Niculita
Niculita
Niculita
ISTROS
XXII
PROCEEDINGS
TH
OF THE 15 INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM
OF FUNERARY ARCHAEOLOGY
BRĂILA
20 -22nd May 2016
th
PROCEEDINGS
TH
OF THE 15 INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM
OF FUNERARY ARCHAEOLOGY
Organizing Committee:
Prof. dr. Valeriu SÎRBU, president
President - 30th Commission of UISPPP and ASFA
Prof. univ. dr. Ionel CÂNDEA, vice-president
Manager, Brăila Museum ”Carol I”
Dr. Stănică PANDREA, secretary
BRĂILA, 2016
SUMAR / CONTENTS
(Meljukova 1974, 82-85; Chetraru, Serova 1982, 117, ris. 3/2; Sinika,
Razumov, Tel’nov 2013, 35-39, ris. 15), Dubăsari (fig. 6) (Chetraru,
Serova 1990, 120-130, ris. 1-3; Chetraru et alii 2014, 93-978, ris. 78-79)
etc. Acestea aveau forma rectangulară, cu dimensiuni ce variau între
2,50×1,10 şi 3,6-3,8×3,00m, fiind adâncite în stratul steril până la 1,5-
3,0m şi erau amenajate cu acoperiş din lemn. În aceste camere a fost
descoperit un bogat şi variat inventar, constituit din arme (vârfuri de
săgeţi din bronz, vârfuri de suliţe din fier), podoabe (cercei din aur,
oglinzi din bronz), vase de import (amfore greceşti, ceramică de lux cu
firnis negru) etc.
Înmormântări prin inhumaţie în camere funerare rectangulare cu
dimensiunile ce variază între 2,10×1,00m şi 3,00×1,80m şi adâncimea de
la 0,70 la 1,30m, acoperite cu construcţii de lemn unse cu lut sunt
cunoscute şi la necropolele plane, cum ar fi cea de la Dănceni (fig. 7)
(Lapušnjan 1979, 57-58, ris. 14/6). Pe bucăţile de lut ars, descoperite în
gropile sepulcrale, s-au păstrat amprentele scândurilor utilizate în
construcţie. În unele cazuri se evidenţiază gropile de la pilonii/stâlpii de
suport ai acoperişului. Camerele funerare, în majoritatea cazurilor, au fost
devastate şi numai rareori se întâlneşte inventar: vârfuri de săgeţi din
bronz, vârfuri de lance din fier şi ceramică.
Înmormântări în camere funerare au fost descoperite şi în
necropolele plane, în care defuncţii erau incineraţi. Se evidenţiază gropile
sepulcrale de proporţii de la necropola Selişte (mormintele 11, 31 şi 68)
(Lapušnjan 1972, 101, ris. 5; Lapušnjan 1979, 42-44) şi Pârjolteni
(Lapušnjan 1979, 55, ris. 15). La necropola Selişte s-a descoperit o
înmormântare (mormântul 11) a cărei cameră funerară, de formă
rectangulară, era orientată N-S şi avea dimensiunile de 1,70×1,70m şi
adâncimea de 1,20m (fig. 8). Pereţii camerei erau arşi, urmele arsurii fiind
sesizate pe o grosime de circa 15-25cm. Pe întreaga suprafaţă a camerei s-
au întâlnit fragmente de oase arse, la care se adaugă două urne cu oase
calcinate. Apoi, după o anumită vreme, groapa a fost redeschisă pentru a
introduce o nouă urnă cu oase calcinate, după ce groapa a fost din nou
purificată/arsă, despre care mărturisesc vasele cu urme de ardere
repetată/dublă din înmormântările anterioare (Lapušnjan 1972, 88-99).
Inventarul funerar e constituit din diverse tipuri de vase, vârfuri de lance,
zăbale etc. În unele înmormântări camera mortuară atingea mărimea de la
3,20×2,00m (mormântul 68 – fig. 9) până la 4,00×2,50m (mormântul 31 –
fig. 10) şi adâncimea de la 0,60m până la 1,20m. Camerele funerare erau
Construcţiile şi ritualul funerar din spaţiul de la est de Prut în sec. VI-III a.Chr. 185
Keywords: area east of the Prut River, the 6th - 3rd centuries BC, funeral
constructions, funeral ritual, social differentiation.
