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    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

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    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    This document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It covers cell theory, different microscopy techniques used to view cells, cell sizes and shapes, and the basic components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. It describes the roles and functions of these cellular structures, such as the nucleus containing DNA, mitochondria generating ATP as the cell's energy source, and ribosomes synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

    Uploaded by

    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    29 views16 pages
    This document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It covers cell theory, different microscopy techniques used to view cells, cell sizes and shapes, and the basic components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. It describes the roles and functions of these cellular structures, such as the nucleus containing DNA, mitochondria generating ATP as the cell's energy source, and ribosomes synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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    asascsa

    Original Title

    Lect-5

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    This document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It covers cell theory, different microscopy techniques used to view cells, cell sizes and shapes, and the basic components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. It describes the roles and functions of these cellular structures, such as the nucleus containing DNA, mitochondria generating ATP as the cell's energy source, and ribosomes synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views16 pages

    ENVS 532: DR Assad Al-Thukair Associate Professor

    Uploaded by

    Abu Muhsin Al Ngapaky
    This document discusses the basic structure and function of cells. It covers cell theory, different microscopy techniques used to view cells, cell sizes and shapes, and the basic components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. It describes the roles and functions of these cellular structures, such as the nucleus containing DNA, mitochondria generating ATP as the cell's energy source, and ribosomes synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

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    ENVS 532

    Dr Assad Al-Thukair
    Associate Professor
    Cell
    • Cell Theory :
    1- All organisms consist one or more cells.
    2- The cell is the smallest unit that retain the
    property of life.
    3- Each new cell arises from another cells.
    How Do We See Cells ?
    Light Microscope : Principe using the light
    Scanning Electron Microscope : Principle using electron to scan the surface
    Transmission Electron Microscope : Principle using electron to penetrate the specimen
    Cell Sizes and Shape
    • Any cell big enough to be seen without the help of
    microscope ?
    Yolk of bird eggs, watermelon cells, fish eggs and amphibian eggs

    Surface to volume ratio (SVR): Metabolic active cells will favor higher SVR
    (nutrients will be distributed faster and waster removed quicker in the all cells)
    Basic of Cell Structure
    Prokaryot : Without the nucleus.
    Nucleoid: DNA of Prokaryot without membrane.
    Eukaryot: With nucleus.
    Nucleus : DNA of Eukaryot with membrane.
    Cytoplasm: Semi-fluid mixture of water with other
    solute (ion, sugar, protein…ect).
    Cell compartment are suspended in cytoplasm
    (ribosome, mitochondria ….ect)
    Plasma membrane: Outer membrane of the cell
    that separate metabolic activities from outside.
    * membrane
    * nucleus
    *mitochondria
    * endoplasmic
    reticulum (ER)
    *golgi apparatus
    * Ribosomes
    * chloroplast
    Cellular structure and function
    Cell membrane: Consist of double layer of lipids, and organized
    with hydrophobic tales sandwiched between
    hydrophilic heads .
    Function:
    1- Protects the cell
    2- Control the flow of molecules in and out

    Cholesterol in the bilayer


    Increases permeability and fluidity

    Cholesterol
    Membrane characteristics: a “fluid mosaic model (FMM)”…..

    FMM because PL (in a bilayer) can drift sideways, spin and wiggle
    = membrane is not a static structure, it is dynamic

    can drift can spin

    Membrane:
    Time is in constant rearrangement
    = fluid mosaic model

    can wiggle
    Cellular structure and function (chapter 4.1)

    * membrane
    * nucleus
    *mitochondria
    * endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    *golgi apparatus
    * Ribosomes
    * chloroplast
    Nucleus
    * Center of the cell
    * stores the cell DNA genetic material (in chromosomes)
    * Synthesis of RNA (transcription)
    Cellular structure and function

    * membrane
    * nucleus
    *mitochondria
    •Ribosomes
    •Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    *Golgi apparatus
    * Chloroplast
    Mitochondria
    - It is the “Powerhouse”
    - Energy formation
    * Generate ATP
    * ATP: major fuel for cell activities
    - Has its own DNA
    Ribosomes
    a. They are made of rRNA(ribosomal) and a variety of proteins
    b. Their role is to synthesise proteins from mRNA (messager)

    Gene (secret)= only small part of DNA

    DNA
    Transcription
    Gene
    RNA (massager)
    Translation Ribosome
    Trait
    Proteins (enzymes)
    secret known

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