49 Water Utilities

This table shows a list of topics identified as relevant by different stakeholder groups.
They can be considered as stakeholders’ suggestions or requests

for topics to be monitored or disclosed by organizations.
Additional information about the project can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-
Research/Pages/default.aspx
49 – Water Utilities
32 Topics
Companies that purchase and redistribute water to the end-consumer. Includes large-scale water treatment systems.
Topic
Sustainability
Topic Specification Explanation Reference(s)1 Constituency
Category
(if available)
Environmental Energy Water Energy demand in provision of water and wastewater 430, 556 Business
efficiency of treatment and services
operations wastewater
treatment Energy required to be consumed in sourcing and treating
systems water to a quality that meets social demands for
industrial and health applications, and for treating
wastewater to a standard that protects the health of the
community and the environment. Measure can be
reflected as energy demand per unit of water or
wastewater treated.
Social and environmental requirements for high

standards of water and wastewater treatment require
higher energy inputs to achieve this outcome. The issue
is exacerbated as water resources diminish, and quality
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know? May 2013
WATER UTILITIES Page 1 of 24
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
of source water deteriorates.
Increased energy demands for provision of water and

wastewater services impact upon the financial value of
these services, and increase the greenhouse gas
footprint of a utilities.
Energy generation activities consume large volumes of

water, creating a spiraling impact on the cost of provision
of both services. This impact is a strong driver to seek
water efficiency opportunities in energy utilities, and
energy efficiency opportunities in water utilities.
Risks include reduced economic viability of more

sustainable use of water and wastewater resources, such
as water recycling and fit-for-purpose reuse, and nutrient
recovery from wastewater treatment.
Opportunities include the increased viability of

renewable energy technologies, including solar in
isolated locations, hydropower and methane capture for
energy generation.
Relative amount of energy used in water treatment 86, 562 Business
systems and related costs to both the business and its
consumers. Relates to the integration of energy
management strategies in core systems, such as
aeration, pumping and nutrient removal systems as well
as the number and frequency of trainings provided to
operations staff on such strategies.
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Accounting for as much as 55% of facility operating
budgets (see document), energy costs are a major
concern for water-wastewater utilities. A current lack of
expertise in energy efficiency strategies - through
equipment upgrades and monitoring strategies -
contributes to unnecessary costs, energy consumption
and pollutant emissions.
Natural water Water-related Water management over the twentieth century often 35 Mediating
systems impacts infrastructure involved large infrastructure projects such as dams and Institution
river diversions. These projects were used to address
both conditions of water scarcity and water excesses;
namely, the construction of artificial water storage
facilities (dams) or the exploitation of natural systems
(aquifer storage and recharge), allowing water to be
stored for use during periods of scarcity, and controlling
its potentially devastating impacts during floods.
Over time the limitations of the hard infrastructure

approach have become increasingly clear. For example,
in the Netherlands, it was realized that continual
heightening of dykes was ultimately unsustainable. This
has led to a new approach that foregrounds respect for
natural hydrological conditions and acknowledges the
limitations to the benefit of hard infrastructure.
Experience is now showing that substantial alterations in
hydrological conditions, most notably changes in the
natural flood pulse caused by interventions such as inter-
basin transfers, have led to unintended consequences,
sometimes called revenge effects. These include the
deterioration of ecosystems, especially wetlands, which
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
if left unaltered
offer a wide range of ‘benefits that are often essential to
maintaining a basic standard of living in both urban and
rural areas’.
Water-related infrastructure imposes many changes on 434 Mediating
natural water systems. Large dams built for water Institution
storage, recreation, or flood control are intended to alter
the natural hydrologic regime by affecting the size,
distribution, and timing of streamflow. They also trap
sediments and food sources used downstream in deltas,
and affect temperature regimes leading to changes in
ecosystems. Major irrigation systems withdraw water
from rivers or lakes to be used consumptively on fields to
grow food, reducing flows in natural systems. These
physical, chemical, and geomorphological changes affect
the biological productivity and characteristics of aquatic
ecosystems, which in turn affect flora and fauna as well
as economics and politics
Fresh water Management of As the global population grows and demand for food and 428 Civil Society
availability reduction of energy increases, the pressure on freshwater ecosystems Organization
fresh water will intensify. To add to this, the main effects of climate
availability due change are likely to be felt through changes to the
to water hydrological cycle.
collection and
distribution
projects
Water sources - primary and alternative; infrastructure 32, 561 Business
for collecting and distributing water; and risks to water
quality and quantity. Types of risks that exist in relation
to water quality and quantity; processes for monitoring
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
such risks; identification and use of alternative water
sources; potential and actual impacts on human health,
environment and surrounding infrastructure. Risks
include CBR contaminations, infrastructure collapse,
natural disasters, etc. Related to types of water sources
from which water is retrieved and to which it is
redistributed. These include surface water (in river, lake,
wetland), under river flow water (found in hyphoreic
zone), groundwater (from pore space of rocks and soil),
sea water, and frozen water (icebergs). Involves available
quantity of water from such sources. Identification and
use of alternative water sources in case of extreme
weather events; includes interconnections with other
water systems (storm, rain, etc.) in case of need due to
natural disaster, extreme weather conditions,
contaminations, etc. Relates to conservation plan in case
of water shortage.
Focused on the impending global freshwater shortages

