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GEOTEXTILE TUBES,
TUBES DESIGN,
DESIGN
APPLICATIONS AND CASE
HISTORIES

Geotec Associates
Jack Fowler, Ph.D.,PE
5000 Lowery Rd Vicksburg, MS 39180
Ph. 601-636-5475 jfowler@geotec.biz
Cell 601
601-831-3818
831 3818 www.geotec.biz
geotec bi
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Whatt are Geotextile

Wh G t til
Container Systems?

• Geotextile Bags
• Geotextile Tubes
• Geotextile Containers
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GEOTEXTILE BAGS
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GEOTEXTILE TUBES
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GEOTEXTILE CONTAINERS
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Typical Marine Installation

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Manufactured byy sewing g

multiple sheets of high
strength woven polyester or
poly-propylene fabrics with
hi h strength
high t th seams
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Panels Being Sewn

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Rolling Up Tube
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Tube Design Plan View

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GETube Design Software

Software is available to calculate fabric stresses

during the critical time of filling and
installation when the fill material is fluid.

Jack Fowler 601-636-5475

601 636 5475
jfowler@geotec.biz
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Typical Input Data for GETube

Computer
p Program
g
• Material Bulk Specific Gravity,
Gravity 1.6
1 6 to 2.0
20
• Factor of Safety, 5.0
• Circumference, 30, 45, and 60 ft
• Tensile Strength,
Strength 500 to 1000 pli
• Area Opening Size, 20, 30 to 40
• Water Depth
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GETube Input Parameters

Select any two Parameters and the others
will be computed
p
• C = Circumference of the tube
• H = Height of the inflated tube
• T = Tensile Strength of the tube fabric
• V= Volume to which the tube is filled
• P = Excess Pressure above the top p of tube
• R = Ratio of the fabric area to tube volume
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Typical Output Data for 45 ft Cir Tube

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Filling Methods

• Hydraulic
• Mechanical
M h i l
• Positive
P iti Di Displacement
l t
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Hydraulic Dredges
• Suction Cutterhead Dredges
• Horizontal Cutterhead Dredges
• Submergible
S b ibl PPumps
• Eductor Dredges
• Positive
os ve Displacement
sp ace e Dredges
edges
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Mechanical Methods
• Mechanical placement of soft
fluid mud using hoppers.
hoppers
• Mechanical pplacement of sand
into Tubes using hoppers and
water flooding the hoppers.
hoppers
• Mechanical conveyor
y belts and
hoppers.
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Installation Techniques
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Overview of Various
Dredging and Tube
Filli Methods
Filling M th d
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Hopper
M th d
Method
When fill
material is not
available at site,
sand can be
imported and
installed using
hopper methods.
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Filling Tubes Underwater

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Dredge
g
Method
Most common
method of
filling Tubes.
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Hand
D d
Dredge
Method
Where large
pumping
equipment is
not available
small hand held
equipment can
b used
be d ffor
filling Tubes.
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Alternate
p g
Pumping
Methods
Pumping
p g methods can
be modified to comply
with local permits or
site limitations.
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Dry
y Fill
Method
Mechanical
means of filling
Containers or
Sand bags.
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Pumps Material at In-situ

Density With No Free Water
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Pumping 70% Solids

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Potential Dewatering Applications

• Fine Grained Dredged

g Material
• Municipal Sewage Sludge
• Agricultural Waste
• P l andd Paper
Pulp P Mill Sludge
Sl d
• Fly Ash
• Mining and Drilling Waste
• Industrial By-Product Waste
• Coal Sludgeg
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CONTAINMENT
CO
AND
DEWATERING

CONTAINMENT PHASE
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CONTAINMENT
CO
AND
DEWATERING

CONTAINMENT
DEWATERING PHASE
PHASE
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CONTAINMENT
CO
AND
DEWATERING

CONSOLIDATION PHASE
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Gaillard Island, AL
Mobile District
C
Corps off E
Engineers
i
Geotextile Tubes filled with
fine grained
d d d material
dredged i l
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30” Diameter Pipe, Dave Blackman

