DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof,
food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in
caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the
times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of
those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated
condition houses.

Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every human has desire
to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third life times in the
houses. The security civic sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons which are
responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning houses.

Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily new
techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work,
planning and layout, etc, of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing
works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know
his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw
the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc, as for the requirements.

A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multi-storey, multi-panelled frame
is a complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of R.C building of G+3 storey frame
work is taken up. The building in plan (20*12) consists of columns built monolithically
forming a network. The size of building is 20x12m. The number of columns are 28. it is
commercial complex(hostel).

The design is made using software on structural analysis design (staad-pro). The building
subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead
load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc and live loads. The horizontal
load consists of the seismic forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load as per IS
875. The building is designed as two dimensional vertical frame and analyzed for the maximum
and minimum bending moments and shear forces by trial and error methods as per IS456-2000.
The help is taken by software available in institute and the computations of loads,moments and
shear forces and obtained from this software.

1.1 Early modern and the industrial age:

With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology,
architecture engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics
and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design.

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Meanwhile, the industrial revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption.
Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamental products, once within the
province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current
architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and
architectural journals.
1.1.1 Modern architecture:

The Bauhaus Dessau architecture department from 1925 by Walter Gropius.

th
The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the 20 century gave rise to many
new lines of thought that served as precursors to modern architecture. Notable among these is
detachers’ deskbound, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise
of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus
school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set
throughout history viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of
art, craft and technology.

When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde moment with moral,
philosophical, and aesthetic underpinning. Immediately after world war I, pioneering modernist
architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and
economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected
the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly
declining aristocratic order.

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1.2 Statement of project

Salient features:

Utility of building : Commercial complex

No of stories : G+3

Shape of the building : Rectangular

No of staircases : 3

No. of rooms: 7

No of lifts : 0

Type of construction : R.C.C framed structure

Types of walls : brick wall

Geometric details:

Ground floor : 3m

Floor to floor height : 3m.

Height of plinth : 0.6m

Depth of foundation: 500mm

Materials:

Concrete grade : M30

All steel grades: Fe415 grade

Bearing capacity of soil: 300KN/M2

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1.3 Literature review:

Method of analysis of statistically indeterminate portal frames:

1. Method of flexibility coefficients.

2. Slope displacements methods(iterative methods)
3. Moment distribution method
4. Kane’s method
5. cantilever method
6. Portal method
7. Matrix method
8. STAAD Pro

1.3.1 Method of flexibility coefficients:

The method of analysis is comprises reducing the hyper static structure to a determinate structure
form by:
Removing the redundant support (or) introducing adequate cuts (or) hinges.

Limitations:

It is not applicable for degree of redundancy greater than 3.

1.3.2 Slope displacement equations:

It is advantageous when kinematic indeterminacy is less than static indeterminacy. This

procedure was first formulated by axle bender in 1914 based on the applications of
compatibility and equilibrium conditions.

The method derives its name from the fact that support slopes and displacements are explicitly
comported. Set up simultaneous equations is formed the solution of these parameters and the
joint moment in each element or computed from these values.

Limitations:

A solution of simultaneous equations makes methods tedious for manual computations. this
method is not recommended for frames larger than too bays and two storey’s. .
Iterative methods:

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These methods involve distributing the known fixed and moments of the structural member to
adjacent members at the joints in order satisfy the conditions of compatibility.
Limitations of hardy cross method:

It presents some difficulties when applied to rigid frame especially when the frame is susceptible
to side sway. The method cannot be applied to structures with intermediate hinges.

1.3.3 Kani’s method:

This method over comes some of the disadvantages of hardy cross method. Kani’s approach is
similar to H.C.M to that extent it also involves repeated distribution of moments at successive
joints in frames and continues beams. However there is a major difference in distribution
process of two methods. H.C.M distributes only the total joint moment at any stage of
iteration.

The most significant feature of kani’s method is that process of iteration is self corrective.
Any error at any stage of iterations corrected in subsequent steps consequently skipping a few
steps error at any stage of iteration is corrected in subsequent consequently skipping a few steps
of iterations either by over sight of by intention does not lead to error in final end moments.

Advantages:

It is used for side way of frames.

Limitations:

The rotational of columns of any storey should be function a single rotation value of same storey.
The beams of storey should not undergo rotation when the column undergoes translation. That is
the column should be parallel

. 1.3.4 Approximate method:

Approximate analysis of hyper static structure provides a simple means of obtaining a quick
Solution for preliminary design. It makes Some simplifying assumptions regarding
Structural behavior so to obtain a rapid solution to complex structures.

The usual process comprises reducing the given indeterminate configuration to a determine
structural system by introducing adequate no of hinges. it is possible to sketch the deflected
profile of the structure for the given loading and hence by locate the print inflection

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Since each point of inflection corresponds to the location of zero moment in the structures. The
inflection points can be visualized as hinges for the purpose of analysis. The solution of structure
is sundered simple once the inflection points are located. The loading cases are arising in
multistoried frames namely horizontal and vertical loading. The analysis carried out separately
for these two cases.

Horizontal cases:

The behavior of a structure subjected to horizontal forces depends upon its heights to width ratio
among their factor. It is necessary ti differentiate between low rise and high rise frames in this
case.
Low rise structures:

Height is less than Width

It is characterized predominately by shear deformation.

High rise buildings

Height is greater than width

It is dominated by bending action

Matrix analysis of frames:

The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions unlike those of continues
beams so their analysis is more complex .never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness
methods are applied to frames stiffness method is more useful because its adaptability to
computer programming stiffness method is used when degree of redundancy is greater than
degree of freedom. However stiffness method is used degree of freedom is greater than degree of
redundancy especially for computers.

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1.4 Design of commercial building:

General:

A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads without appreciable
deformations.

Civil engineering structures are created to serve some specific functions like human habitation
,transportation, bridges ,storage etc. in a safe and economical way. A structure is an assemblage
of individual elements like pinned elements (truss elements),beam element ,column, shear wall
slab cable or arch. Structural engineering is concerned with the planning, designing and thee
construction of structures.

Structure analysis involves the determination of the forces and displacements of the structures or
components of a structure. Design process involves the selection and detailing of the
components that make up the structural system.

The main object of reinforced concrete design is to achieve a structure that will result in a safe
economical solution.

The objective of the design is

1. Column design

2. Beam design

3. Slab design

These all are designed under limit state method

1.4.1 Limit state method:

The object of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it is intended. I.e it
will not reach a limit state. In this limit state method all relevant states must be considered in

design to ensure a degree of safety and serviceability.

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Limit state:

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called
a limit state

. Limit state of collapse:

This is corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.