due to population growth and environmental changes,
studies show that a diversification of water supply
sources can lessen the environmental impacts of water
collection and distribution projects. The quality and
quantity of available water are sometimes not given
sufficient attention in long-term planning. Integrating
potential quality and quantity issues into planning
processes facilitates protection of the environment and a
utilities abilities to meet the demands of its consumers.
Ultimately, safe drinking water and wastewater
treatment and service are essential to the health and
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
economic vitality of society. CBR threats exist that water
utilities must be prepared to prevent and deal with.
Water resource Measures taken to ensure water availability. 605 Business
management
Water availability includes protecting the natural stock of
water (both ground and surface) against overuse and
pollution, as well as against peaks and troughs in
availability. However, it also includes ensuring availability
within the natural environment to ensure that ecosystem
services are sustained. With increasingly frequent
extremes and observed declines in river flow and run off,
water availability is likely to become a greater challenge
in the future. Buffering water resources against climate
change as well as changes to demand and supply will
require “no regret” investments and long term inclusion
of risk mitigation and adaptation strategies within
investment decisions.
Local, national Describe water management on local, national or 605 Business
and regional regional level.
agreements
Rivers or lakes are sometimes shared among various
different countries. For example, the Nile River Basin is
shared by 9 countries. Of these, Egypt and Sudan
undertake very substantial withdrawals from the river.
This underscores the importance of irrigation for their
agricultural economies. However, these withdrawals are
several times the amount of water generated from
within these two countries, with Egypt being by far the
biggest consumer. All of these countries located at the
Nile River Basin are already in a situation of water stress
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
(i.e. when the demand for water exceeds the available
amounts during a certain period or when poor quality
restricts its use).
Economic and trade policies play a crucial role in
promoting the sustainable use of water resources. The
question that arises is what sort of policies are best
suited to ensuring sustainable outcomes at national,
regional and global levels. There is a tendency towards
protectionist policies that protect national or regional
resources, particularly as water becomes scarcer and
more valuable. Protectionism argues that use of
economic instruments and the market mechanism risks
having water resources diverted to regions that have
more economic prowess, leaving the vulnerable further
marginalized. However, enacting protectionist policies
can also foster a climate of inequality where water poor
regions cannot afford products that have high water
footprints.
Policy-makers have to be cognizant that neither the
market-based nor the exclusive reliance on command-
and-control approaches can be a ‘one-size-fits-all’
approach. After all, what may seem like a beneficial
intervention in one place, may have unintended
consequences in others, given the complexity of the links
between countries and regions. As some theorists
suggest, resource scarcity in one region can have
significant indirect effects on the international
community.
Hence, if countries share one water source, it is
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
important to develop measures for regional water
management in order to ensure that the interests of all
the countries dependent on this one water source have
the ability to use it.
Wastewater Risk Identification and management of risks to wastewater 564, 565 Business
quality management quality in relation to contamination (of the water itself
and environment through which it flows) as well as the
infrastructure used for transportation. Includes the
materials (rigid or flexible) used for sewage systems;
design capacity and expected lifeline; number of
connections (to households, commercial, industrial and
natural discharge locations, including streams, lakes,
etc.); number of necessary upgrades due to leaks and
breakage, as well the frequency of upgrades;
environmental impacts of pipeline construction.
Sewerage systems are complex and require intensive

