus shall be as described in clause 5 Two test portions were prepared from each
together with such additional test sieves that may laboratory sample for the determination of the
be necessary to prepare the test portions aggregate impact value. (The same materials were
(see Table 2). also used for the precision experiments recorded in
Table 2 Particulars of test sieves for BS 812-110 and
testing other size fractions of aggregates BS 812-111.)
Size fraction Nominal aperture size of test sieve
complying with BS 410 B.2 The test for outliers given in BS 5497-1 were
applied to the data. No data were found to be
For preparation of For
test specimens separating outliers.
fines
Passing Retained B.3 Variation due to the preparation of the samples
mm mm mm m (VS) in the precision trial may be assumed to be
Larger than NAa NAa NAa NAa small so that R1 will be similar to R2. The
14.0 mm definitions of repeatability r1 and reproducibility R1
and R2 and of the variances Vr1, VS and VL are given
Standard 14.0 10.0 2.36 in BS 812-101. The values given in Table 3 and
Smaller than 10.0 6.30 1.70 Table 4 apply when a test result is obtained as the
standard average of two determinations of the aggregate
impact value on sub-samples of the same test
6.30 5.00 1.18
portion, when both determinations comply with the
5.00 3.35 850 check on the masses given in 7.1.3 of this Part, and
3.35 2.36 600 with the check on the percent fines in 7.2.1 (in the
case of tests on soaked materials).
a
The test is not applicable (NA).

A.3 Preparation of test portions and

specimens
Follow the procedure described in clause 6, using
the appropriate sieves as described in Table 2,
according to the size of the fraction under test. For a
grading of test portions of less than 10 mm
maximum size, a minimum mass of 1 kg is required.

6 BSI 12-1998
 BS 812-112:1990

Table 3 Precision values for the determination of aggregate impact value using
materials in the dry condition
Material Mean value of Repeatability Reproducibility Vr1 (VL + VS)
the data
r1 R2

Argillaceous limestone (A) 28 1.7 6.7 0.6 2.3

Blast-furnace slag (B) 32 1.9 8.7 0.7 3.0
Carboniferous limestone (C) 19 2.0 6.8 0.7 2.3
Igneous rock (I) 15 2.1 5.7 0.7 1.9
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Mixed gravel (M) 26 2.4 9.4 0.9 3.2

Table 4 Precision values for the determination of aggregate impact value using
materials in the soaked condition
Material Mean value of the Repeatability Reproducibility Vr1 (VL + VS)
data
r1 R2

Argillaceous limestone (A) 49 5.7 26.1 2.0 9.1

Blast-furnace slag (B) 40 4.8 17.6 1.7 6.1
Carboniferous limestone (C) 18 2.4 6.4 0.8 2.1
Igneous rock (I) 17 2.9 6.9 1.0 2.2
Mixed gravel (M) 32 3.9 14.2 1.4 4.9

BSI 12-1998 7
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blank
8
 BS 812-112:1990

Publications referred to

BS 410, Specifications for test sieves.

BS 812, Testing aggregates.
BS 812-100, General requirements for apparatus and calibration.
BS 812-101, Guide to sampling and testing aggregates.
BS 812-102, Methods of sampling.
BS 812-110, Methods for determination of the aggregate crushing value (ACV).
BS 812-111, Methods for determination of the ten percent fines value (TFV).
BS 5497, Precision of test methods.
BS 5497-1, Guide for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method by
Licensed Copy: Giorgio Cavalieri, none, 17-Nov-00, Uncontrolled Copy. BSI

inter-laboratory tests.

BSI 12-1998
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