Violation of collapse limit state implies failures in the source that a clearly defined limit state of
structural usefulness has been exceeded. However it does not mean complete collapse.
This limit state corresponds to :

a) Flexural
b) Compression
c) Shear
d) Torsion

Limit state of survivability:

This state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for

checking member in which magnitude of deformations may limit the rise of the structure
of its components.
a) Deflection
b) Cracking
c) Vibration

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 2
SOFTWARES

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to know the details about these
software’s.
List of software’s used

1. Staad pro(v8i)

2. Auto cad

Staad pro Auto Cad

Fig.1

STAAD pro& AutoCAD

Fig.2.1

STAAD
Staad is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for structural analysis
and design
Any object which is stable under a given loading can be considered as structure. So first find the
outline of the structure, where as analysis is the estimation of what are the type of loads that acts
on the beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes under analysis stage.
Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist the load. this we do
after the analysis.

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2.1 Alternatives for staad:

Struts, robot, sap, adds pro which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcement and manual
calculations. But these software’s are restricted to some designs only where asstaad can deal
with several types of structure.

2.2 Staad Editor:

Staad has very great advantage to other software’s i.e., staad editor. staad editor is
the programming

For the structure we created and loads we taken all details are presented in programming format
in staad editor. This program can be used to analyze another structures also by just making some
modifications, but this require some programming skills. So load cases created for a structure can
be used for another structure using staad editor.
Limitations of Staad pro:

1.Huge output data

2.Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.
3.Unable to show plinth beams.

AutoCAD:
AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto desk
company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for drawing different
layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sections can be shown in auto cad.

It is very useful software for civil, mechanical and also electrical engineer.

The importance of this software makes every engineer a compulsion to learn this software’s.

We used AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elevation of a residential building. We also used
AutoCAD to show the reinforcement details and design details of a stair case.

AutoCAD is a very easy software to learn and much user friendly for anyone to handle and can
be learn quickly

Learning of certain commands is required to draw in AutoCAD.

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To calculate s.f.d and b.m.d of a complex loading beam it takes about an hour. So when it comes
into the building with several members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful tool
which does this job in just an hour’s staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings.
Now a days most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a
compulsion for a civil engineer to know about this software.

These software can be used to carry rcc ,steel, bridge , truss etc according to various country
codes.

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CHAPTER 3
PLANS
AND
STRUCTURE PROPERTY

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PLAN

The auto cad plotting no.1 represents the plan of a g+3 commercial building. The plan clearly
shows that it is a combination of four floors. We can observe there is a combination between
each and every floors.

The building is located behind saroj institute of technology which is surrounded by many
buildings.

In each floor the entire floor consists of a 7 rooms which occupies entire floor. It represents a
rich locality with huge area.

It is a g+3 proposed commercial building, So for 4 floors we have 30 rooms.

The plan shows the details of dimensions of each and every room and the type of room and
orientation of the different rooms like bathroom, kitchen, hall etc.. All the floors have
similar room arrangement.

The entire plan area is about 240 sq.m. There is some space left around the building for parking.

The plan also gives the details of location of stair cases in different floors. we have 1 stair case
for each floor.

So these represent the plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining parts like
designing is carried in the next sections.

There are following plans are show below as:

1. Plan for ground floor

2. Plan for first floor
3. Plan for rest second and third floors

Each floor consists of several rooms ,2 set of w/c and 2 set of bathroom.
The ground floor consists of 6 rooms, kitchen,2 set of w/c ,2 set of bathrooms and a
dinning hall.

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Plan for ground floor

Fig.3.1 shows plan for ground floor

Details of the floor
ROOMS MEASURES
1. DINING ROOM HALL 13’11” * 14’10’’
2. KITCHEN 13’11’’ * 6’0’’
3. TWO SET OF W/C 3’0’’ * 4’0’’
4. TWO BATH ROOMS 4’0’’ * 4’0’’
5. FOUR ROOMS 13’11’’ * 10’6’’
6. THREE ROOMS 13’11’’ * 11’0’’
7. ONE ROOM 13’11’’ * 11’10’’
8. TOTAL AREA 2640 SQ. FT.

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Plan for first floor ad similar to other two floors

Fig.3.2 shows the plan of first floor with columns

Details of floor
ROOMS MEASURES

1. TWO SET OF W/C 3’0’’ * 4’0’’

2. TWO BATH ROOMS 4’0’’ * 4’0’’
3. FOUR ROOMS 13’11’’ * 10’6’’
4. THREE ROOMS 13’11’’ * 11’0’’
5. TWO ROOMS 13’11’’ * 10’5’’
6. ONE ROOM 13’11’’ * 11’10’’
7. TOTAL AREA 2640 SQ. FT.

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Plan for second and third floor

Fig.3.3 shows the plan for second floor

Details of floor
ROOMS MEASURES

8. TWO SET OF W/C 3’0’’ * 4’0’’

9. TWO BATH ROOMS 4’0’’ * 4’0’’
10. FOUR ROOMS 13’11’’ * 10’6’’
11. THREE ROOMS 13’11’’ * 11’0’’
12. TWO ROOMS 13’11’’ * 10’5’’
13. ONE ROOM 13’11’’ * 11’10’’
14. TOTAL AREA 2640 SQ. FT.

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STRUCTURE OF THE PLAN

Fig .3.4 shows the structure property

The structure of the building shows the overall beam and column distribution.R1 and R2 are the
two coefficient shown in the figure depicts the beam and column distribution in the structure.

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 4
LOADINGS

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

4.1 Load Conditions and Structural System Response:

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their effect on
the structural response of typical wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building loads can be
divided into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they induce:
vertical and horizontal (i.e., lateral) loads. Classification of loads is described in the following
sections.

4.2 Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:

Types of loads on an hypothetical building are as follows.

1. Vertical Loads
2. Dead (gravity)
3. Live (gravity)
4. Seismic( vertical ground motion)

4.2.1 Horizontal (Lateral) Loads:

Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.

1. Seismic(horizontal ground motion)

2. Flood(static and dynamic hydraulic forces

4.2.2 Vertical Loads :

Gravity loads act in the same direction as gravity (i.e., downward or vertically) and include
dead, live, and snow loads. They are generally static in nature and usually considered a
uniformly distributed or concentrated load. Thus, determining a gravity load on a beam or
column is a relatively simple exercise that uses the concept of tributary areas to assign loads to
structural elements, including the dead load (i.e., weight of the construction) and any applied
loads(i.e., live load). For example, the tributary gravity load on a floor joist would include the
uniform floor load(dead and live) applied to the area of floor supported by the individual joist.
The structural designer then selects a standard beam or column model to analyze bearing
connection forces (i.e., reactions) internal stresses (i.e., bending stresses, shear stresses, and axial
stresses) and stability of the structural member or system a for beam equations.