66’ suction cutterhead dredge
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In-situ Slurry Density = 1.3 gr/ml

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500 ft long tubes after filling

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Slurry Filled Tube Design

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Slurry Filled Tubes

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Tubes after one year

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Dried slurry after

one year
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Dried
slurry
l after
ft
one year
y
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Vegetation growth after 30 days

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CULKIN WATER
DISTRICT

Dewatering Alum Sludge

Vi k b
Vicksburg, MS
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Culkin Water

Alum
u Sulfate
Su ate
Pond
Desiccation
Cracks
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Culkin Water

Alum
Sludge
In Hanging
Bagg Test
es
Showing
Clear Water
Effluent
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Culkin Water
Hanging
Bag Test

Alum Sludge
Effluent
Water
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Culkin Water After filling

over 20 times
i
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Culkin Water Measuring Consolidation

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Culkin Water Quality

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Culkin Water

Soil Samples
Above 50%
S lid within
Solids ithi
3 to 4 weeks
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Sewage Sludge Dewatering

Vicksburg, Mississippi
Vicksburg
Sewage
g Treatment Plant
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Hanging Bag Test

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Fine Grained Sediment

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Sediment Height
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Effluent Collection
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Sampling
Effluent Sampling
Effluent
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Hanging Bag Test Method

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Required Geotechnical Fill Material

P
Properties
ti (Complete)
(C l t )
• Gradation
• Atterbergg Limits (LL,
( , PL & PI))
• Geotechnical Classification
• Settling Time
• Determine
D i Polymer
P l R
Requirements
i
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Example Calculation for the

Sh i k
Shrinkage Factor
F
Shrinkage
Sh i k Vdw edw + 1 γ0-1
Factor = ------- = ----------- or ---------
Vo eo + 1 γ dw- 1

11.4
4 - 1.010
Shrinkage = ---------------- = 2.0 or 200%
or reduction 1.2
1 2 - 1.0 10
Factor
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Tube 30 ft Circumference 5ft High

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Target Percent Solids

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Dewatering Sewage
Sludge

New Orleans Sewage Treatment

Plant
New Orleans
Orleans, LA
January,
y 2000-2004
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Aerial View of Sludge Filled Tube

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Sewage Sludge Filled Tube

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Aerial View of New Orleans Sewage Treatment Plant

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Desiccated Sewage Sludge

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Desiccated Sewage Sludge

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MILLENNIUM
PLANT,
PLANT
BALTIMORE,
MD
Geotextile Tubes used to
dewater industrial by-
product waste from
sludge lagoon.

Installed 2001
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MILLENNIUM
PLANT
215 HP Nomad III
Horizontal
Cutterhead dredge
pumping at a rate of
3,000 gpm at 10%
solids.
lid
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MILLENNIUM
PLANT
After filling
and Duringg
Drainage
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MILLENNIUM
PLANT
Tap water on left
compared to
effluent water on
right
immediately y
following
collection from
Geotextile Tube
Tap Effluent
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MILLENNIUM
PLANT
Titanium
Sulfate Dioxide
65% Solids
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MILLENNIUM
PLANT
Notice
sediment
layers over
6 ft high
over
65% Solids
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Wellston,,
Ohio Coal
Sludge
g
30 ft Cir
100 ft Long
Geotextile
tube
Showing
Elevation
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Centuryy Mine
Hanging
Bag Test

Water
e ue t
effluent
quality
very clear
with
polymers
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Centuryy Mine
Hanging Bag
Test

Slurry at 63.5%
Solids second
day of
drainage with
polymers
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20 ft Long Bag Prior to Filling

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Filling Roll Off Box Bag

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Effluent from Roll Off Box

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5 CY Roll Off Box Bag

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20 CY Roll Box Bag Prior to Filling

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20 CY Roll Off Box Filled

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Geosynthetic Reinforced Inflatable

Tube Simulator (GRITS)
Developed by John B. Palmerton (Deceased
Spring 2006)
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Ashtabula, OH
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Stacked Tubes, Fly Ash

