2 - AGR 32 Land Preparation - Upland

01/02/2019
Objectives
Land Preparation and Field
• Compare and contrast the land preparation
Practices for Lowland and practices for annual and perennial crops
Upland Crops
• Describe a well prepared upland or lowland field
AGR 32 Exercise No. 2 suitable for planting annual and perennial crops
• Determine the proper time for tilling the soil and

benefits thereof
AGRI 32 | Exercise 2: Land Preparation and Field Practices for Lowland and Upland Crops 1 AGRI 32 | Exercise 1: Site Characterization and Crop Suitability Analysis 2
1 2
Objectives Unravelling the Exercise

• Determine the optimum population density for • Concept building
annual and perennial crops
• Actual Field Operation (i.e. lay-outing, staking
• Discuss methods of growing rice seedlings and planting)
• Describe the experiential learning in the actual

rice planting
AGRI 32 | Exercise 1: Site Characterization and Crop Suitability Analysis 3 AGRI 32 | Exercise 1: Site Characterization and Crop Suitability Analysis 4
3 4
1
01/02/2019
Why do we need land preparation? How can we improve the ENVIRONMENT?
P = G + E + (GxE) • Proper land preparation
• P = Phenotype
• G = Genotype
• E = Environment
• G x E = Genotype by Environment Interaction
5 6
What are the classifications of tillage?

What is land preparation?
• Primary tillage
• Tillage - mechanical manipulation of the soil
resulting to soil tilth favorable for seed germination initial breaking and turn
and plant growth over of the soil
(plowing)
• Secondary Tillage
breaking up of soil clods
into smaller particles
(e.g. harrowing)
7 8
2
01/02/2019
What are the classifications of tillage?

What are the functions of primary tillage?
PRIMARY TILLAGE SECONDARY TILLAGE • Loosen the soil structure

• Applied to break the soil • Done after the primary
compaction into soil tillage to reduce the soil • Bury the plant waste
clods aggregates and level the
soil surface • Erosion control
• More aggressive and
deeper operation
thereby leaving the soil • Harrowing and • Weed control
rough furrowing
• Pest control
• Plowing
9 10
What are the functions of secondary tillage?

Secondary Tillage: Furrowing
Harrowing Furrowing
generally to break up creation of deep, wide

furrows at regular spacing
clods (lumps of soil) across the planting site
to provide a finer finish, a

Create planting spots
good tilth or soil structure
to remove weeds and to

cover seed after sowing
11 12
3
01/02/2019
Examples of Primary Tillage Implements

Forms of Tillage Operation
 conventional tillage
 minimum or reduced tillage
 zero tillage
13 14
Conventional Tillage Minimum Tillage

 syn. intensive tillage  Minimum Tillage
- reduced tillage intensity
 usually involves a series of field operations that result in a
residue-free soil surface at the time a crop is planted - combines several
operation into one pass
 can extend over many months and take place before, during, e.g. plow-plant method,
and after planting rotavation
15 16
4
01/02/2019
Zero Tillage Tillage
 Zero Tillage
- no tillage
(plowing/harrowing)
operations before
planting
www.fao.org
17 18
What is the main impact of land

Land Preparation preparation on the soil?
• Develop soil structure
 Benefits from land preparation
1. gives the soil a fine tilth to increase adsorption of nutrients • Soil structure affects water and air movement
2. controls pests through soil, greatly influencing soil's ability to
3. increases soil porosity and aerates the soil sustain life and perform other vital soil functions.
4. incorporates crop residues and other inputs (e.g. fertilizer)
5. mixes the soil to bring up leached deposits
6. levels the field
7. prepares the soil for subsequent farm operations
19 20
5
01/02/2019
How can land preparation affects crop’s How can land preparation affects crop’s
growth and development? growth and development?
2. Control weeds and other pests
1. Develop proper soil structure
Roots need oxygen for cell • Disrupts underground root systems
respiration and the correct and buries seed from the surface to
amount of water to nourish the a depth too deep to germinate.
plant.
• Buries many weed seeds, but it also
• A well-plowed space also allows brings other seeds back to the
for easy root movement. surface, where they can germinate.
• allows for a good seedbed and

increased germination. www.google.com
21 22
How can land preparation affects crop’s How can land preparation affects crop’s
growth and development? growth and development?
3. Aerate the soil 4. Conserve soil and water
www.google.com
23 24
6
01/02/2019
How can land preparation affects crop’s Growth habit determines land preparation
growth and development? activities
5. Prepare the soil for subsequent farm operations

provides a fine, even texture in the upper inches Annuals Biennial Perennial
of soil.
• Crops that • Ordinarily • plants that do
complete their require 2 years not die after
life cycle in one or at least part flowering or
year or one of 2 growing having a life
growing season seasons with a cycle lasting
• e.g. rice dormant period more than two
between growth years
stages to • e.g. fruit trees
complete their
life cycle
25 26
Land Preparation Lowland Preparation

 Types of Land Preparation a. Soaking
1. Wetland/Lowland Preparation - water is absorbed until soil is saturated
2. Upland/Dryland Preparation
b. Plowing (Primary Tillage) 1-2x
- initial breaking and turning-over of soil and weeds
c. Harrowing ± Rotavating (Secondary Tillage) >2x