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

The selection of an appropriate analytic model is, however no trivial matter, especially if the
structural system departs significantly from traditional engineering assumptions are particularly
relevant to the structural systems that comprise many parts of a house, but to varying degrees.
Wind uplift forces are generated by negative (suction) pressures acting in an outward direction
from the surface of the roof in response to the aerodynamics of wind flowing over and around
the building.
As with gravity loads, the influence of wind up lift pressures on a structure or assembly(i.e.,
roof) are analyzed by using the concept of tributary areas and uniformly distributed loads. The
major difference is that wind pressures act perpendicular to the building surface (not in the
direction of gravity) and that pressures vary according to the size of the tributary area and its
location on the building, particularly proximity to changes in geometry (e.g., eaves, corners, and
ridges).Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable, the design approach is
based on a maximum static load (i.e., pressure) equivalent. Vertical forces are also created by
overturning reactions due to wind and seismic lateral loads acting on the overall building and its
lateral force resisting systems, Earthquakes also produce vertical ground motions or accelerations
which increase the effect of gravity loads. However, Vertical earthquake loads are usually
considered to be implicitly addressed in the gravity load analysis of a light-frame building.

4.2.3 Lateral Loads:

The primary loads that produce lateral forces on buildings are attributable to forces associated
with wind, seismic ground motion, floods, and soil. Wind and seismic lateral loads apply to
the entire building. Lateral forces from wind are generated by positive wind pressures on the
windward face of the building and by negative pressures on the leeward face of the building,
creating a combined push and-pull effect. Seismic lateral forces are generated by a structure’s
dynamic inertial response to cyclic ground movement.
The magnitude of the seismic shear (i.e., lateral)load depends on the magnitude of the ground
motion, the buildings mass, and the dynamic structural response characteristics(i.e., dampening,
ductility ,natural period of vibration ,etc).for houses and other similar low rise structures, a
simplified seismic load analysis employs equivalent static forces based on fundamental
Newtonian mechanics(F=ma) with somewhat subjective(i.e., experience-based) adjustments to
account for inelastic, ductile response characteristics of various building systems. Flood loads
are generally minimized by elevating the structure on a properly designed foundation or avoided
by not building in a flood plain.

Lateral loads from moving flood waters and static hydraulic pressure are substantial. Soil lateral
loads apply specifically to foundation wall design, mainly as an “out-of-plane” bending load on
the wall. Lateral loads also produce an overturning moment that must be offset by the dead load
and connections of the building. Therefore, overturning forces on connections

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Designed to restrain components from rotating or the building from overturning must
be considered.

Since wind is capable of the generating simultaneous roof uplift and lateral loads, the uplift
component of the wind load exacerbates the overturning tension forces due to the lateral
component of the wind load. Conversely the dead load may be sufficient to offset the
overturning and uplift forces as is the case in lower design wind conditions and in many
seismic design conditions.

4.3 Structural systems :

As far back as 1948,it was determined that “conventions in general use for wood, steel and
concrete structures are not very helpful for designing houses because few are
applicable”(NBS,1948).More specifically, the NBS document encourages the use of more
advanced methods of structural analysis for homes. Unfortunately.the study in question and all
subsequent studies addressing the topic of system performance in housing have not led to the
development or application of any significant improvement in the codified design practice as
applied to housing systems.

This lack of application is partly due to conservative nature of the engineering process and partly
due to difficulty of translating the results of narrowly focused structural systems studies to
general design applications. Since this document is narrowly scoped to address residential
construction, relevant system

Based studies and design information for housing are discussed, referenced, and applied as
appropriate. If a structural member is part of system, as it typically the case in light frame
residential construction, its response is altered by the strength and stiffness characteristics of
the system as a whole.

In general, system performance includes two basic concepts known as load sharing and
composite action. Load sharing is found in repetitive member systems(i.e., wood framing) and
reflects the ability of the load on one member to be shared by another or, in the case of a
uniform load, the ability of some of the load on a weaker member to be carried by adjacent
members. Composite action is found in assemblies of components that, when connected to one
another, from a “composite member” with greater capacity and stiffness than the sum of the
component parts.

However, the amount of composite action in a system depends on the manner in which the
various elements are connected. The aim is to achieve a higher effective section modulus than
the component members are taken separately. For example, when floor sheathing is nailed and
glued to floor joists, the floor system realizes a greater degree of composite action than a floor

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

with sheathing that is merely nailed; the adhesive between components helps prevents shear
slippage, particularly if a rigid adhesive is used. Slippage due to shear stresses transferred
between the component parts necessitates consideration of partial composite action, which
depends on the stiffness of an assembly’s connections. Therefore, consideration of the floor
system of fully composite T-beams may lead to an un conservative solution.
Whereas the typical approach of only considering the floor joist member without composite
system effect will lead to a conservative design. This guide addresses the strength-enhancing
effect of sharing and partial composite action when information is available for practical design
guidance. Establishment of repetitive member increase factors (also called system factors) for
general design use is a difficult task because the amount of system effect can vary substantially
depending on system assembly and materials.

Therefore, system factors for general design use are necessarily conservative to cover broad
conditions. Those that more accurately depict system effects also require a more exact
description of and compliance with specific assembly details and material specifications. It
should be recognized however that system effects do no t only affect the strength and stiffness
of light-frame assemblies(including walls, floors and roofs).They also alter the classical
understanding of how loads are transferred among the various assemblies of a complex wood-
framed home. For example, floor joists are sometimes doubled under non load-bearing partition
walls “because of the added dead load and resulting stresses” determined in accordance with
accepted engineering practice.
Such practice is based on a conservative assumption regarding a load path and the structural
response. That is, the partition wall does create an additional load, but the partition wall is
relatively rigid and actually acts as a deep beam, particularly when the top and bottom are
attached to the ceiling and floor framing, respectively. As the floor is loaded and deflects, the
interior wall helps resist the load. Of course, the magnitude of effect depends on the wall
configuration (i.e., amount of openings) and other factor. The above example of composite
action due to the interaction of separate structural systems or subassemblies points to the
improved structural response of the floor system such that it is able to carry more dead and live
than if the partition wall were absent .on whole-house assembly test has demonstrated this effect
(Hurst,1965).Hence ,a double joist should not be required under a typical non load-bearing
partition; In fact, a single joist may not even be required directly below the partition, assuming
that the floor sheeting is adequately specified to support the partition between the joists. While
this condition cannot yet be duplicated in a standard analytic form conductive to simple
engineering analysis, A designer should be aware of the concept when making design
assumption regarding light frame residential constructions.
At this point, the readership should consider that the response of a structural system, Not just its
individual elements, determines the manner in which a structure distributes and resists horizontal
and vertical loads. For wood framed systems, the departure from calculations based are classical
engineering mechanics (i.e., single members with standard tributary areas and assumed elastic
behavior)and simplistic assumptions regarding load path can be substantial
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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

4.4 Design loads for commercial buildings :

General

Loads are a primary consideration in any building design because they define the nature and
magnitude of hazards are external forces that a building must resist to provide a reasonable
performance(i.e., safety and serviceability )through out the structure’s useful life. The
anticipated loads are influenced by a building’s intended use (occupancy and
function),configuration(size and shape)and location(climate and site conditions).Ultimately, the
type and magnitude of design loads affect critical decisions such as material collection,
construction details and architectural configuration.