construction and maintenance. Such construction and
maintenance can lead to environmental and social
threats, such as disruption to the biodiversity,
contamination of groundwater, etc. Additionally,
traditional estimations of wastewater flows from
households and businesses often leads to an inflation of
system design flows by wastewater treatment plants.
Such inflation can and does lead to the following
unintended consequences for onsite treatment systems:
costs to the consumers, ineffective flow equalization and
pressure distribution, and inability to adequately remove
targeted pollutants such as nitrogen.
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Wastewater Adherence to Level of compliance with regulations. Successful 563 Business
reuse regulations on wastewater reuse projects must take into account all
wastewater regulations - those specific to wastewater treatment
reuse plants and utilities to which the wastewater is distributed
- with which they must comply during the planning
process. This includes, but is not limited to, applying for
required permits, such as permits for ground/surface
water withdraw and water quality parameters; following
air emission limits of relevant power plant. Ultimately,
such compliance is evident in the processes employed for
monitoring and ensuring wastewater chemical
compositions and flow rates based on wastewater
availability, composition, and water treatment process
fluctuations.
In some states of the USA, such as Florida, there is

currently a lack of a single regulatory framework for
wastewater reuse at electric utilities. Consequently,
wastewater-electricity projects are often delayed by
necessary compliance with a range of regulations from
different agencies. Those wastewater treatment plants
that distribute water to other utilities must also ensure
that the water quality and delivery flow rates meets the
quality and volume needs of the other utility company on
an annual, seasonal and hourly basis.
Water quality - Type of water Quality of water relates to types of water treatments 32, 191 Business
End product treatment employed, applicability of water to different purposes,
and number of incidents of water contamination.
Treatments vary depending on water source and the
nature of the river basin. For instance, sea water requires
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
desalination (distillation and reverse osmosis) in order to
become fresh water.
Water quality is essential to human and environmental

health. As in the United Kingdom, regulations and
standards exist to monitor and define the values of
chemical, microbial and physical parameters for water.
The following barriers (or process stages) can be applied
in various combinations to facilitate water treatment:
screening and micro-strainers remove find solids (leaves,
plant fragments) through fine steel or plastic mesh;
aeration removes dissolved iron, manganese and volatile
organic compounds by using a cascade or fountain;
chemical coagulation involves a process of agglomerating
micro-organisms into larger particles by adding metal
salts such as aluminum sulphate or ferrible chloride to
precipitate as hydroxide flocs; clarification involves
removal of coagulated particles through sedimentation
(horizontal flow sedimentation or upward flow floc
blanket clarifiers); filtration, a widely used process,
involves water passing through porous beds of graded
sand or another inert material; active carbon adsorption
involves production of activated carbon by controlled
combustion of carbonaceous material such as wood or
coconut shells to produce a black porous material with a
high affinity for organic compounds; disinfection (the
most important objective) involves use of strong
oxidizing chemicals and sometimes ultra-violet light.
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Emissions to air Wastewater Types, relative amounts and frequency of pollutants 544 Business
treatment generated by wastewater treatments. Relates to volume
plants of wastewater treated; infrastructure capacities and
stability.
Wastewater treatment plants tend to generate odor and

can often generate pollutants if the water is not treated
properly and discharged into the environment. Volume,
frequency and levels of concentration of the pollutants
(include odor) depend on infrastructure design and
construction as well as types of treatments employed.
Biosolids Wastewater Relative amount of biosolids produced by wastewater 128, 216 Business
management treatment treatment plants and distributed for other purposes.
processes Biosolids are organic solids derived from sewage
treatment processes that are in a state that can be
managed to sustainably utilise their geotechnical
properties, for instance as a geotechnical fill for
construction.
Wastewater treatment plants produce significant

