Important Derivations of Physics

Class 12 - CBSE - CHAPTERWISE

LINK : http://bit.ly/phy_derivations
Chapter 2 (Electrostatic Potential &
Chapter 1 (Electric Charges and Fields) Capacitance)

1. Coulomb’s law of Electric Force 1. Electric Potential (EP) due to a point

2. Coulomb’s law in vector form charge.
3. Principle of superposition of 2. EP at an axial point of dipole
electrostatic forces 3. EP at an equatorial point of dipole
4. Electric field (EF) due to a point 4. EP at any general point due to a dipole
charge 5. EP due to a group of point charges
5. EF due to a system of point charges 6. EP due to uniformly charged thin
6. EF at axial point of electric dipole spherical shell
7. EF at equatorial point of electric 7. Relation between EF & EP
dipole 8. Potential Energy (PE) of system of 2
8. Torque on a dipole in uniform EF point charges
9. Gauss’s theorem 9. PE of a system of 3 point charges
10. EF due to a uniformly charged infinite 10. PE of a system of N point charges
plane sheet 11. PE of a single charge
11. EF of 2 positively charged parallel 12. PE of system of 2 point charges in an
plates external field
12. EF due to 2 oppositely charged 13. PE of a dipole placed in an uniform
parallel plates electric field
13. EF due to uniformly charged thin 14. Parallel Plate Capacitor (Capacitance)
spherical shell 15. Capacitors in series & parallel
14. EF of a line charge (from Coulomb’s 16. Energy stored in a capacitor
law) 17. Energy stored in series combination of
15. EF due to an infinitely long straight capacitors
charged wire 18. Energy density of an EF
16. Deduction of Coulomb’s law from 19. Reduced field inside a dielectric &
Gauss’s theorem dielectric constant
20. Electric susceptibility
21. Relation between electric susceptibility
& dielectric constant
22. Capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor with a dielectric slab
23. Collecting action of a hollow sphere

Chapter 3 (Current Electricity) Chapter 4 (Moving charges & Magnetism)

1. Wheatstone Bridge (Working & 1. Biot-Savart’s law (statement and

Balanced condition) derivation of formula)
 2. Meter Bridge (Principle, Construction 2. Magnetic Field (MF) due to a long
& Working ) straight current carrying conductor
3. Potentiometer (Principle, 3. MF at center of circular current loop.
Construction) 4. MF along axis of circular current loop
4. Applications of a potentiometer: 5. Ampere’s circuital law (its proofs for
o Comparison of emfs of 2 primary cells straight current carrying conductor &
o Internal resistance of a primary cell straight conductor)
5. Resistances in series & parallel 6. Calculation of MF inside a long straight
solenoid
6. Relation between potential difference (V), 7. MF due to a toroidal solenoid
internal resistance (r) and emf (E) 8. Moving coil galvanometer (MCG)
(Principle, construction, theory and
7. Cells in series and parallel working)
9. Figure of merit and sensitivity (current
8. Condition for max current from (series & & voltage) of a MCG
parallel) combination of cells 10. Conversion of MCG to Ammeter
11. Conversion of MCG to Voltmeter
9. Power consumed by (series & parallel)
12. Torque on current loop in uniform MF
combination of appliances
13. Force between 2 parallel current
10. Mobility of charge carriers carrying wires
14. Force on a current carrying conductor
11. Relation between (b/w) electric current (I) in MF
and mobility for conductors 15. Cyclotron (Principle, construction,
theory, working and expression for
12. Relaxation time and drift velocity max KE of accelerated ions)
16. Work done by a magnetic force on a
13. Relation b/w (I) and drift velocity charged particle
17. Velocity selector
14. Deduction of Ohm’s law (from drift
velocity)

15. Ohm’s law in vector form

Chapter 5 (Magnetism & Matter) Chapter 6 (Electromagnetic Induction)

1. MF of a bar magnet at an (axial & 1. Mutual Induction (its coefficient and

equatorial) point emf in terms of coefficient and rate of
2. Torque on magnetic dipole in a change of current w.r.t time)
uniform MF 2. Mutual induction of 2 long solenoids
3. Potential energy of magnetic dipole 3. Self Induction (its coefficient and emf
4. Current loop as magnetic dipole in terms of coefficient and rate of
5. Magnetic dipole moment of a change of current w.r.t time)
revolving electron 4. Self inductance of a long solenoid
5. Different methods of generating emf
(and the respective emf expressions)
 6. Motional emf from Faraday’s law :
Induced emf by change of area of coil
linked with MF
7. Motional emf from Lorentz force ,
Current induced in loop, power
delivered by external force and power
dissipated as Joule loss

Chapter 7 (Alternating Current) Chapter 8 (Electromagnetic Waves)