Thus, to optimize the value (i.e., performance versus economy) of the finished product, it is
essential to apply design loads realistically. While the buildings considered in this guide are
primarily single-family detached and and attached dwellings, the principles and concepts related
to building loads also apply to other similar types of construction, such as low-rise apartment
buildings. In general, the the design loads recommended in this guide are based on applicable
provisions of the ASCE 7 standard-Minimum Design ;loads for buildings and other structures
(ASCE,1999).the ASCE 7 standard represents an acceptable practice for building loads in the
United states and is recognized in virtually all U.S. building codes. For this reason, the reader is
encouraged to become familiar with the provisions, commentary, and technical references
contained in the ASCE 7 standard. In general structural design of housing has not been treated as
a unique engineering discipline or subjected to a special effort to develop better, more efficient
design practices. Therefore, this part of the guide focuses on those aspects aspects of ASCE 7
and other technical resources that are particularly relevant to the determination of design loads
for residential structures.

The guide provides supplemental design assistance to address aspects of residential construction
where current practice is either silent or in need of improvement. Residential buildings methods
for determining design loads are complete yet tailored to typical residential conditions. as with
any design function, the designer must ultimately understand and approve the loads for a given
project as well as the overall design methodology, including all its inherent strengths and
weakness.

Since building codes tend to vary in their treatment of design loads the designer should, as a
matter of due diligence, identify variances from both local accepted practice and the applicable
code relative to design loads as presented in this guide, even though the variances may be
considered technically sound. Complete design of a home typically requires the evaluation of
several different types of materials. Some material specifications use the allowable stress design
(ASD) approach while others use load and resistance factor design (LRFD).

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4.4.1 Dead Loads:

Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof, floor,
wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is
the total load of all of the components of the components of the building that generally do not
change over time, such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.

In staad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of the member.

In load case we have option called self weight which automatically calculates weights using the
properties of material i.e., density and after assignment of dead load the skeletal structure looks
red in color as shown in the figure.

Fig. 4.1 shows the dead load(self-weight)

Dead load calculation

Weight=Volume x Density

Self-weight floor finish=0.12*25+1=3kn/m^2 (equation: 01)

The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load.

Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

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 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Figure 4.2 shows the dead load

4.4.2 Live Loads:

Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include those from
human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction and maintenance
activities. As required to adequately define the loading condition, loads are presented in terms
of uniform area loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads. The uniform and
concentrated live loads should not be applied simultaneously n a structural evaluation.
Concentrated loads should be applied to a small area or surface consistent with the application
and should b e located or directed to give the maximum load effect possible in end-use
conditions. For example. The stair load of 300 pounds should be applied to the center of the
stair tread between supports.

In staad we assign live load in terms of U.D.L .we has to create a load case for live load and
select all the beams to carry such load. After the assignment of the live load the structure appears
as shown below.

For our structure live load is taken as 25 N/mm for design.

Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 part 2

27
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Fig.4.3 shows the live load

4.4.3 Seismic Loads:

Seismic load is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of
an earthquake generated agitation to a structure.
It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground or with adjacent structures or
with the gravity waves from tsunami.
Seismic loading generally depends on the following:
1. Anticipated earthquake parameters at the site known as seismic hazards
2. Geotechnical parameters of the site selected
3. Structure parameters
4. Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunamis.

Seismic load generally calculated through IS CODE 1893-2002 part 2.

4.4.4Auto Generated loading and floor load:

Auto generated load is the structural load and Floor load is calculated based on the load on the
slabs. Assignment of floor load is done by creating a load case for floor load. After the
assignment of floor load our structure looks as shown in the below figure.
28
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)
2
The intensity of the floor load taken is: 0.0035 N/mm

Seismic load shown in the figure 4.3 below

Figure 4.4 shows auto generated load and fig 4.5 shows floor load

29
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 5
BEAMS

30
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Beams transfer load from slabs to columns .beams are designed for bending.

In general we have two types of beam: single and double. Similar to columns geometry and
perimeters of the beams are assigned. Design beam command is assigned and analysis is carried
out, now reinforcement details are taken.

5.1 Beam design:

A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stress induced in
it by loads on the beam.
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams

1.) single reinforced beams

2.) double reinforced concrete
3.) flanged beams

5.1.1 Singly reinforced beams:

In singly reinforced simply supported beams steel bars are placed near the bottom of the beam
where they are more effective in resisting in the tensile bending stress. I cantilever beams
reinforcing bars placed near the top of the beam, for the same reason as in the case of simply
supported beam.

5.1.2 Doubly reinforced concrete beams:

It is reinforced under compression tension regions. The necessity of steel of compression region
arises due to two reasons. When depth of beam is restricted. The strength availability singly
reinforced beam is in adequate. At a support of continuous beam where bending moment changes
sign such as situation may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.

Figure shows the bottom and top reinforcement details at three different sections.

31
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Figure 5.1 shows the design beam

Figure 5.2 shows bending and shear diagram

32
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)
Job No Sheet No Rev

1
Part
Software licensed to
Job Title Ref

Date
By 11-Apr-18 Chd
File
Client rky.std Date/Time 12-Apr-2018 13:06

STAAD.Pro Query Concrete Design

Beam no. 309

Design Code: IS-456

4#10 @ 270.00 0.00 To 2853.33 4#10 @ 270.00 2853.33 To 4280.00

14 # 8 c/c 150.00 14 # 8 c/c 150.00

4#12 @ 31.00 0.00 To 4280.00

at 0.000 at 2140.000 at 4280.000

Design Load Design Parameter

Fy(Mpa) 415.000000
Mz(Kn Met) Dist.et Load
Fc(Mpa) 30.000000
41.680000 2.100000 4
Depth(m) 0.300000
-22.000000 0.000000 4
Width(m) 0.450000
-21.610001 4.300000 4
Length(m) 4.28000

33
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD.Pro Query Bending and Shear Results

Bending about Z for Beam 309

Load Case: 6:GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 3

20.58
14.33
2.201

-33.374

Dist.m Fy(kN) Mz(kNm)

0.000000 45.7347 20.5770
0.356667 39.7880 5.3073
0.713333 33.2307 -7.7325
1.070000 26.0628 -18.3247
1.426667 18.2842 -26.2514
1.783333 9.9349 -31.2966
2.140000 1.4601 -33.3287
2.496667 -7.0146 -32.3381
2.853333 -15.3640 -28.3345
3.210000 -23.1426 -21.4493
3.566667 -30.3105 -11.8987
3.923334 -36.8678 0.0996
4.280000 -42.814514.3277

34
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 6
COLUMNS

35
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primary to support axial compressive
loads and with a height of at least three it is least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when line of the resultant thrust of
loads supported by column is coincident with the line of C.G 0f the column I the longitudinal direction.

