X – Chemistry

Chapter – Chemical Equation and reactions

Questions
1. Why should a Magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Sol. Magnesium is a very reactive metal. When stored in open it reacts with Oxygen to form a layer Magnesium
oxide on its surface. This layer of Magnesium oxide is quite stable and prevents further reaction of
Magnesium with Oxygen. Magnesium ribbon is cleaned sand paper to remove this layer so that the underlying
metal can be exposed into air for burning.

2. Write the balanced equation for using following chemical reactions.

(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine  Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water  Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Sol. (i) H2(g) +Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)
(ii) 3BaCl2(s)  Al2 (SO4 )3(s) 
3BaSO4(s)  2AlCl3(s)
(iii) 2Na (s)  2H2O(l) 
 2NaOH(aq)  H2(g)

3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
(i) Solutions of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble Barium sulphate and the
solution of Sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with Hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodium
chloride solution and water.
Sol. (i) BaCl2  Na 2SO4  BaSO4  2NaCl
(ii) NaOH  HCl  NaCl  H2O

Questions
1. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
Sol. (i) The substance ‘X’ is Calcium oxide. Its chemical formula is CaO .
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to form Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime).
CaO (s)  H2O(l) 
 Ca(OH) 2(aq)
Calciumoxide(Quicklime) Water Calcium hydroxide(slakedlime)

2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double of the amount collected in
the other? Name this gas.
Sol. Water (H2O) contains two parts Hydrogen and one part Oxygen. Therefore, the amount of Hydrogen and
Oxygen produced during electrolysis of water is in 2 : 1 ratio. During electrolysis, since Hydrogen goes to one
test tube and Oxygen goes to another, the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes is double of the
amount collected in the other.

Questions
1. Why does the colour of Copper sulphate solution change when an Iron nail is dipped in it?
Sol. When an Iron nail is dipped in Copper sulphate solution, Iron displaces Copper from the Copper sulphate
because Iron is more reactive than Copper. Therefore colour of Copper sulphate solution changes. The
reaction is:
Fe+CuSO 4 
 FeSO 4  Cu

2. Given an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10?
Sol. Sodium carbonate reacts with Calcium chloride to form Calcium carbonate and Sodium chloride.
Na 2CO3(aq)  CaCl2(aq) 
 CaCO3(s)  2NaCl(aq)
Sodiumcarbonate Calciumchloride Calciumcarbonate Sodium chloride

3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following reactions.
 (i) 4Na (s) +O2(g) 
 2Na 2O(s)
(ii) CuO( s )  H2(g) 
 Cu (s)  H2O(l)
Sol. (i) Sodium (Na) is oxidised as it gains Oxygen and oxygen gets reduced.
(ii) Copper oxide (CuO) is reduced to (Cu) while Hydrogen (H 2 ) gets oxidised to water (H 2 O)

Exercise
1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO(s)  C(s) 
 2Pb(s)  CO2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c) (iii) (a), (b) and (c) (iv) All
Sol. (i) (a) and (b)
Explanation: (a) because Oxygen is being removed from Lead Oxide and (b) because the removed Oxygen
from Lead is added to elemental Carbon.

2. Fe 2O3  2Al 
 Al2O3  2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a:
(a) combination reaction.
(b) double displacement reaction.
(c) decomposition reaction.
(d) displacement reaction.
Sol. The given reaction is an example of a displacement reaction.

3. What happens when dilute Hydrochloric acid is added to Iron filings? Tick the correct answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and Iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
Sol. (a) Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced. The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
 FeCl2(aq) +H2(g) 

4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?

Sol. A balanced chemical equation is the one in which number of different atoms on both the sides of chemical
equation that is on the reactant side and the product side of the equal are equal. A chemical equation needs to
be balanced so that it obeys Law of Conservation of Mass. Balancing of chemical equation has no defined
method and is purely a trial and error attempt.

5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with Nitrogen to form Ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and Sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with Aluminium sulphate to give Aluminium chloride and a precipitate of Barium
sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give Potassium hydroxide and Hydrogen gas.
Sol. (a) 3H 2(g)  N 2(g)  2NH 3(g)
(b) 2H 2S(g) +3O 2(g)  2H 2 O(l)  2SO 2(g)
(c) 3BaCl2(aq)  Al2 (SO4 )3(aq)  2AlCl3(aq)  3BaSO4(s)
(d) 2K (s)  2H 2O(l)  2KOH (aq)  H 2(s)

6. Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH) 2   Ca(NO3 ) 2 + H 2O
(b) NaOH + H 2SO 4 
 Na 2SO 4  H 2O
 (c) NaCl + AgNO3 
 AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H 2SO 4 
 BaSO 4 + HCl
Sol. (a) 2HNO3  Ca(OH)2  Ca(NO3 )2  2H2O
(b) 2NaOH  H2SO4  Na 2SO4  2H2O
(c) NaCl  AgNO3  AgCl  NaNO3
(d) BaCl2  H2SO4  BaSO4 +2HCl

7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.

