INTRODUCTION Photosystems iii.

Stationary electron acceptor

Internal structure of a leaf  Collection of chlorophyll molecules in thylakoid (Cytochrome B6f complex)
membrane iv. Enzymes (NADP+ reductase and
 Act as light-gathering molecules ATP synthase)
 Photosystem II
o Chlorophyll a (P680) absorbs 680 nm
wavelength red light
 Photosystem I
o Chlorophyll b (P700) absorbs 700 nm
wavelength red light

PHOTOSYSNTHESIS
 Waxy cuticle- protection for invaders
 Upper/ Lower epidermis- skin
 Mesophyll (primary site of photosynthesis)
 Palisade mesophyll- capturing lite STEPS:
 Spongy mesophyll- passageway; storage area 1. Photosystem II absorbs photons (packets of light)
of produced oxygen, diffused carbon dioxide, Photosynthesis- the process in which light energy is exciting electrons that are passed to primary
and excess water. (intercellular spaces) converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars; electron acceptor of PSII to plastoquinone (Pq).
 Vascular Bundles constructive or anabolic Electrons lost from PSII are replaced by the
 Bundle sheath- site of Calvin cycle for C4 plants  “photo” means light + “synthesis” means combine photolysis of water, producing oxygen.
(covers xylem and phloem) or build up 2. The B6f complex receives electrons from Pq and
 Xylem- brings water from roots Key terms: passes them to Pc. This provides energy for the B6f
 Phloem- brings glucose and other products to  Autotrophs- self-feeders; organisms that produce complex to pump proton (H+) into the thylakoid
all parts of the plants their own food lumen.
 Stoma (p. Stomata)- opening for gas exchange; o Photoautotrophs- self-feeders that uses light 3. PSI absorbs photon, exciting electrons that are
open during day time to continuously supply (plants, algae, and some bacteria) passed through a carrier (Fd) to reduce NADP+ to
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.  Heterotrophs- organisms that can’t convert carbon NADPH. These electrons are replaced by electrons
 Guard cells- controls the opening dioxide to organic compound themselves (animals, from PSI.
fungi, and many prokaryotes and protists) 4. ATP synthase uses the proton (H+) gradient to
The Chloroplast PHOTOSYNTHESIS synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi. Enzyme acts as a
 Primary organelle of photosynthesis PHASES SITE CHANNEL for protons to diffuse back into the stroma
 Contains chlorophyll that captures light Light dependent reaction Thylakoid membrane using this energy to drive the synthesis of ATP.
Chlorophyll- absorbs white light (red and blue), reflects Calvin Cycle Stroma of Chloroplast
green light
Six closely related pigments I. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
1. Carotene- an orange pigment a. Convert light energy to chemical energy
2. Xanthophyll- a yellow pigment (ATP and NADPH) and produce oxygen gas
3. Phaeophytin a- a gray-brown pigment as a waste product
4. Phaeophytin b- a yellow-brown pigment b. Photophosphorylation that includes
5. Chlorophyll a- a blue-green pigment Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
6. Chlorophyll b- a yellow-green pigment c. Requirements:
(Note: 1-4 absorbs purple light; 5-6 absorbs blue and red i. Photosystems (I and II)
light) ii. Mobile electron acceptor (Pq, Pc,
Fd)
NOTES: STEPS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Photolysis- splitting of water with the use of light Carboxylation
energy (One half Oxygen, 2 H+ and 2 electrons) 1. 6 CO2 will enter the cycle. RuBisCO will combine
 Chemiosmosis CO2 with Oxaloacetate to form 6 6C, unstable
 Electrons were passed from water to NADPH (last e- intermediate
acceptor) to Calvin cycle 2. The 6, 6C, unstable intermediate will break
 NADPH- reduced form of NAD+ (Nicotinamide immediately to form 12 molecules of 3-PGA
Adenine Dinucleotide) Reduction Cellular respiration- Breaking down of food to release
3. 12 ATP will act to phosphorylate the 3-PGA forming energy in a form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the
II. CALVIN CYCLE 1,3-BPGA presence of oxygen; Takes place in the mitochondria.
a. Chemical reaction that convert CO2 and 4. Another set of 12 NADPH will act converting the 1,3 Stages:
other compounds to glucose BPGA into G3P/ PGAL
b. 3 phases: 5. 2 out of 12 PGAL will exit the cycle to form glucose
i. Carboxylation of RuBP by CO2- (or other biomolecule)
Carbon fixaton Regeneration
ii. Reduction of PGA to PGAL using 6. The remaining 10 PGAL will release 4 Pi to form 6 RuP
NADPH 7. 6 RuP will be phosphorylated by 6ATP to regenerate
iii. Regeneration of RuBP to continue the 6 RuBP (and the cycle goes on)
the cycle
Terms: C3, C4, and CAM plants
 RuBP- Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate i. Glycolysis
 RuBisCO- Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/ a. Takes place in cytoplasm of the cell
Oxygenase b. Anaerobic process
 3-PGA/ PGA- 3-phosphoglycerate c. 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down
 G3P/ PGAL- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/ into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule
Phosphoglyceraldehyde called pyruvate.
 BPGA- 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate d. Net gain: 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
 RuP- Ribulose 5-phosphate