amounts of biosolids. Traditional options for managing
the waste center primarily around disposal in the form of
incineration, landfilling or production of fertilizer for land
application. Due to environmental concerns and
increasing government regulations, wastewater utilities
are diversifying biosolids management and use.
Pathogen grow Water Measures taken to improve water quality or water utility 35 Mediating
management management infrastructure to avoid the creation of pathogens. Institution
infrastructure
The construction of infrastructure, including dams and
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
irrigation projects, plays an important part in meeting
demands for water. Yet while they contribute to food
and energy and help manage the extremes of water,
water resources infrastructure can also adversely impact
human health. Dams and irrigation projects can, if not
appropriately designed and managed, create breeding
grounds for, for example, black flies that spread
onchocerciasis and mosquitoes that spread malaria,
lymphatic filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. These
projects may also create habitats that encourage growth
of the host snail of schistosomes.
Untreated Measures aiming at reducing untreated wastewater 78 Mediating
wastewater discharge. Institution
discharge
Illegal and unreported releases of untreated wastewater
continue to be an issue all over the world. For example,
up to 90% of wastewater in developing countries flows
untreated into rivers, lakes and highly productive coastal
zones, threatening health, food security and access to
safe drinking and bathing water.
Water Endocrine Leading companies also partner with technology 460 Financial
pollutants' disruptors providers to investigate treatment of emerging water Markets &
treatment pollutants such as endocrine disruptors. Information
Users
Recycled Post wastewater Relates to treatments applied to wastewater and use of 563 Business
wastewater treatment ultimate output (recycled water). Multiple types of
quality wastewater treatments can be adapted to different uses,
such as in local refineries and power generation
companies. For instance, recycled/ reclaimed water can
be distributed to local electric utilities for use in their
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
production systems, i.e. power generation cooling
systems or discharged to streams to promote
environmental flows. Different 'types' of water exist
based on treatment: tertiary water refers to water that is
filtered and disinfected for industrial and irrigation use;
nitrified water is nitrified tertiary water for cooling
towers; softened RO water is secondary water with
either lime clarification or MF plus RO for groundwater
recharge; etc.
Recycled water is integral to social and environmental

security. Impending regional freshwater shortages due to
population growth parallels increasing demands in
related industries. Single treatment of wastewater limits
potential use ability of wastewater for multiple purposes.
Relative amount of recycled wastewater and discharge 563 Business
locations.
Recycled water is integral to social and environmental

security. Impending regional freshwater shortages due to
population growth parallels increasing demands in
related industries. Single treatment of wastewater limits
potential use ability of wastewater for multiple purposes.
Sewage and Best practices involve the application of innovative 460 Financial
sludge sewage and sludge treatment technologies in Markets &
treatment combination with biogas production. Information
technologies Users
Social Water use rights Local The role of business in the context of water has been 252 Mediating
communities' controversial. The relationship a company has with water Institution
water use rights is complex, and can be divided in three different
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
categories: · Companies as service-providers (e.g. water
utilities). · Companies as users of water (This applies to
almost all industries, however businesses producing
water-based products or who use water intensively, such
as silicon chip manufacturers, oil industry, beverage
companies, or food- and feed processing industries, will
face greater public scrutiny) · Companies as enablers of
access to water (e.g. manufacturers of water and
wastewater treatment equipment)
Water is essential for survival, to maintain life, to remain

healthy, to produce food, and to clean the surroundings
in which human beings live. If the right to gain access to
water is not realised or if impediments to the realisation
of that right are in place, there are implications for other
rights, such as the right to an adequate standard of
living, and the right to be free from discrimination. Water
also plays an important role in many cultures and faiths
therefore reduced access to water could also violate
specific cultural rights. In addition it may have
implications on a range of civil and political rights. The
human rights implications of water related concerns
therefore go beyond the immediate issue of access to
water.
Access to fresh Water demand To find out how much water is needed in the area 377 Mediating
water and water serviced by the water management facility, a water Institution
treatment assessment and water generation data collection should
increase due to be conducted, which includes collecting data about the
population rate of population growth/decline in the area serviced by
growth the facility.
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Population growth and increasing urbanization raises

