Actual Molecular Mass Empirical Molecular Mass: Che 102 Chemistry For Engineers Review
Actual Molecular Mass Empirical Molecular Mass: Che 102 Chemistry For Engineers Review
Actual Molecular Mass Empirical Molecular Mass: Che 102 Chemistry For Engineers Review
Percent yield: the ratio of the actual yield (what is actually produced from the reaction)
to the theoretical yield (how much is supposed to be produced)
Pressure of a gas: force resulting from the collision of the gas molecules against the
walls of the container / area of the walls of the container
P= ρgh
nC
Boyle’s Law: V = at constant temperature
P
Dalton’s Law: P = PA + PB
For air and other gas mixtures, you can use the average molar mass to calculate the
density:
m
PV =nRT = RT
Ḿ
m P Ḿ
ρ= =
V RT
When calculating average molar mass for a mixture, use yA*MA + yB*MB or mole fraction
of A multiply by the molar mass of A + …
1 2 N 3 RT
Mean-square speed of the gas molecules: (from P= m ú )
3 V
urms =
√ M
2 RT
Most probable speed: ump =
√ M
8 RT
Average speed: uav =
√ πM
Non-ideal gases: calculate the compressibility factor (Z = PVm/RT)
The constant a accounts for the intermolecular forces; the constant b accounts for the
volume of the molecules
When system absorbs heat, enthalpy increases; when system gives off heat, enthalpy
decreases
Pvap 2 ∆ H vap 1 1
ln
[ ]
Pvap 1
=
R
( −
T1 T2
)
ChE 102 Chemistry for Engineers Review
Pi = xiPvap,i
m2 /M 2
ΔT b =K b
( m1 /(1000 g/kg ) )
- Ultimately it can be simplified to ∆Tb = Kbm
- To account for dissociation of some compounds, the equation becomes ∆Tb =
iKbm
- i is the number of particles released per unit of solute
ChE 102 Chemistry for Engineers Review
Chemical Equilibrium:
I (initial) 1 0 0
C (change) -x +x +x
E (equilibrium) 1-x x x
- Reaction Quotient is calculated the same way as the equilibrium constant but at
non-equilibrium concentrations
- Qc < Kc : reaction shifts to the product side
- Qc > Kc: reaction shifts to the reactant side
- Le Chatelier’s Principle:
o Increase concentration of reactant reaction proceeds to the product
side
o Increase concentration of product reaction proceeds to the reactant
side
o Adding inert gas to constant volume, equilibrium is not changed
o Increase volume reaction shifts to the side with more molecules
ChE 102 Chemistry for Engineers Review
Electrochemistry:
- Oxidation state:
o The OS of an individual atom in a free element is 0: l, Cl2, N2, O2, O
o The total of the OS of all atoms in a neutral species is 0: H2O (H: +1, O: -2)
o The total of the OS of all atoms in an ion equals the charge of the ion: Fe3+
(Fe: +3), MnO4- (Mn: +7, O: -2)
o Group 1 metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) have OS = +1
o Group 2 metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) have OS = +2
o F has OS = -1
o In group 17, Cl, Br, I, and At have OS = -1 except when combined with
with oxygen and other halogens
o H has OS = +1, except when bonded to metals when its OS = -1 (LiH, for
instance)
o O has OS = -2, except for peroxides (H2O2 and N2O2 where OS = -1 for O)
or when combined with F (OF2 where OS = +2 for O)
o In binary compounds with metals:
o group 17 elements (F, Cl, Br, I, At) have OS = -1
o group 16 elements (O, S, Se, Te, Po) have OS = -2
o group 15 elements (N, P, As, Sb, Bi) have OS = -3
o All the other OS are selected to make the algebraic sum of the oxidation
numbers equal to the net charge of the molecule or ion
- “LEO”the lion says “GER” : Losing Electron Oxidation, Gaining Electron
Reduction
- Balancing redox reactions:
ChE 102 Chemistry for Engineers Review
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