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Beneficial Uses Of
Dredged Material Filled
G t til Tubes
Geotextile T b

Coastal and Riverine

Applications
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M i Applications
Marine A li i
• Core of a sand dune
• C ti off Wetlands
Creation W tl d
• Core of Rip Rap Breakwaters
• Core of Rip Rap Jetties
• Underwater Structures
• Diversion Dikes
• Dredge
d Material i l Containment
i
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Shoreline Protection
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Shoreline Protection
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Shoreline Protection
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Offshore Breakwater Protection,

Amwaj Island
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Tube During Filling, Amwaj Is

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Outside Perimeter Design,

Design Amwaj,
Amwaj
Island
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Amway Island
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Atlantic City
New Jersey

Tubes used in sand dunes to

protect
t t Atlantic
Atl ti Cit
City
Boardwalk
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Pumping sand from the beach with a

hydraulic submergible pump
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Visqueen used to prevent erosion

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Tube after filling with sand

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Sand filled tube

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Tubes covered with sand

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Tubes exposed after hurricane

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Erosion after storm

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Tubes after cover vegetation

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Sea Isle City,

New Jersey

Backhoe and Hopper Fill Method

Flooded with Water
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Sea Isle
City NJ
City,

Tube being
filled by
hopper
method with
imported
sand.
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Sea Isle
City, NJ

Sand being
placed in
hopper with
backhoe. Note
that hopper
discharges
di l into
directly i
Tube.
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Sea Isle
City, NJ

Tube
withstands
heavy wave
i
impact at high
hi h
tide.
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Sea Isle
City, NJ

Tube and
scour apron
intact after
extreme high
hi h
tide and
heavy wave
attack.
attack
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Land Reclamation on
th N
the North
th S
Sea iin th
the
N th l d
Netherlands
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Filling Geotextile Tube at Low Tide

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Filling Geotextile Tube at High Tide

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Parallel Geotextile Tubes in Perimeter Dikes

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High Tide after filling Geotextile Tubes

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Sand Fill behind Geotextile Tube Dike

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Geotextile Tubes For Inlet Jetties

Shrimp
p Farm Inlet Structure
Pacific Coast
Mexico
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Tube Jetty
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Sand Bagg and Container

Application to Control
River Sediments

Red
R dEEye CCrossing,
i
Mississippi River
Baton Rouge, LA
1993 to 1994
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Sand Bag and Container Dikes

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Three bag dikes and three container dikes

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Filling Sand Bags

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Instrumented
sand bag
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Sand Bag Placement

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Filling
Containers
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Sewing Containers
Closed
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Placement of Containers
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Placement of geotextile containers

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Split
S lit H
Hull
ll Barge
B Di
Distinct
ti t
Computer Model
Application

John Palmerton
601 638 3334
601-638-3334
jbpalmer@bellsouth.net
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Geocontainers Model Tests

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Split-Hull Scow Container

Drop Simulations
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Split-Hull Scow Container

Drop Simulations
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Split-Hull Scow Container

Drop Simulations
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Split-Hull
p Scow Container
Drop Simulations
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Bags and Containers After

6 years
y

Red Eye Crossing

B t Rouge,
Baton R LA
October 1999
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Containers
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Bags
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Note influence
of Bags and
Containers
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Naviduct
Isjlmer, The Netherlands

Geotextile Tubes
Used As A Dike Core For
Land Reclamation
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Dredged Material Disposal Area

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The
Naviduct
Project

Detail of 0.5 meter

diameter fill-pipe
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The Naviduct Project

The fill operation
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The Naviduct Project

Tube left: filling complete; Tube right: being filled
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The Naviduct Project

Large scale Rip Rap test covering Tubes
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Rip Rap Covered Tubes in Ecuador

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Ri Rap
Rip R Covered
C d Tubes
T b
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Stack of Three Sand Filled Tubes

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End of South Jetty and Tubes

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South Jetty Looking South

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Placing Rip Rap on Tubes in North Jetty

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