(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide  Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate  Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride  Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate  Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
Sol. (a) Ca(OH) 2 +CO 2   CaCO3 + H 2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 
 Zn(NO3 ) 2  2Ag
(c) 2Al  3CuCl2 
 2AlCl3  3Cu
(d) BaCl2  K 2SO 4   BaSO 4  2KCl
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq)  Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium bromide (s)
(b) Zinc carbonate (s)  Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)
(c) Hydrogen (g) + Chlorine (g)  Hydrogen chloride (g)
(d) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq)  Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen (g)
Sol. (a) 2KBr(aq)  BaI2(aq) 
 2KI(aq)  BaBr2(s) ; Double displacement reaction
(b) ZnCO3(s) 
 ZnO(s)  CO2(g) ; Decomposition reaction
(c) H2(g)  Cl2(g) 
 2HCl(g) ; Combination reaction
(d) Mg(s)  2HCl(aq) 
 MgCl2(aq)  H2(g) ; Displacement reaction
9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.
Sol. Chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound are called exothermic reactions.
1
Na (s) + Cl2(s) 
 NaCl(s)  411kJ
2

Example: Mixture of Sodium and Chlorine to yield table salt. In other words, combination reactions are
exothermic.
Reactions that absorb energy or require energy in order to proceed are called endothermic reactions.
6CO 2(g) + 6H 2O( l ) 
Sunlight
 C6 H12O6(aq) +6O 2(g)
Glucose
For example: In the process of photosynthesis, plants use energy from Sun to convert Carbon dioxide and
Water to Glucose and Oxygen.
10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.
Sol. Energy is required to support life. Energy in our body is obtained from the food we eat. During digestion,
large molecules of food are broken down into simpler substances such as Glucose. Glucose combines with
Oxygen in cells and provides energy. The special name of this combustion reaction is respiration.
Since energy is released in the whole process, it is an exothermic process.
C6H12O6(aq)  6O2(g) 
 6CO2(g)  6H 2O(l)  Energy
Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions?
Write equations for these reactions.
Sol. Decomposition reactions are those in which a compound breaks down to form two or more substances. These
reactions required a source of energy to proceed. Thus, they are the exact opposite of combination reactions in
which two or more substances combine to give a new substance with the release of energy.
 Decomposition reaction:
AB  Energy 
A  B
2H2O(l )  
Electrolysis
 2H2(g)  O2(g)
Combination reaction: A  B 
 AB  Energy
2H2(g)  O2(g) 
 2H2O(l )  Energy

12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light or
electricity.
Sol. (a) Thermal decomposition

2FeSO4(s)   Fe2O3(s)  SO2(g)  SO3(g)
Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide
(b) Decomposition by light:
2AgCl(s) 
Light
 2Ag (s)  Cl2(g)
Silver chloride Silver Chlorine

(c) Decomposition by electricity:

2Al2O3(aq) 
Electricity
 4Al(s)  3O2(g)
Aluminiumoxide Aluminium Oxygen

13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write equations for these
reactions.
Sol.
Displacement Reaction Double Displacement Reaction
In a displacement reaction, a more reactive In a double displacement reaction, there is an exchange of ions
element displaces a less reactive between the solutions of two ionic compounds, to form
element from its salt solution. two new compounds.
Example: Example
Zn  s  CuSO4 aq.  ZnSO4 aq.  Cu  s BaCl2 (aq.)  Na2 SO4 (aq.)  BaSO4 ( s)  2 NaCl (aq.)
Here, Zn being more reactive displaces Cu In this reaction, BaCl2 and Na2SO4 exchange their ions to
from its salt solution. form two new compounds.

14. In the refining of Silver, the recovery of Silver from Silver nitrate solution involves displacement by Copper
metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Sol. Cu s  2AgNO3 aq.  Cu NO3  2 aq.  2Ag s

Copper Silver nitrate Copper (II) nitrate Silver

15. What do you mean by precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

Sol. The reaction which involves formation of an insoluble solid (a precipitate) as one of the products is called as
precipitation reaction.
Example: Pb(NO3 )2 (aq)  2KI(aq)  PbI2  2KNO3 (aq)
Yellow ppt.
Ca(OH)2  CO2 
 CaCO3  H2O
White ppt.

16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of Oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction
Sol. (a) Oxidation: It is defined as the process in which a substance gains Oxygen.
For Example: (i) 2Mg(s)  O2 (g)  2MgO(s)
Here, Mg has gained oxygen to form MgO hence, Mg is oxidized.
(ii) CuO  s  H2  g 
Cu  s  H2O  g
Here, H2 has gained oxygen to form H2O hence, Hydrogen is oxidized.

(b) Reduction: It is defined as the process in which a substance loses oxygen.

For Example: (i) ZnO  C(s)  Zn(s)  CO(g)
 Here, ZnO has lost Oxygen to form Zn, hence ZnO is reduced.
(ii) CuO  s  H2  g 
Cu  s  H2O  g
Here, CuO has lost oxygen to form Cu hence CuO is reduced.

17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour. Name the element ‘X’
and the black coloured compound formed.
Sol. Element ‘X’ is Copper and black compound formed on heating in air is Copper (II) Oxide [CuO].

18. Why do we apply paint on Iron articles?

Sol. We apply paint on Iron articles to prevent rusting. By the application of paint, air and moisture cannot come in
direct contact with Iron articles which prevents rusting.

19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with Nitrogen. Why?
Sol. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen to prevent rancidity, which is the oxidation of oil
or fat present in food. Nitrogen being an unreactive gas, does not react with food & also prevents the contact
of food with air/ oxygen. In this way food remains fresh for much longer time.

20. Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion (b) Rancidity
Sol. (a) Corrosion:Corrosion is defined as a process where materials, usually metals, deteriorate as a result of a
chemical reaction with air, moisture, chemicals, etc.
For example, Iron, in the presence of moisture, reacts with Oxygen to form hydrated Iron oxide.
4Fe  3O 2  nH 2 O 
 2Fe2 O3 .nH 2 O
Hydrated Iron oxide
This hydrated iron oxide is rust.
(b) Rancidity:The process of oxidiation of fats and oils that can be easily noticed by the change in taste and
smell is known as rancidity.
For example, the taste and smell of butter changes when kept for long. Rancidity can be avoided by:
(1) Storing food in air tight containers
(2) Storing food in refrigerators
(3) Adding antioxidants
(d) Storing food in an environment of Nitrogen