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    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

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    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    This document provides information about proteins and their structure and function. It discusses that proteins are composed of chains of amino acids, with 20 total amino acids that make up proteins. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleotides are also discussed, including that DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides with specific bases. ATP is mentioned as being important for metabolic activity and energy storage.

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    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

    Uploaded by

    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    33 views17 pages
    This document provides information about proteins and their structure and function. It discusses that proteins are composed of chains of amino acids, with 20 total amino acids that make up proteins. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleotides are also discussed, including that DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides with specific bases. ATP is mentioned as being important for metabolic activity and energy storage.

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    Lect-4

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    This document provides information about proteins and their structure and function. It discusses that proteins are composed of chains of amino acids, with 20 total amino acids that make up proteins. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleotides are also discussed, including that DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides with specific bases. ATP is mentioned as being important for metabolic activity and energy storage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views17 pages

    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

    Uploaded by

    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    This document provides information about proteins and their structure and function. It discusses that proteins are composed of chains of amino acids, with 20 total amino acids that make up proteins. There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleotides are also discussed, including that DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides with specific bases. ATP is mentioned as being important for metabolic activity and energy storage.

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    ENVS 532

    Dr Assad Al-Thukair
    Associate Professor
    Protein
    Proteins:

    One of the most important molecules in biology


    - enzymes for metabolism
    - certain hormones
    - antibody (defense system)
    - transporters and receptors
    ex. Hemoglobin (O2 and CO2 transport)
    Proteins

    Definition: Organic compound composed of the one of more chains of amino acids.

    Amino acid (AA)= small organic compound with an amino and carboxylic groups
    * AAs= 20 in total
    = They all differ by R structure

    The simplest: R= H, then AA= glycine (gly)


    R= methyl (CH3), then AA= alanine (Ala)
    List in appendix V (Book)

    * 20 AA in proteins
    = of which 9 are essential [ we need them from food]
    [phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine,
    leucine, lysine, histidine]

    = the rest non-essential (can be made by human body)


    [arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine ,
    glutamate, aspartate, Asparagine, alanine ].
    Proteins = chains (1 or more) the AAs
    * oligopeptide (small number of AA, less than 10)
    * polypeptide (more than 10 AA)

    Chain AAs = from peptide bond or amide bond

    from (AA)2 to (AA)n


    dipeptide The same process continues polypeptide
    * Polypeptide chain….

    http://biologynow.brookscole.com/student/ch03/peptide_bonding.htm
    l
    Electro-positive

    Formation of H bond
    within the same chain
    some will be stronger depending of R

    Level of protein structure


    Electro-negative
    Level of proteins structure

    1. Primary structure= linear chain

    2. Secondary structure:
    helical coil
    beta sheet

    3. Tertiary structure: all secondary structures in a polypeptide

    4. Quaternary structure: all polypeptide together to form proteins


    Just one wrong amino acid can effect protein structure and function (Sickle cell anemia)
    Nucleotides, DNA, and RNA
    • Nucleotides: Small organic compound function as energy carriers,
    enzymes helper (co-enzyme), messengers (RNA). Some are building blocks
    for RNA & DNA. They are central to metabolism, survival, and
    reproduction.
    DNA or RNA: polymers forms of nucleotides
    Nucleotides= base (with nitrogen), ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA) and phosphate

    Bases:
    DNA= Adenine (A), guanine (G),
    thymine (T), Cytosine ( C)

    RNA= (T )is replaced by Uracil (U)


    Sugar=Ribose

    Ribose Deoxy-ribose
    (in RNA) (in DNA)
    Phosphate (P) P-P P-P-P
    Mono-P Di-P Tri-P
    RNA: Single
    linear strand
    of nucleotide
    U, C, G,A
    P A
    P G
    P U
    P C
    P A

    DNA: Double
    strand ( helix)
    of nucleotide.
    G-----C
    A------T
    *DNA and the mystery of life and heredity

    ** The code of life is in DNA

    A G T C A protein
    A G U C A
    T C A G T
    DNA=coded information RNA(messenger) Secret known
    (secret) decoding process
    translation
    transcription
    ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
    Three phosphate group –Sugar- Base

    Function
    1-Metabolic activity through transferring phosphate.
    2-Storage and source of energy .

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