questions for government planners about the availability
of water resources to support such developments and
the wastewater impacts they generate. Uncertainty
about future pressures on the resource affects water
management, but uncertain water availability may itself
pose a risk to economic activity and urban development.
Access to water Local Measures taken to make water easily accessible to 118 Mediating
community everyone, as not every region has access to water. Institution
consumers
For example, modern African societies have not
sufficiently developed the adaptive capacities they need
to guarantee basic households for water and other vital
services. Often, water is carried long distances, a burden
borne mainly by women and children. In urban and peri-
urban areas, water is often only available from vendors
at an unfair price and the quality is often poor.
Furthermore, the coverage of drinking water supply in
sub-Saharan Africa is barely 60%; the world average is
about 87%. Of the 884 million people in the world still
using unimproved drinking water sources, 37% live in this
region. Provision of improved water sources in urban
areas remained at 83% between 1990 and 2008. In rural
areas, it was at only 47% in 2008, although this
represented an 11% increase on 1990 figures, or 110
million more people gaining access to improved water
supplies.
Water pricing Privatized water service concession can limit the local 66 Mediating
issues community’s access to water through overpricing Institution
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Drinking-water Microbial and Ensure drinking-water safety includes microbial and 588 Mediating
safety chemical chemical hazards Institution
hazards
Access to safe-drinking water is essential to health, a
basic human right.
Corruption Water allocation Measures taken to avoid corruption with regard to water 516 Mediating
allocation. Institution
A formidable problem in many water institutions is
corruption. In too many cases corrupt behaviour has
become the norm and ironically, corruption can
constitute an institution in its own right. Corruption not
only undercuts development and raises the stakes
regarding risks and uncertainties of water availability and
allocation, it also undermines critical foundations of
trust, the rule of law, fairness, and efficiency of water
institutions. Well-functioning institutions have developed
systems of accountability. Considering the frequency of
corruption in water, formal systems of accountability are
often deterred and replaced by discretionary decision-
making, characterized by exclusiveness and limited
transparency. This renders water institutions less
effective and less prone to adapt to new challenges as
the status quo is preferred to protect vested interests.
Water Experts concur that the water crisis is a crisis of water 508 Civil Society
management governance. Corruption is certainly not its only cause, Organization
but it is a major factor and a catalyst in this crisis.
Corruption pervades all aspects of the water sector, it
inflates costs for drinking water, how it is detrimental for
irrigation or large dams and it abets large-scale water
pollution. Corruption creeps into water management in
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
many industrialised countries and makes the global
adaptation to climate change even more difficult.
Local New plant Utilities are highly dependent on a number of 479 Business
community instalment stakeholders to conduct their business, including:
engagement Local communities: Not In My Back-Yard attitude is quite
strong when it comes to building power plants, waster or
water treatment facilities, or transmission lines. Our
Head of Utilities referred to this as the ‘banana issue’,
Build Absolutely Nothing Near Anything, which is faced
by the sector.
Other Business Climate change Global concern over water supplies is increasing, and the 479 Business
strategy affecting utility sector will be directly affected by this issue due to
business - Fresh the large volumes of fresh water used in power
water generation. A physical shortage of water (for nuclear and
availability thermal plants) and/or a temporary limit on water usage
by local governments (for hydro facilities) can result in
drastically reduced outputs, potentially requiring utilities
to purchase replacement power from the market to
meet supply commitments. As a direct result of the
reduced power supply, power prices will spike at these
times, compounding the problem for those affected.
Nuclear power plants with recirculating water cooling
(evaporation cooling towers) consume up to 35% more
water than standard coal plants. Poor hydrological
conditions in a given year can have a significant financial
impact. Going forward, we see this issue growing in
importance, as water scarcity gains attention in the
public eye and climate change continues to exert its
effect on water supplies.
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Economic and Water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, aging 460 Financial
environmental distribution and collection networks in developed Markets &
risks affecting markets, as well as increased consumption and rapid Information
business infrastructure expansion in emerging markets represent Users
some of the key challenges for water utilities. Tightening
regulations, political risks and adequate cost recovery are
yet other concerns. Leading companies perform active
resource management, reduce water losses in
distribution, and foster demandside efficiency.
Fostering water Water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, aging 460 Financial
demandside distribution and collection networks in developed Markets &
efficiency markets, as well as increased consumption and rapid Information
infrastructure expansion in emerging markets represent Users
Corporate Executive Board Executive board compensation and ROE chosen as 521 Business
governance compensation pricing factor. High profile securities fraud fines (USD
0.6bn, Goldman Sachs vs. SEC), record ESG related
provisions (USD 20bn, BP oil spill) and questionable
compensation schemes (18.7% of US TARP used for
bonus payments) may suggest need for a general
corporate governance review.
Gender GOVERNANCE / EUROPE: boardroom lady boom: is it 389 Financial
participation on possible without quotas? Markets &
governance On 22 June, the CapitalCom agency published its 2011 Information
bodies survey into the boardroom gender mix of CAC 40 Users
companies, with fairly encouraging results: the
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
proportion of women on the board has doubled in recent
years, from 10.5% in 2009 to 20.8% in 2011.
In January, the French parliament adopted legislation