Depending upon the architectural requirements and loads to be supported,R.C columns may be cast in
various shapes i.e square ,rectangle, and hexagonal ,octagonal,circular.Columns of L shaped or T shaped
are also sometimes used in multistoried buildings.
The longitudinal bars in columns help to bear the load in the combination with the concrete.The
longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral binders.
The binders prevent displacement of longitudinal bars during concreting operation and also check the
tendency of their buckling towards under loads.

6.1 Positioning of columns:

Some of the guiding principles which help the positioning of the columns are as follows:-

1. Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and at the
intersection of the wall, but for the columns on the property line as the following
requirements some area beyond the column, the column can be shifted inside along a cross
wall to provide the required area for the footing with in the property line. alternatively a
combined or a strap footing may be provided.

2. The spacing between the column is governed by the lamination on spans of supported beams,
as the spanning of the column decides the the span of the beam. As the span of the of the
beam increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the self weight of the beam and the total.

Effective length:

The effective length of the column is defined as the length between the points of contraflexure of the
buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effective length for normal usage assuming
idealized and conditions shown in appendix D of IS - 456(table 24)

A column may be classified based as follows based on the type of loading:

1) Axially loaded column

2) A column subjected to axial load and uneasily bending
3) A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.

36
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

6.2 Axially loaded columns:

All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into principal directions. In
practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare ,if not nonexistent. Therefore, every column should be designed
for a minimum eccentricity .clause 22.4 of IS code

E min=(L/500)+(D/300) ,subjected to a minimum of 200 mm.

Where L is the unsupported length of the column (see 24.1.3 of the code for definition unsupported
length) and D is the lateral dimension of the column in the direction under the consideration.

6.2.1 Axial load and uniaxial bending:

A member subjected to axial force and bending shall be designed on the basis of

1) The maximum compressive strength in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002

2) The maximum compressive strength at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to highly compression and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035-0.75 times the
strain at least compressed extreme fiber.

Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are in the form of intersection diagram in
2
which curves for Pu/fckbD verses M u/fck bD are plotted for different values of p/fck where p is
reinforcement percentage.

6.2.2 Axial load and biaxial bending:

The resistance of a member subjected to axial force and biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of
assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load and
moment about two weeks.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation:

αn αn
(Mux/ Muy) +(Muy/ Muy1) <=1.0
Mux&Muy=moment about x and Y axis due to design loads
Mux1&Muy1=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of Pu bending about x and y axis
respectively.
αn is related to Pu/puz
puz=0.45*fck*Ac+0.75*fy*Asc
37
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

For values of pu/Puz=0.2 to 0.8, the values of αn vary linearly from 1.0 to 2.0 for values less than 0.2, αn is
values greater than 0.8 , αn is 2.0

The main duty of column is to transfer the load to the soil safely.columns are designed for compression and
moment. The cross section of the column generally increase from one floor to another floor due to the
addition of both live and dead load from the top floors. Also the amount if load depends on number of
beams the columns is connected to. As beam transfer half of the load to each column it is connected.

6.3 Column design:

A column may be defined as an element used primary to support axial compressive loads and with a height
of a least three times its lateral dimension. The strength of column depends upon the strength of materials,
shape and size of cross section, length and degree of proportional and dedicational restrains at its ends.

A column may be classify based on deferent criteria such as

1.) shape of the section

2.) slenderness ratio(A=L+D)
3.) type of loading, land
4.) pattern of lateral reinforcement.
The ratio of effective column length to least lateral dimension is released to as slenderness ratio.

In our structure we have 3 types of columns.

1. Column with beams on two sides

2. Columns with beams on three side
3. Columns with beams on four sides

So we require three types of column sections. So create three types of column sections and assign to the
respective columns depending on the connection. But in these structure we adopted same cross section
throughout the structure with a rectangular cross section .In foundations we generally do not have circular
columns if circular column is given it makes a circle by creating many lines to increase accuracy.

The column design is done by selecting the column and from geometry page assigns the dimensions of the
columns. Now analyze the column for loads to see the reactions and total loads on the column by seeing the
loads design column by giving appropriate parameters like
1. Minimum reinforcement, max, bar sizes, maximum and minimum spicing.
2. Select the appropriate design code and input design column command to all the column.
3. Now run analysis and select any column to collect the reinforcement details

The following figure shows the reinforcement details of a beam in staad.

38
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

The figure represents details regarding

1. Transverse reinforcement
2. Longitudinal reinforcement

The type of bars to be used, amount of steel and loading on the column is represented in the below

Figure 6.1 shows the design of column

39
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD.Pro Query Concrete Design

Beam no. 177

Design Code: IS-456

0.350

0.230 m

Design Load Design Results

Fy(Mpa) 415
Load 9
Fc(Mpa) 30
Location Long Col
As Reqd(mm²) 165.000000
Pu(Kns) 172.380005
As (%) 0.562000
Mz(Kns-Mt) 6.170000
Bar Size 12
My(Kns-Mt) 8.290000
Bar No 4

40
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD.Pro Query Bending and Shear Results

Bending about Z for Beam 177

Load Case: 6:GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 3

14.15

-14.01

Dist.m Fy(kN) Mz(kNm)

0.000000 -8.0441 -14.0057
0.291667 -8.0441 -11.6595
0.583333 -8.0441 -9.3133
0.875000 -8.0441 -6.9671
1.166667 -8.0441 -4.6209
1.458333 -8.0441 -2.2747
1.750000 -8.0441 0.0715
2.041667 -8.0441 2.4177
2.333333 -8.0441 4.7639
2.625000 -8.0441 7.1101
2.916667 -8.0441 9.4563
3.208333 -8.0441 11.8025
3.500000 -8.0441 14.1487

41
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 7
SLABS

42
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

7.1 Slab design:

Slab is plate elements forming floor and roofs of buildings carrying distributed loads primarily
by flexure.

One way slab:

One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be simply
supported beam or continuous beam.

Two way slab:

When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs.Such as slab are simply
supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and bending moments are
considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.

Checks:

There is no need to check serviceability conditions, because design satisfying the span for depth
ratio.
1.) Simply supported slab
2.) Continuous beam

43
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Fig 7.1 shows Diagrams of slab deflection in one way and two way slabs

44
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Following figures shows the load distributions in two slabs.

Fig 7.2 A Diagram of load distribution of one way and two way slabs

45
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Slabs are designed for deflection. Slabs are designed based on yield theory
This diagram shows the distribution of loads in two slabs.

Figure 7.3 shows Distribution of loads in two slabs.

To design a slab we has to create a plate by selecting a plate cursor. Now select the members to
form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate as 0.12 m. Now similar to
the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign design slab command and
select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is carried out go to advanced slab
design page and collect the reinforcement details of the slab.

Slabs are also designed as per IS456-2000

46
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

The following figure shows the monolithic connection between beam, column and slab

Figure 7.4 shows monolithic connection between beam, column and slab

Design of slabs :

End conditions for slab:

Adjacent long and short sides are continuous and other edges discontinuous.
Assuming the thickness of slab as 140 mm.