- soil clods are broken down into smaller pieces and puddled
Puddling – macropores destroyed
– micropores increased
– plowpan formed
d. Leveling
- final activity
- sometimes synchronized with basal fertilizer application
27 28
7
01/02/2019
How to do lowland land preparation? How to do upland land preparation?
• Soil puddling is involved • Requires dryland preparation
• Saturated or submerged soil conditions during whole of • Well-aerated soils with no standing water
most part of the crop’s growing season
29 30
Upland Preparation Upland Preparation

a. Plowing  Characteristics of well-prepared upland field
- done at field capacity ✓ granular, friable yet compact enough so that seeds are in
close contact with soil
- cuts soil into furrow slices
✓ contains sufficient moisture for germination and
subsequent growth
b. Harrowing ± Rotavation ✓ field is level, with minimum depressions where water may
- pulverizes soil clods accumulate
✓ free from weeds
c. Leveling
31 32
8
01/02/2019
How can soil moisture affects land Why do we need to lay-out?

preparation?
• provide maximum number of trees per hectare, adequate
• Tilling too dry soil increases inputs and may destroy space for proper development of the trees and ensuring
equipment convenience in orchard cultural practices.
• Tilling too wet soil promote soil compaction, reduces soil • arrangement
granulation and lengthens land preparation
• Ideal moisture content is at level below field capacity
33 34
What are the basis for planting system? Planting Lay-out

1. Varieties/species of fruit or plantation crops used  Benefits of optimum plant spacing:
2. Whether or not to use filler
1. early build up of sufficient leaf area index for optimum
• as well as kind of filler trees (papaya or banana) utilization of solar energy
3. Cropping system (monocropping or multiple cropping)
2. early and better control of weeds
4. Topography of the land
5. The degree of the farm mechanization 3. increase efficiency in the use of land and water
6. The preference of the grower
35 36
9
01/02/2019
What are the planting systems for

Square System
perennial crops?
1. Square System • trees are planted on each corner of a square whatever
may be the planting distance.
2. Quincunx or Diagonal System
A Planting distance
3. Hexagonal or Triangular number of plants =
s2
4. Contour System
A – area (m2)
s - planting distance (m)
Adapted from OKBautista

37 38
Quincunx or Diagonal Quincunx or Diagonal
• square method but with one more plant

in the center of the square  makes use of a square system with an additional (or fifth) tree
in the center
• will accommodate double the number
of plants, but does not provide equal
spacing
• central (filler) tree chosen may be a
short lived one
• applicable when the distance between
the permanent trees is more than 10m
A – area (m2)
• filler trees should be removed after a s – planting distance (m)
few years when main trees come to l – length of the area (m)
bearing. w – width of the area (m)
39 40
10
01/02/2019
Triangular or Hexagonal Rectangular System

• Trees are planted equidistant to one another from every • The procedure is the same as for the square system. The row
direction to form an equilateral triangle to row distance is more than the plant to plant distance and
the row to row distance forms the length of the rectangle.
A A
number of plants = or x 1.15
s2 x 0.866 s2
A
A – area (m2) number of plants =
s - planting distance (m) s1 x s 2
A – area (m2)
• Greater number of trees per unit area than square s1 – distance between rows
s2 – distance between hills in a row
41 42
Contour System Sample Problems

• Slope or hilly land in which the threat of erosion is
more likely, plants are laid out on contour lines
established against the slope  Mang Peping wants to establish a 10 hectare mango orchard
in his land. If the dimension of the area is 500m x 200m, and
• Planting distance varies between contour lines but the a 10m planting distance is to be followed, determine the
same within the contour line number of grafted mango seedlings needed using the:
• Contour line determined using an A-frame

a. square system = 1,000 seedlings
b. triangular system = 1,155 seedlings
c. quincunx system = 1,931 seedlings
43 44
11
01/02/2019
Activity for today:

• Laying out
• Demo on Actual Land Preparation and Viewing of Tillage Equipment
(Worksheet 2.1)
• Draw the equipment
• Label the parts
• Describe the functions
Activity for next meeting: Planting Rice

Reminders:
• Wear proper clothes
• Submit Exercise 1 Worksheets and Answers to Study Questions
AGRI 32 | Exercise 1: Site Characterization and Crop Suitability Analysis 45
45
12

2 - AGR 32 Land Preparation - Upland

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 - AGR 32 Land Preparation - Upland

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 - AGR 32 Land Preparation - Upland

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01/02/2019

• Determine the proper time for tilling the soil and

Objectives Unravelling the Exercise

• Describe the experiential learning in the actual

Why do we need land preparation? How can we improve the ENVIRONMENT?

P = G + E + (GxE) • Proper land preparation

What are the classifications of tillage?

What are the classifications of tillage?

PRIMARY TILLAGE SECONDARY TILLAGE • Loosen the soil structure

What are the functions of secondary tillage?

generally to break up creation of deep, wide

to provide a finer finish, a

to remove weeds and to

Examples of Primary Tillage Implements

 minimum or reduced tillage

Conventional Tillage Minimum Tillage

Zero Tillage Tillage

What is the main impact of land

• allows for a good seedbed and

5. Prepare the soil for subsequent farm operations

Land Preparation Lowland Preparation

c. Harrowing ± Rotavating (Secondary Tillage) >2x

How to do lowland land preparation? How to do upland land preparation?

• Soil puddling is involved • Requires dryland preparation

Upland Preparation Upland Preparation

How can soil moisture affects land Why do we need to lay-out?

• Ideal moisture content is at level below field capacity

What are the basis for planting system? Planting Lay-out

What are the planting systems for

Adapted from OKBautista

Quincunx or Diagonal Quincunx or Diagonal

• square method but with one more plant

Triangular or Hexagonal Rectangular System

Contour System Sample Problems

• Contour line determined using an A-frame

Activity for today:

Activity for next meeting: Planting Rice

AGRI 32 | Exercise 1: Site Characterization and Crop Suitability Analysis 45

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.