Motion in 1D

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Applied Physics

NS (1001)
Linear Motion
Motion
►Motion – an object’s change in position relative to a reference
point
Kinematics – describing motion
Object is treated as a particle (a point-like concentration of
matter that has no size, no shape and no internal structure).

Questions to ask:
• Where is the particle?
• How fast is it moving?
• How rapidly is it speeding up or slowing down?
Basic Quantities in Kinematics
Displacement
Displacement is a change of position in time.
Displacement: x = x f (t f ) - xi (ti )
◦ f stands for final and i stands for initial.

It is a vector quantity.
It has both magnitude and direction: + or - sign
It has units of [length]: meters.
x1 (t1) = + 2.5 m
x2 (t2) = - 2.0 m
Δx = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m

x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m
x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
Check Point
Distance and Position-time graph

Displacement in space
◦ From A to B: Δx = xB – xA = 52 m – 30 m = 22 m
◦ From A to C: Δx = xc – xA = 38 m – 30 m = 8 m

Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle


◦ from A to B: d = |xB – xA| = |52 m – 30 m| = 22 m
◦ from A to C: d = |xB – xA|+ |xC – xB| = 22 m + |38 m – 52 m| = 36 m

Displacement is not Distance.


Speed
Speed is a scalar quantity which refers to "how fast an object is moving.“
Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance,
or distance per time.
A fast-moving object has a high speed; a slow-moving object has a low
speed.
An object with no movement at all has a zero speed.

Normally, objects do not travel at a constant speed

Average Speed = total distance


total time
Instantaneous Speed
and Average Speed
Instantaneous speed is the speed at any given instant in time.
◦ What the speedometer reads when you look at it

Average speed is the average of all instantaneous speeds


◦ The average of an infinite number of speedometer readings during a
trip
◦ Found simply by a total distance/total time ratio
Earth’s motion around the Sun

r=1.5x1011m

distance 2pr 2 x 3.14 x 1.5 x 10 11m


V = elapsed time = =
1year 365 days x 24 hr/day

1011 9.4 x 1011 m 9.4 x 1011-3 m/hr


= 9.4 x m
= 8.76 x103 hr
=
8.7
8760 hr

= 1.1x108 m/hr = 1.1x105 km/hr  110,000 km/hr


Tip of a watch’s minute hand

distance 2pr 2 x 3.14 x 1cm


V = =
elapsed time = 1hr 60 min x 60 s/min

6.28 cm 6.28 cm
= = = 1.7x10-3 cm/s
3600 s 3. 6 x103s

= 1.7x10-5 m/s
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Velocity is a vector quantity.
displacement
Velocity has both magnitude and direction.
Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second. distance
We will be concerned with three quantities, defined as:
x x f - xi
◦ Average velocity vavg = =
t t
◦ Average speed to tal d istan ce
s avg =
t
◦ Instantaneous x dx
velocity v = lim =
t→ 0 t dt

displacement
Average Velocity
Average velocity
x x f - xi
vavg = =
t t

is the slope of the line segment


between end points on a graph.
It is a vector (i.e. is signed), and
displacement direction sets its sign.
Graphical Interpretation of Velocity
Velocity can be determined from a
position-time graph
Average velocity equals the slope
of the line joining the initial and
final positions. It is a vector
quantity.
An object moving with a constant
velocity will have a graph that is a
straight line.
Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous means “at some given instant”. The instantaneous
velocity indicates what is happening at every point of time.
Limiting process:
◦ Chords approach the tangent as Δt => 0
◦ Slope measure rate of change of position