Carbon dioxide acceptor of C3 plants is RuBP and for C4

Note: Picture shows 3 CO2 in the cycle. and CAM plants: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
STEPS: iii. Krebs Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid cycle/ TCA, Citric iv. Oxidative phosphorylation
ENERGY-INVESTMENT STAGE Acid Cycle a. Electron transport chain
STEP 1: Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form Glucose 6- b. Chemiosmosis
phosphate
STEP 2 & 3: The atoms of glucose 6-phosphate are rearrange
to form fructose 6-phosphate.
Fructose 6-phpsphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form
fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate
LYSIS STAGE
STEP 4: Fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is cleaved to form G3P
and DHAP
STEP 5: DHAP is rearranged to form another G3P
ENERGY-CONSERVING STAGE
STEP 6: Pi are added to the two G3P, and two NAD+ are
reduced
STEP 7: Two ADP are phosphorylated by substrate-level
phosphorylation to form two ATP
STEP 8 & 9: The remaining phosphates are moved to the
middle carbons. A water molecule is removed from each Credits: Handwritten tutorals

substrate.
STEP 10: Two ADP are phosphorylated by substrate-level For every NADH, 10 H+ will be pumped out to the
phosphorylation to form two ATP. Two pyruvate are form. intermembrane space producing 2.5 or 3 ATPs
For every FADH2, 6 H+ will be pumped out to the
PRODUCTS (GYCOLYSIS) intermembrane space producing 1.5 or 2 ATPs
 2 Pyruvates (Pyruvate oxidation)
 2 NADH (ETC) PHASES ENERGY TOTAL ATP
 2 H2O (use during the process)0 MOLECULES
 2 ATP (net gain, counted as product) PRODUCED
 Molecule Mnemonics:
Can Citrate GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP 2 ATP
ii. Pyruvate Oxidation (Pre-Krebs) I Isocitrate 2 NADH 4-6 ATP
Keep Alpha Ketoglutarate PYRUVATE 2NADH 6 ATP
Selling Succinyl CoA OXIDATION
Substances Succinate
For Fumarate KREBS CYCLE 2ATP 2 ATP
Money Malate 6NADH 18 ATP
Officer? Oxaloacetate 2 FADH2 4 ATP
 Enzymes (In order from 1 to 8) TOTAL 36-38 ATP
 Citrate Synthase
 Aconitase
 Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase “Makalimutan niyo man ako, wag lang ang mga itinuro ko.
PRODUCTS (PYRUVATE OXIDATION)  Succinyl-CoA synthethase Mahal kayo ni Ma’am”
 2 Acetyl CoA (Krebs Cycle)  Succinate dehydrogenase GOD BLESS YOU 
 2 NADH (ETC)  Fumarase Ma’am Leslie 
 2 CO2 (By product)  Malate dehydrogenase