Mass Balance

Mass Balance
Ellyas Alga Nainggolan

Problem
• To make strawberry jam, strawberries containing 15 wt% solids and
85 wt% water are crushed. The crushed strawberries and sugar are
mixed in a 4/5 mass ratio and the mixture is heated to evaporate
water. The residue contains one-third water by mass. Calculate the
amounts of strawberries needed to make 100 g of jam, and of
evaporated water.
24/03/2017 2
Degrees of Freedom Analysis
• How many equations do I need, and where do these potentially come
from?
• The DFA is used to address these questions.
• DFA is a highly useful tool for a systematic analysis of block flow
diagrams.
• DF = 0, the system is completely defined. You get a unique solution.
• DF > 0, the system is under-defined (under-specified). There are an
infinite number of solutions. More independent equations are
needed.
• DF < 0, the system is over-defined (over-specified). There are too
many restrictions. Check if you have too many equations or too many
restrictions. Over-defined problems cannot be solved to be consistent
with all equations.
• NDF = number of unknowns − number of independent equations −
number of relations
• A feed stream is flowing at a mass flow rate of 100 kg/min. The
stream contains 20 kg/min NaOH and 80 kg/min of water. The
distillate flows at 40 kg/min and contains 5 kg/min NaOH. Draw, label
a flowchart of the process and perform DFA.
• A mixture containing 10% ethanol (E) and 90% H2O (W) by weight is
fed into a distillation column at the rate of 100 kg/h. The distillate
contains 60% ethanol and the distillate is produced at a rate of one
tenth that of the feed. Draw, label a flowchart of the process and
perform DFA.
Problem
• One hundred kilograms of wet slurry is to be dried by heating in a
furnace. The wet slurry is placed in the furnace with 60% moisture
and 40% dry solid (S). Note that 90% of the water is removed. Draw
and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
24/03/2017 8
Problem
• A feed stream flows at a molar flow rate of 100 mol/h and contains
three components (20% component A, 30% component B, and the
balance, component C). Note that 80% of A in the feed and 50% of
feed rate end up in the distillate. The bottom stream contains 70% B
(by moles). Draw and label the process flowchart and perform DFA.
24/03/2017 9
• A feed rate of 100 mol/h of an equimolar mixture of ethanol (E),
propanol (P), and butanol (B) is separated in a distillation column into
two streams. The overhead stream (distillate) contains 2/3 ethanol
and no butanol, and the bottom stream is free of ethanol. The
distillate is produced at a rate of one tenth that of the feed.
Problem
XW,4
XW,6
XW,7
24/03/2017 11
Material Balance Fundamentals
• Accumulation = (input − output) + (generation − consumption)
• Accumulation is the change in quantity of material inside the system

• Input is the material that enters the system by crossing system boundary
• Output is the material that exits the system by crossing system boundary
• Generation is the material that is produced by chemical reaction within the
system
• Consumption is the material that is used up by chemical reaction within
the system
24/03/2017 12
Non-reactive Systems
• Steady state: No accumulation in the systems
• No reaction involved: No generation, No consumption
• Mass balance:
input = output
24/03/2017 13
• Cement is produced by roasting raw materials at high temperature in
a rotating kiln. 1000 kg/min of raw material enters the kiln, producing
700 kg/min of cement. It is known that gaseous by-products are
produced during roasting. From the data, determine the gases
emission mass flow rate.
• A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene contains 55.0% benzene by
mass. The mixture is to be partially evaporated to yield a vapor
containing 85.0% benzene and a residual liquid containing 10.6%
benzene by mass. Suppose that the process is to be carried out
continuously and under steady state, with a feed rate of 100.0 kg/h of
the 55% mixture. Let V (kg/h) and L (kg/h) be the mass flow rates of
the vapor and liquid product streams, respectively. Draw and label a
process flowchart, and solve for unknown flow rates and
compositions.
Problem
• A gas stream containing 40% O2, 40% H2, and 20 mol% H2O is to be
dried by cooling the stream and condensing out the water. If 100
mol/h of a gas stream is to be processed, what is the rate at which
the water will be condensed out and what is the composition of dry
gas?

Mass Balance

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Mass Balance

Ellyas Alga Nainggolan

• Accumulation is the change in quantity of material inside the system

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