Instantaneous velocity:
It is a vector quantity.  x dx
v = lim =
t→ 0  t dt
Dimension: length/time (L/T), [m/s].
It is the slope of the tangent line to x(t).
Instantaneous velocity v(t) is a function of time.
Uniform Velocity
Uniform velocity is the special case of constant velocity
In this case, instantaneous velocities are always the same, all
the instantaneous velocities will also equal the average velocity
Begin with then x f = xi + v x t
x x f - xi
vx = =
t t Note: we are plotting
x v
velocity vs. time
x(t)
v(t)
xf vx

xi
0 t 0 t
ti tf

Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013


ACCELERATION
The average acceleration of the particle is defined as the change in
velocity Δ vx divided by the time interval Δ t during which that
change occurred:

The average acceleration is


a vector quantity directed

along ∆v .

a
Instantaneous Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration equals the derivative of the velocity
with respect to time, which by definition is the slope of the velocity–
time graph
Average Acceleration

Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an acceleration


is present.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
Acceleration has a dimensions of length/time2: [m/s2].
Constant velocity and acceleration

Observe that the object above moves with a constant velocity in the positive
direction. The dot diagram shows that each consecutive dot is the same
distance apart (i.e., a constant velocity). The position-time graph shows that
the slope is both constant (meaning a constant velocity) and positive
(meaning a positive velocity). The velocity-time graph shows a horizontal
line with zero slope (meaning that there is zero acceleration); the line is
located in the positive region of the graph (corresponding to a positive
velocity). The acceleration-time graph shows a horizontal line at the zero
mark (meaning zero acceleration).
Constant negative velocity and acceleration

Observe that the object above moves with a constant velocity in the negative
direction. The dot diagram shows that each consecutive dot is the same
distance apart (i.e., a constant velocity). The position-time graph shows that
the slope is both constant (meaning a constant velocity) and negative
(meaning a negative velocity). The velocity-time graph shows a horizontal
line with zero slope (meaning that there is zero acceleration); the line is
located in the negative region of the graph (corresponding to a negative
velocity). The acceleration-time graph shows a horizontal line at the zero
mark (meaning zero acceleration).
Position varies with positive velocity and acceleration

Observe that the object above moves in the positive direction with a changing velocity. An
object which moves in the positive direction has a positive velocity. If the object is
speeding up, then its acceleration vector is directed in the same direction as its motion (in
this case, a positive acceleration). The dot diagram shows that each consecutive dot is not
the same distance apart (i.e., a changing velocity). The position-time graph shows that the
slope is changing (meaning a changing velocity) and positive (meaning a positive velocity).
The velocity-time graph shows a line with a positive (upward) slope (meaning that there is
a positive acceleration); the line is located in the positive region of the graph
(corresponding to a positive velocity). The acceleration-time graph shows a horizontal line
in the positive region of the graph (meaning a positive acceleration).
Position varies with positive velocity
and negative acceleration

Observe that the object above moves in the positive direction with a changing
velocity. An object which moves in the positive direction has a positive velocity. If
the object is slowing down then its acceleration vector is directed in the opposite
direction as its motion (in this case, a negative acceleration). The dot diagram shows
that each consecutive dot is not the same distance apart (i.e., a changing velocity).
The position-time graph shows that the slope is changing (meaning a changing
velocity) and positive (meaning a positive velocity). The velocity-time graph shows a
line with a negative (downward) slope (meaning that there is a negative
acceleration); the line is located in the positive region of the graph (corresponding to
a positive velocity). The acceleration-time graph shows a horizontal line in the
negative region of the graph (meaning a negative acceleration).
Decrease position with velocity and acceleration

Observe that the object above moves in the negative direction with a changing
velocity. An object which moves in the negative direction has a negative
velocity. If the object is speeding up then its acceleration vector is directed in the
same direction as its motion (in this case, a negative acceleration). The dot
diagram shows that each consecutive dot is not the same distance apart (i.e., a
changing velocity). The position-time graph shows that the slope is changing
(meaning a changing velocity) and negative (meaning a negative velocity). The
velocity-time graph shows a line with a negative (downward) slope (meaning
that there is a negative acceleration); the line is located in the negative region of
the graph (corresponding to a negative velocity). The acceleration-time graph
shows a horizontal line in the negative region of the graph (meaning a negative
acceleration).
Decrease position with negative velocity and positive
acceleration