Abstract: As a result of archaeological research undertaken at several
cemeteries of the 6th - 3rd centuries BC in the area east of the Prut there were
found several funeral constructions, which are of interest because of their mode
of arrangement. They were built both within the burial mounds and within the
ground burials. And the sumptuous burial chambers were used both for
inhumations and cremations. The grave goods are diverse and vary from one
burial to another, being rather symbolic. Thus, following the analysis of burials
of the 6th - 3rd centuries BC in the area east of the Prut it can be considered that
the way of building of the sepulchral pits, the system of arrangement of the
burial chambers, and the categories of grave goods indicate the level and in
some cases the nature of the function performed by the deceased, but not his
social status.
After the studying the funerary finds currently known in the area
east of the Prut River (fig. 1), a variety of burials types have been
established: in tumuli or without mounds, in complex funeral
constructions or in simple pits, in urns or without urns, by incineration or
by inhumation, accompanied by rich or poor grave goods, etc. These and
other features of the funeral rite and ritual are broadly discussed,
interpreted and commented in scholarly publications (Niculiţă 1973, p.
24-44; Lapušnjan 1979, p. 37-60; Arnăut 2003, p. 45-64; Iarmulschi
2014, p. 3-31; etc.).
An analysis of available archaeological materials, although
relatively modest but quite significant, reveals the use of a wide variety of
190 Ion Niculiţă, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail Băţ
there was a layer of sterile soil of 2-4m wide and 1.2m thick, which was
reinforced with pieces of stone and granite slabs, some of which had up to
1m in length. The walls of the burial chamber were lined with a layer of
stone blend with the sterile ground, of 0.25-0.30m thick. The floor was
covered with wooden beams placed lengthwise. Inside the burial chamber
there were two wooden structures.
The first was built out of beams split in half and dug into the
ground side by side, with the flat surface inside, on the palisade principle.
Stakes were deepened into sterile soil up to 0.75-0.90m. The burial
chamber (fig. 3/1) oriented NW-SE had a length of 7m and width of 5.9m.
The clearance between the camera and the pit walls represent an aisle of
2m width on the NE side and 1.0-1.1m on other sides (Manzura 1982, p.
125).
In the NE aisle, there were three horse skeletons: two of them with
their skulls oriented westward and the third – eastward (fig. 3/1). Among
them, there were the remains of a human skeleton without a skull, a skull
of a dog, and several rectangular plates from iron armour. Around the
horse skeleton, there were deposited 30 silver tubes, probably, from horse
harness. Grave goods accompanied one human skeleton included a
fragment of an iron fibula, an iron bar, and a round perforated piece of
silver (fig. 3/2-20). In the eastern part of the aisle, there was an oval red
spot of 0.2×1.3m in size left from the burning; in this area, two bronze
three-bladed arrowheads were found among other objects. Inside the
chamber built on the palisade principle, there was another rectangular
structure of logs in a shape of a log cabin measured 4.0×3.5m and
oriented NW-SE. This structure was reinforced with eight pillars – four in
each corner and one at the middle of each wall. The diameter of the pillars
varied between 0.5 and 0.7m; they were set into the sterile layer up to
0.9m. At the center of the structure, there was one more pillar deepen into
the ground up to 1m. The floor was covered with reed mats, whose
imprints were clearly noticed all over it. The burial was completely
disturbed, with human bones scattered throughout the burial chamber; out
of grave goods preserved only one bronze arrowhead (Manzura 1982, p.
126-128).