47
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 8
FOOTINGS

48
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the building or individual column
to the earth .If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must be designed to
prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide
adequate safety against sliding and overturning.
GENERAL:

1.) Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the
induced reactions and to assure that any settlements which may occur will be as nearly
uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.
2.) Thickness at the edge of the footing: in reinforced and plain concrete footing at the edge
shall be not less than 150 mm for footing on the soil nor less than 300mm above the tops
of the pile for footing on piles.
BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL:

The size foundation depends on permissible bearing capacity of soil. The total load per unit
area under the footing must be less than the permissible bearing capacity of soil to the
excessive settlements.

8.1 Foundation design:

Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual column to
earth this loads are to be properly transmitted foundations must be designed to prevent excessive
settlement are rotation to minimize differential settlements and to provide adequate safety
isolated footings for multi storey buildings. These may be square rectangle are circular in plan
that the choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a number of
factors.

1.) Bearing capacity of soil

2.) Type of structure
3.) Type of loads
4.) Permissible differential settlement
5.) Economy

49
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

A footing is the bottom most part of the structure and last member to transfer the load. In order
to design footings we used staad foundation software.

These are the types of foundations the software can deal.

Shallow (D is less than B)

1. Isolated (Spread) Footing


2. Combined (Strip) Footing

3. Mat (Raft) Foundation

Deep (D is greater than B)


1. Pile Cap

2. Driller Pier

The advantage of this software is even after the analysis of staad we can update the
following properities if required.

The following Parameters can be updated:

1. Column Position

2. Column Shape

3. Column Size

4. Load Cases

5. Support List

After the analysis of structure at first we has to import the reactions of the columns from
staad pro using import button.

After the design is complete the calculations is obtained for each and every column and a
sample column calculations is shown below.

50
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Isolated Footing 1

Fig 8.1 Elevation and Plan of Isolated Footing

51
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Column Dimensions
Column Rectangular
Shape :
Column 0.30 m
Length –
X
(Pl) :
Column 0.45 m
Width – Z
(Pw) :
Pedestal

Pedestal Length – X : N/A

Pedestal Width – Z : N/A

Design Parameters

Concrete and Rebar Properties

Unit Weight of Concrete : 25.000 kN/m3

Strength of Concrete : 30.000 N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel : 415.000 N/mm2
Minimum Bar Size : # 6
Maximum Bar Size : # 14
Minimum Bar Spacing : 150.00 mm

52
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CHAPTER 9:
RESULTS

53
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

1. STAA
D
SPAC
E
INPUT
FILE:
rky.S
TD
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 11-APR-18
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 0 0 3.37; 3 4.28 0 3.37; 4 4.28 0 0; 5 7.56 0 0; 6 7.56 0 3.75
9. 7 11.84 0 3.75; 8 11.84 0 0; 9 0 0 6.67; 10 4.28 0 6.67; 11 7.56 0 7.33
10. 12 11.84 0 7.33; 13 7.56 0 10.91; 14 7.56 0 14.49; 15 7.56 0 17.19
11. 16 7.56 0 19.93; 17 11.84 0 19.93; 18 11.84 0 17.19; 19 11.84 0 14.49
12. 20 11.84 0 10.91; 21 0 0 9.97; 22 0 0 13.26; 23 0 0 16.59; 24 0 0 19.93
13. 25 4.28 0 19.93; 26 4.28 0 16.59; 27 4.28 0 13.26; 28 4.28 0 9.97; 29 0 3.5 0
14. 30 0 3.5 3.37; 31 4.28 3.5 3.37; 32 4.28 3.5 0; 33 7.56 3.5 0
15. 34 7.56 3.5 3.75; 35 11.84 3.5 3.75; 36 11.84 3.5 0; 37 0 3.5 6.67
16. 38 4.28 3.5 6.67; 39 7.56 3.5 7.33; 40 11.84 3.5 7.33; 41 7.56 3.5 10.91
17. 42 7.56 3.5 14.49; 43 7.56 3.5 17.19; 44 7.56 3.5 19.93; 45 11.84 3.5 19.93
18. 46 11.84 3.5 17.19; 47 11.84 3.5 14.49; 48 11.84 3.5 10.91; 49 0 3.5 9.97
19. 50 0 3.5 13.26; 51 0 3.5 16.59; 52 0 3.5 19.93; 53 4.28 3.5 19.93
20. 54 4.28 3.5 16.59; 55 4.28 3.5 13.26; 56 4.28 3.5 9.97; 57 0 7 0; 58 0 7 3.37
21. 59 4.28 7 3.37; 60 4.28 7 0; 61 7.56 7 0; 62 7.56 7 3.75; 63 11.84 7 3.75
22. 64 11.84 7 0; 65 0 7 6.67; 66 4.28 7 6.67; 67 7.56 7 7.33; 68 11.84 7 7.33
23. 69 7.56 7 10.91; 70 7.56 7 14.49; 71 7.56 7 17.19; 72 7.56 7 19.93
24. 73 11.84 7 19.93; 74 11.84 7 17.19; 75 11.84 7 14.49; 76 11.84 7 10.91
25. 77 0 7 9.97; 78 0 7 13.26; 79 0 7 16.59; 80 0 7 19.93; 81 4.28 7 19.93
26. 82 4.28 7 16.59; 83 4.28 7 13.26; 84 4.28 7 9.97; 85 0 10.5 0; 86 0 10.5 3.37
27. 87 4.28 10.5 3.37; 88 4.28 10.5 0; 89 7.56 10.5 0; 90 7.56 10.5 3.75
28. 91 11.84 10.5 3.75; 92 11.84 10.5 0; 93 0 10.5 6.67; 94 4.28 10.5 6.67
29. 95 7.56 10.5 7.33; 96 11.84 10.5 7.33; 97 7.56 10.5 10.91; 98 7.56 10.5 14.49
30. 99 7.56 10.5 17.19; 100 7.56 10.5 19.93; 101 11.84 10.5 19.93
31. 102 11.84 10.5 17.19; 103 11.84 10.5 14.49; 104 11.84 10.5 10.91
32. 105 0 10.5 9.97; 106 0 10.5 13.26; 107 0 10.5 16.59; 108 0 10.5 19.93
33. 109 4.28 10.5 19.93; 110 4.28 10.5 16.59; 111 4.28 10.5 13.26
34. 112 4.28 10.5 9.97; 113 0 14 0; 114 0 14 3.37; 115 4.28 14 3.37; 116 4.28 14 0
35. 117 7.56 14 0; 118 7.56 14 3.75; 119 11.84 14 3.75; 120 11.84 14 0
36. 121 0 14 6.67; 122 4.28 14 6.67; 123 7.56 14 7.33; 124 11.84 14 7.33
37. 125 7.56 14 10.91; 126 7.56 14 14.49; 127 7.56 14 17.19; 128 7.56 14 19.93
38. 129 11.84 14 19.93; 130 11.84 14 17.19; 131 11.84 14 14.49; 132 11.84 14 10.91