Observe that the object above moves in the negative direction with a changing velocity.
An object which moves in the negative direction has a negative velocity. If the object is
slowing down then its acceleration vector is directed in the opposite direction as its
motion (in this case, a positive acceleration). The dot diagram shows that each
consecutive dot is not the same distance apart (i.e., a changing velocity). The position-
time graph shows that the slope is changing (meaning a changing velocity) and negative
(meaning a negative velocity). The velocity-time graph shows a line with a positive
(upward) slope (meaning that there is a positive acceleration); the line is located in the
negative region of the graph (corresponding to a negative velocity). The acceleration-
time graph shows a horizontal line in the positive region of the graph (meaning a
positive acceleration).
Check Point
Example:
An elevator cab that is initially stationary , then moves
upward, and then stops.
Direction of acceleration and
velocity
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (First Stage)

Velocity and acceleration are in the


same direction
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows
maintain the same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are
getting longer) v f (t ) = vi + at
Positive velocity and positive
acceleration
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (Second Stage)
Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows
maintaining the same size)
Acceleration equals zero
v f (t ) = vi + at
Relationship between Acceleration and
Velocity (Third Stage)

Acceleration and velocity are in


opposite directions
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows
maintain the same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are
getting shorter) v f (t ) = vi + at
Velocity is positive and acceleration is
negative
Kinematic Variables: x, v, a
Position is a function of time: x = x(t )
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
 x dx v dv
v = lim = a = lim =
t→ 0  t dt t →0 t dt

Position Velocity Acceleration


Graphical relationship between x, v, and a
This same plot can apply to an elevator that is initially
stationary, then moves upward, and then stops. Plot v
and a as a function of time.
Special Case: Motion with Uniform
Acceleration (our typical case)
Acceleration is a constant
Kinematic Equations (which we
will derive in a moment)

v = v0 + at
1
x = v t = (v0 + v)t
2
x = v0t + 12 at 2

v = v0 + 2ax
2 2
Derivation of the Equation (1)
Given initial conditions:
◦ a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0

Start with definition of average acceleration:


v v - v0 v - v0 v - v0
aavg = = = = =a
t t - t0 t -0 t
We immediately get the first equation

v = v0 + at
Shows velocity as a function of acceleration and time
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the
displacement
Derivation of the Equation (2)
Given initial conditions:
◦ a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Start with definition of average velocity:

x - x0 x
vavg = =
t t
Since velocity changes at a constant rate, we have
1
x = vavgt = (v0 + v)t
2
Gives displacement as a function of velocity and time
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the
acceleration
Derivation of the Equation (3)
Given initial conditions:
◦ a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0

Start with the two just-derived equations:


1
v = v0 + at x = vavgt = (v0 + v)t
2

We have 1 1 1 2
x = (v0 + v)t = (v0 + v0 + at )t x = x - x0 = v0t + at
2 2 2
Gives displacement as a function of all three quantities: time, initial
velocity and acceleration
Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked to find the final velocity
Derivation of the Equation (4)
Given initial conditions:
◦ a(t) = constant = a, v(t = 0) = v0, x(t = 0) = x0
Rearrange the definition of average acceleration
, to find the time v v - v0 v - v0
aavg = = =a t=
t t a
Use it to eliminate t in the second equation:
, rearrange to get 1 1 v 2 - v0
2
x = (v0 + v)t = (v + v0 )(v - v0 ) =
2 2a 2a

v 2 = v0 + 2ax = v0 + 2a( x - x0 )
2 2

Gives velocity as a function of acceleration and displacement


Use when you don’t know and aren’t asked for the time
Different ways to change V
v v

Car speeds up a

v v

Car slows up
a
Accelerations

In all three cases, v changes.


Therefore these are all examples of accelerations

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