Similar burial chambers were discovered in the tumuli cemeteries
of Balabanu (fig. 4) (Čebotarenko 1973, p. 114-121), Butor (fig. 5)
(Meljukova 1974, p. 82-85; Chetraru, Serova 1982, p. 117, ris. 3/2;
Sinika, Razumov, Tel’nov 2013, p. 35-39, ris. 15), Dubăsari (fig. 6)
192 Ion Niculiţă, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail Băţ
(Chetraru, Serova 1990, p. 120-130, ris. 1-3; Chetraru et alii 2014, p. 93-
97, ris. 78-79), and others. They had a rectangular shape with dimensions
ranged from 2.50×1.10m and 3.6-3.8 - l-3.0m, being deepened into the
sterile layer up to 1.5-3.0m, and were covered with wooden roof. These
chambers contained rich and various grave goods, including weapons
(bronze arrowheads, iron spearheads), personal adornments and
accessories (golden earrings, bronze mirrors), imported vessels (Greek
amphorae, fine black-glazed ware), etc.
Inhumation burials in rectangular burial chambers measured
2.10×1.00 and 3.00×1.80m, with depth of 0.70-1.30m, and covered with
wooden structures secured with clay are known in flat cemeteries, such
the Dănceni cemetery (fig. 7) (Lapušnjan 1979, p. 57-58, ris. 14/6). Pieces
of clay found in the burial pits bear imprints of the boards used in
construction. In some cases, there are pits from pillars supported the roof.
The burial chambers in most cases were robbed, and grave goods, such as
bronze arrowheads, iron spearheads, and pottery were found only in some
of them.
Complex burial structures were also discovered in the flat
cemeteries, where the deceased were cremated. It was a case in the
necropolises of Selişte – graves nos. 11, 31 and 68) (Lapušnjan 1972, p.
91-97, ris. 5; Lapušnjan 1979, p. 42-44) and Pârjolteni (Lapušnjan 1979,
p. 55, ris. 15). A rectangular burial chamber (grave no. 11) was excavated
at the necropolis of Selişte; it measured 1.70×1.70m, was 1.20m deep,
and oriented N-S (fig. 8). The chamber walls bore the traces of fire that
left a burnt layer of about 15-25cm thick. It seems that for a while, burnt
bone fragments were scattered on the entire surface of the chamber and
there were two urns with calcined bones. After some period of time, the
grave was reopened to deposit a new urn with calcined bones; then, the pit
again was purified with fire, as could be suggested on evidence by vessels
with traces of repeated burning from previous burials (Lapušnjan 1972, p.
98-99). In some cases the size of a burial chamber reached from
3.20×2.00m (grave no. 68 – fig. 9) to 4.00×2.50m (grave no. 31 – fig. 10)
with a depth from 0.60m to 1.20m. The chambers were covered with
planks and twigs mixed with clay. The roof was rested on four or more
pillars, the pits from which were found in the corners and on the perimeter
of walls (Lapušnjan 1979, p. 43). Some chambers held from 3 to 5
burials. Among others, the grave goods include various types of vessels,
spearheads, and horse bits.
Funeral constructions and the ritual in east of the Prut River, 6th - 3rd c.BC 193
Bibliografie / Bibliography
Fig. 7. Mormântul nr. 129 de la Dănceni (după Lapušnjan 1979, ris. 14/6) / Burial no.
129 from Dănceni (after Lapušnjan 1979, ris. 14/6).
Fig. 9. Mormântul nr. 68 de la Selişte (după Lapušnjan 1979, ris. 12) / Burial no. 68
from Selişte (after Lapušnjan 1979, ris. 12).
Fig. 10. Mormântul nr. 31 de la Selişte. 1 - Planul şi profilul camerei funerare (legenda:
a - nivel actual de călcare; b - cernoziom; c - sol ars; d - strat steril; e - lut; f - piatră; g -
oase calcinate; h - strat ars; i - ceramică); 2 - vârf de lance din fier; 3 - zăbală din fier; 4,
5 - ceramică (după Lapušnjan 1973, ris. 5-6) / Burial no. 31 from Selişte. 1 - Plan and
profile of the burial chamber (legend: a - ground surface; b - chernozem; c - burnt
ground; d - natural ground layer; e - loam; f - stones; g - calcined bones; h - burnt
coating; i - pottery); 2 - iron spearhead; 3 - iron bit; 4, 5 - pottery (after Lapušnjan 1973,
ris. 5-6).
204 Ion Niculiţă, Aurel Zanoci, Mihail Băţ