imposing quotas for the proportion of women on the
board of major companies. Under the measures, the
development of female board membership is mandatory
and gradual: 20% for listed groups, public companies of
an administrative, industrial and commercial nature by
January 2014, rising to 40% by January 2017. The law
also stipulates that companies with no women present
on their board must appoint at least one within six
months of it being on the statute books (voted on 13
January 2011). In France, some 2,000 companies are
affected (the 650 largest listed firms and companies with
more than 500 employees and those generating sales in
excess of €50bn). In terms of sanctions for
noncompliance, appointments that run counter to the
parity principles are to be declared null and void and
attendance fees are to be temporarily suspended.
At the European level and at the instigation of the Vice-

president of the European Commission, Viviane Reding,
the European parliament will decide in March 2012 on
whether to adopt common legislation on this matter (a
mandatory proportion of women in decision-making
positions of 30% in 2015 and 40% in 2020). This will
depend on the level of improvement seen based on the
selfregulation of European companies, in accordance
with the equality initiative adopted by the European
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
Commission in December 2010 and the European
parliament resolution of 17 January 2008 calling for the
Commission and member states to promote a balance
between women and men on company boards,
particularly where member states are shareholders.
Europe as a whole illustrates the degree of hesitation

between a soft-law approach and conventional
legislation (quotas in this instance), but it is clear from
the experience at national level that the second method
tends to get much better results.
Rainwater Measures taken to harvest rainwater. 451 Business
harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of
rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses
include water for garden, water for livestock, water for
irrigation, etc. The harvested water can also be used for
drinking water if the storage is a tank that can be
accessed and cleaned when needed.
Water is a resource essential to life, becoming rarer in

the face of population growth, urbanization and
changing climate. Using rainwater is therefore important,
as it can be cleaned and used as drinking water or for the
toilet, washing machine or agriculture.
Stakeholder Regulators and Utilities are highly dependent on a number of 479 Business
relations to employees stakeholders to conduct their business, including:
conduct Regulators: are key stakeholders when it comes to
business installation permits and the setting of tariffs.
Employees: on average, 35% to 45% of the workforce will
Topic
Sustainability
Category
(if available)
reach retirement age within the next five years.
Companies such as RWE AG have set up plans to address
this challenge.
Water The liberalization trend increases competition and 460 Financial
management rewards integrated, cost-efficient and customer- Markets &
oriented water management strategies. The recent Information
recognition of access to water and sanitation as a human Users
right underscores the importance of stakeholder
engagement. As pricing strategies come under increased
scrutiny, companies opt for increasingly innovative tariff
structures
Water losses Water Water scarcity, deteriorating water quality, aging 460 Financial
distribution distribution and collection networks in developed Markets &
markets, as well as increased consumption and rapid Information
infrastructure expansion in emerging markets represent Users
1
All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx
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This table shows a list of topics identified as relevant by different stakeholder groups.

They can be considered as stakeholders’ suggestions or requests

Social and environmental requirements for high

Increased energy demands for provision of water and

Energy generation activities consume large volumes of

Risks include reduced economic viability of more

Opportunities include the increased viability of

Over time the limitations of the hard infrastructure

Focused on the impending global freshwater shortages

Hence, if countries share one water source, it is

Sewerage systems are complex and require intensive

In some states of the USA, such as Florida, there is

Water quality is essential to human and environmental

Wastewater treatment plants tend to generate odor and

Wastewater treatment plants produce significant

Recycled water is integral to social and environmental

Recycled water is integral to social and environmental

Water is essential for survival, to maintain life, to remain

Population growth and increasing urbanization raises

In January, the French parliament adopted legislation

At the European level and at the instigation of the Vice-

Europe as a whole illustrates the degree of hesitation

Water is a resource essential to life, becoming rarer in

All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx

Water Services Association of Australia, 2000-2003. Materials Fact Sheets. [Online]

° Resource available on request and/or for a fee.

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