1. A.C Generator (Principle, 1. Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s

construction, working and expression law
for induced emf) 2. Consistency of modified Ampere’s law
2. Transformer (Principle, construction,
working and theory)
3. Mathematical treatment of LC
oscillations
4. Conservation of energy in LC
oscillations
5. Mechanical analogy for LC oscillations
6. Power in A.C circuit
7. Average power associated with
(resistor, inductor and capacitor)
8. Series LCR circuit (phasor diagrams,
expression for impedance , resonance
condition)
9. Sharpness of resonance : Q-Factor
10. Expression for Q-Factor
11. AC circuit containing resistor only
(and phasor diagram)
12. AC circuit containing inductor only
(and phasor diagram), phase relation
b/w emf and current, inductive
reactance
13. AC circuit containing capacitor
only (and phasor diagram), phase
relation b/w emf and current,
capacitive reactance
14. Average value of AC over 1 complete
cycle
15. Relation b/w avg and peak values of
AC
16. Relation b/w effective and peak values
of AC
17. Relation b/w rms and peak values of
alternating emf
Chapter 9 (Ray optics & optical instruments) Chapter 10 (Wave Optics)

1. Cassegrain reflecting telescope (with 1. Laws of reflection on basis of Huygen’s

diagram, magnification for final wave theory
image formed at (infinity, least 2. Laws of refraction on basis of Huygen’s
distance of distinct vision)) wave theory
2. Astronomical telescope : When final 3. Refraction at a rarer medium
image is formed at (infinity (normal 4. Refraction of a plane wavefront
adjustment), least distance of distinct through a prism, convex lens and a
vision) -working, diagrams and concave mirror
magnifying powers in each case 5. Expression for intensity at any point in
3. Compound microscope : When final interference pattern ; and the
image is formed at (infinity , least corresponding conditions for
distance of distinct vision) - working, (constructive & destructive)
diagrams and magnifying powers in interference
each case 6. Expression for fringe width in Young’s
4. Simple microscope : When final image double slit experiment (YDSE) ; and
is formed at (infinity , least distance of formulae for positions of (bright &
distinct vision) -working, diagrams dark) fringes
and magnifying powers in each case 7. Expression for ratio of intensities at
5. Formation of image by spherical maxima and minima in an interference
lenses pattern
6. Thin lens formula for a convex lens 8. Diffraction at a single slit - Central
when it forms a (real & virtual) image maximum, calculation of path
7. Thin lens formula for a concave lens difference, positions of minima,
8. Linear magnification produced by a positions of secondary maxima,
lens (in terms of u & f ; v & f) intensity distribution curve
9. Lens maker’s formula for a double 9. (Angular & linear) width of central
convex lens , double concave lens maximum, linear width of a secondary
10. Refraction at convex spherical surface maximum
 When object lies in rarer medium & 10. Fresnel’s distance & Fresnel’s zone
image formed is real 11. Resolving power of a microscope and
 When object lies in rarer medium telescope
& image formed is virtual 12. Doppler effect - expression for
 When object lies in denser medium & apparent frequency of light, (blue &
image formed is real red) shifts
 When object lies in denser medium &
image formed is virtual
11. Refraction at concave spherical surface

 When object lies in rarer medium

 When object lies in denser medium
12. Derivation of mirror formula for a concave
mirror when it forms a (real & virtual) image

13. Derivation of mirror formula for a convex

mirror

14. Linear magnification produced by mirrors

(in terms of u & f ; v & f)

15. Refraction through a rectangular glass slab

16. ^^ and expression for lateral displacement

17, Equivalent focal length and power of 2 thin

lenses in contact.

Chapter 11 (Dual nature of radiation and Chapter 12 (Atoms)

matter)
1. Distance of closest approach in
1. Determination of Planck’s constant Rutherford’s experiment, and the
and work function from graph of formula for radius of nucleus which is
stopping potential vs frequency of thus derived from it
incident radiation for a 2. Bohr’s quantization condition of
photosensitive material angular momentum
2. 3. Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom -
formulae for radii of permitted orbits,
velocity of electrons in those orbits and
energy of electron in those orbits
4. Spectral series of hydrogen atom

Chapter 13 (Nuclei) Chapter 14 (Semiconductor electronics)

1. Formula for nuclear density in 1. Truth table, logic symbols and

terms of radius of a nucleus waveform examples for NOT, AND, OR,
2. Expression for binding energy NAND and NOR gates
3. Radioactive decay law 2. npn transistor as a common emitter
4. Relation b/w half life & decay (CE) amplifier ; (current,voltage and
constant power) gains of a CE amplifier
5. Relation b/w mean life & decay 3. Amplifier theory
constant 4. Transistor as a switch - 3 states of a
6. Decay rate / activity of a radioactive transistor (cutoff, active and
sample saturation) , switching action of a
7. transistor
5. Actions of (npn & pnp) transistors
6. Current gains in a transistor (α & β)
and the relation b/w them
7. CE characteristics (input & output and
their theory)
8. Solar cell (construction, working,
diagram, and V-I characteristic)
9. Light emitting diode (LED) -
(construction, working, diagram, and
I-V characteristic)
10. Photodiode (construction, working,
diagrams and I-V characteristic)
11. Cause of reverse breakdown of a
junction diode - (Zener & avalanche)
breakdowns ; their causes in brief and
V-I characteristics in both cases
12. Zener diode - construction, working,
diagram
13. Zener diode as a voltage regulator -
working, diagram and graph b/w
(input & output) voltages
14. Junction diode as a (half-wave & full-
wave) rectifier - working, diagrams
and waveform graphs
15. Working of a p-n junction in both types
of (forward & reverse) biasing -
diagrams and brief theory
16. V-I characterisics of a p-n junction
diode - forward-bias & reverse bias
characteristic graphs and their brief
theory
17. p-n junction - working in brief,
diagram