54
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

1) 133 0 14 9.97; 134 0 14 13.26; 135 0 14 16.59; 136 0 14 19.93

2) 137 4.28 14 19.93; 138 4.28 14 16.59; 139 4.28 14 13.26; 140 4.28 14 9.97
3) MEMBER INCIDENCES
4) 41 1 29; 42 2 30; 43 3 31; 44 4 32; 45 5 33; 46 6 34; 47 7 35; 48 8 36
5) 49 9 37; 50 10 38; 51 11 39; 52 12 40; 53 13 41; 54 14 42; 55 15 43; 56 16 44
6) 57 17 45; 58 18 46; 59 19 47; 60 20 48; 61 21 49; 62 22 50; 63 23 51; 64 24 52
7) 65 25 53; 66 26 54; 67 27 55; 68 28 56; 69 29 30; 70 30 31; 71 31 32; 72 32 29
8) 73 33 34; 74 34 35; 75 35 36; 76 36 33; 77 30 37; 78 37 38; 79 38 31; 80 34 39
9) 81 39 40; 82 40 35; 83 39 41; 84 41 42; 85 42 43; 86 43 44; 87 44 45; 88 45 46
10) 89 46 47; 90 47 48; 91 48 40; 92 41 48; 93 42 47; 94 43 46; 95 37 49; 96 49 50
11) 97 50 51; 98 51 52; 99 52 53; 100 53 54; 101 54 55; 102 55 56; 103 56 38
12) 104 49 56; 105 50 55; 106 54 51; 107 32 33; 108 53 44; 109 29 57; 110 30 58
13) 111 31 59; 112 32 60; 113 33 61; 114 34 62; 115 35 63; 116 36 64; 117 37 65
14) 118 38 66; 119 39 67; 120 40 68; 121 41 69; 122 42 70; 123 43 71; 124 44 72
15) 125 45 73; 126 46 74; 127 47 75; 128 48 76; 129 49 77; 130 50 78; 131 51 79
16) 132 52 80; 133 53 81; 134 54 82; 135 55 83; 136 56 84; 137 57 58; 138 58 59
17) 139 59 60; 140 60 57; 141 61 62; 142 62 63; 143 63 64; 144 64 61; 145 58 65
18) 146 65 66; 147 66 59; 148 62 67; 149 67 68; 150 68 63; 151 67 69; 152 69 70
19) 153 70 71; 154 71 72; 155 72 73; 156 73 74; 157 74 75; 158 75 76; 159 76 68
20) 160 69 76; 161 70 75; 162 71 74; 163 65 77; 164 77 78; 165 78 79; 166 79 80
21) 167 80 81; 168 81 82; 169 82 83; 170 83 84; 171 84 66; 172 77 84; 173 78 83
22) 174 82 79; 175 60 61; 176 81 72; 177 57 85; 178 58 86; 179 59 87; 180 60 88
23) 181 61 89; 182 62 90; 183 63 91; 184 64 92; 185 65 93; 186 66 94; 187 67 95
24) 188 68 96; 189 69 97; 190 70 98; 191 71 99; 192 72 100; 193 73 101; 194 74 102
25) 195 75 103; 196 76 104; 197 77 105; 198 78 106; 199 79 107; 200 80 108
26) 201 81 109; 202 82 110; 203 83 111; 204 84 112; 205 85 86; 206 86 87
27) 207 87 88; 208 88 85; 209 89 90; 210 90 91; 211 91 92; 212 92 89; 213 86 93
28) 214 93 94; 215 94 87; 216 90 95; 217 95 96; 218 96 91; 219 95 97; 220 97 98
29) 221 98 99; 222 99 100; 223 100 101; 224 101 102; 225 102 103; 226 103 104
30) 227 104 96; 228 97 104; 229 98 103; 230 99 102; 231 93 105; 232 105 106
31) 233 106 107; 234 107 108; 235 108 109; 236 109 110; 237 110 111; 238 111 112
32) 239 112 94; 240 105 112; 241 106 111; 242 110 107; 243 88 89; 244 109 100
33) 245 85 113; 246 86 114; 247 87 115; 248 88 116; 249 89 117; 250 90 118
34) 251 91 119; 252 92 120; 253 93 121; 254 94 122; 255 95 123; 256 96 124
35) 257 97 125; 258 98 126; 259 99 127; 260 100 128; 261 101 129; 262 102 130
36) 263 103 131; 264 104 132; 265 105 133; 266 106 134; 267 107 135; 268 108 136
37) 269 109 137; 270 110 138; 271 111 139; 272 112 140; 273 113 114; 274 114 115
38) 275 115 116; 276 116 113; 277 117 118; 278 118 119; 279 119 120; 280 120 117
39) 281 114 121; 282 121 122; 283 122 115; 284 118 123; 285 123 124; 286 124 119
40) 287 123 125; 288 125 126; 289 126 127; 290 127 128; 291 128 129; 292 129 130
41) 293 130 131; 294 131 132; 295 132 124; 296 125 132; 297 126 131; 298 127 130
42) 299 121 133; 300 133 134; 301 134 135; 302 135 136; 303 136 137; 304 137 138
43) 305 138 139; 306 139 140; 307 140 122; 308 133 140; 309 134 139; 310 138 135
44) 311 116 117; 312 137 128
45) DEFINE MATERIAL START
46) ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
47) E 2.17185E+007
48) POISSON 0.17
49) DENSITY 23.5616
50) ALPHA 1E-005
51) DAMP 0.05
52) TYPE CONCRETE
53) STRENGTH FCU 27579
54) END DEFINE MATERIAL
55) MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
56) 41 TO 68 109 TO 136 177 TO 204 245 TO 272 PRIS YD 0.23 ZD 0.35

55
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

9. 69 TO 108 137 TO 176 205 TO 244 273 TO 312 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.45
10. CONSTANTS
11. MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
12. SUPPORTS
13. 1 TO 28 FIXED
14. DEFINE 1893 LOAD
15. ZONE 0.16 RF 5 I 1 SS 1 ST 1
16. SELFWEIGHT -1
17. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE SEISMIC TITLE SEISMIC LOAD
18. 1893 LOAD X 1
19. LOAD 2 LOADTYPE DEAD TITLE DEAD LOAD
20. SELFWEIGHT Y -1
21. MEMBER LOAD
22. 69 TO 105 137 TO 174 205 TO 242 273 TO 310 UNI GY -10
23. LOAD 3 LOADTYPE LIVE TITLE LIVE LOAD
24. FLOOR LOAD
25. YRANGE 0 14 FLOAD -2 XRANGE 0 11.84 ZRANGE 0 19.93
GY **NOTE** about Floor/OneWay Loads/Weights.
Please note that depending on the shape of the floor you may
have to break up the FLOOR/ONEWAY LOAD into multiple
commands. For details please refer to Technical Reference Manual
Section 5.32.4 Note 6.

26. LOAD COMB 4 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 1

27. 2 1.5 3 1.5
28. LOAD COMB 5 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 2
29. 2 1.2 3 1.2
30. LOAD COMB 6 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 3
31. 2 1.2 3 1.2 1 1.2
32. LOAD COMB 7 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 4
33. 2 1.2 3 1.2 1 -1.2
34. LOAD COMB 8 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 5
35. 2 1.5
36. LOAD COMB 9 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 6
37. 2 1.5 1 1.5
38. LOAD COMB 10 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 7
39. 2 1.5 1 -1.5
40. LOAD COMB 11 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 8
41. 2 0.9 1 1.5
42. LOAD COMB 12 GENERATED INDIAN CODE GENRAL_STRUCTURES 9
43. 2 0.9 1 -1.5
44. PERFORM ANALYSIS

56
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

PROBLEM STATISTICS
-----------------------------------

NUMBER OF JOINTS 140 NUMBER OF MEMBERS 272

NUMBER OF PLATES 0 NUMBER OF SOLIDS 0
NUMBER OF SURFACES 0 NUMBER OF SUPPORTS 28

SOLVER USED IS THE IN-CORE ADVANCED SOLVER

TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 3, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 672

**WARNING: IF THIS UBC/IBC ANALYSIS HAS TENSION/COMPRESSION

OR REPEAT LOAD OR RE-ANALYSIS OR SELECT OPTIMIZE, THEN EACH
UBC/IBC CASE SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY PERFORM ANALYSIS CHANGE.

*********************************************************
* *
* TIME PERIOD FOR X 1893 LOADING = 0.54282 SEC *
* SA/G PER 1893= 1.842, LOAD FACTOR= 1.000 *
* FACTOR V PER 1893= 0.0295 X -2603.65 *
* *
*********************************************************

4. START CONCRETE DESIGN

5. CODE INDIAN
6. FC 30000 ALL
7. FYMAIN 415000 ALL
8. DESIGN BEAM 69 TO 108 137 TO 176 205 TO 244 273 TO 312

57
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 69 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3370.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 842.5 mm 1685.0 mm 2527.5 mm 3370.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 248.86 0.00 0.00 248.86 276.51
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 248.86 248.86 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 842.5 mm 1685.0 mm 2527.5 mm 3370.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 4-10í 2-10í 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 27.18 MX = 1.26 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -29.80 MX = 1.26 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 70 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4280.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

58
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 354.85 248.86 248.86 0.00 356.35
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 373.77 248.86 248.86

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 5-10í 4-10í 4-10í 2-10í 5-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 5-10í 4-10í 4-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 47.29 MX = 0.03 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -48.65 MX = 0.03 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 71 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3370.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

59
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 842.5 mm 1685.0 mm 2527.5 mm 3370.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 4-12í 4-12í 2-12í 2-12í 4-12í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 36.19 MX = -3.11 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -30.79 MX = -3.11 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 72 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4280.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 372.68 0.00 248.86 248.86 328.45
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 300.78 248.86 248.86

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 5-10í 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í 5-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c

60
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 43.00 MX = -0.24 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -39.82 MX = -0.24 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================

============================================================================
BEAM N O. 73 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3750.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 937.5 mm 1875.0 mm 2812.5 mm 3750.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 293.90 248.86 248.86 0.00 394.17
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 0.00 248.86 248.86 248.86 248.86

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 937.5 mm 1875.0 mm 2812.5 mm 3750.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 3-16í 3-16í 3-16í 2-16í 3-16í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 36.43 MX = 2.83 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -42.09 MX = 2.83 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

61
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 74 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4280.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 355.95 248.86 0.00 0.00 358.03
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 0.00 248.86 379.69 248.86 248.86

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 5-10í 4-10í 2-10í 2-10í 5-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 2-10í 4-10í 5-10í 4-10í 4-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 47.76 MX = -0.05 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -49.22 MX = -0.05 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 75 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3750.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

62
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 937.5 mm 1875.0 mm 2812.5 mm 3750.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 306.08 0.00 248.86 248.86 248.86
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 248.86 248.86 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 937.5 mm 1875.0 mm 2812.5 mm 3750.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 4-10í 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 34.99 MX = -1.19 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 440.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -31.55 MX = -1.19 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 76 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 4280.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 329.78 0.00 0.00 248.86 371.18
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 303.66 248.86 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

63
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

STAAD SPACE

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1070.0 mm 2140.0 mm 3210.0 mm 4280.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 5-10í 2-10í 2-10í 4-10í 5-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 2-10í

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

SHEAR 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í 2 legged 8í

REINF. @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c @ 150 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH) FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM START SUPPORT

VY = 39.55 MX = 0.23 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 380.0 mm AWAY FROM END SUPPORT

VY = -43.93 MX = 0.23 LD= 4
Provide 2 Legged 8í @ 150 mm c/c

============================================================================
B E A M N O. 77 DESIGN RESULTS

M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)

LENGTH: 3300.0 mm SIZE: 450.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 825.0 mm 1650.0 mm 2475.0 mm 3300.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 248.86 0.00 0.00 248.86 248.86
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)

BOTTOM 248.86 248.86 248.86 248.86 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 825.0 mm 1650.0 mm 2475.0 mm 3300.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 4-10í 2-10í 2-10í 4-10í 4-10í
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)

BOTTOM 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 4-10í 2-10í

64
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Bending Moment:

Fig 9.1 a showing bending moments of all the beams

Shear:

Fig 9.2 ShowingShear Force of all the beams

65
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

CONCLUSIONS:

In this report, a design of commercial building for hostel purpose is shown. We have
successfully completed the planning & designing of commercial building (G+3) Structure.
Main key features of project are as follows:
1. Plot Size: 20x12 mt.
2. Total Construction Area: 65% of Plot.
3. Total Number of Columns on each floor: 28
4. Size of beam: 230x350 mm.
5. Size of Columns: 300x450mm.
6. Designing using Software’s like Staad reduces lot of time in design work.
7. Details of each and every member can be obtained using staad pro.
8. All the List of failed beams can be obtained and also Better Section is given by the
software.
9. Accuracy is improved by using software.

66
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

References:

1. Theory of Structures by Ramamurtham for literature review on kani’s method

2. Theory of structures by B.C. Punamia for literature on moment distribution method.

3. Reinforced concrete Structures by A.K. Jain and B.C.Punamia for design of beams, columns
and slab.

4. Fundamentals of Reinforced concrete structure by N. C. Sinha .

5. Fundamentals of Structural Ananlysis by M.L. Pant.

6. Design of Concrete structures by Sujeet Kumar.

7. Fundamentals of Structural Ananlysis by S.S. Bhabi Katti.

8. Structural Ananlysis by Aslam Kassimali.

9. R.C. C. Design by Dr. B.C. Punamia.

67
 DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING (G+3)

Code Books

1. IS 456-2000 code book for design of beams, columns and slabs

2. SP-16 for design of columns

3. IS 875 part 2 for live load

4. IS 1893-2002 part 2 for seismic load

5. IS 875 part 1 for dead load

68