Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Stresses due to Pure Shear

GATE-1. A block of steel is loaded by a tangential force on its top surface while the
bottom surface is held rigidly. The deformation of the block is due to
[GATE-1992]
(a) Shear only (b) Bending only (c) Shear and bending (d) Torsion
GATE-1. Ans. (a) It is the definition of shear stress. The force is applied tangentially it is not a
point load so you cannot compare it with a cantilever with a point load at its free end.

GATE-2. A shaft subjected to torsion experiences a pure shear stress W on the surface.
The maximum principal stress on the surface which is at 45° to the axis will
have a value [GATE-2003]
(a) W cos 45° (b) 2 W cos 45° (c) W cos2 45° (d) 2 W sin 45° cos 45°
Vx Vy Vx Vy
GATE-2. Ans. (d) V n  cos 2T  W xy sin 2T
2 2
Here V x V 2 0, W xy W , T 45o

GATE-3. The number of components in a stress tensor defining stress at a point in three
dimensions is: [GATE-2002]
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 9
GATE-3. Ans. (d) It is well known that,
W xy W yx, W xz W zx and W yz W zy
so that the state of stress at a point is given by six components V x ,V y ,V z and W xy , W yz ,W zx

Principal Stress and Principal Plane

GATE-4. A body is subjected to a pure tensile stress of 100 units. What is the maximum
shear produced in the body at some oblique plane due to the above? [IES-2006]
(a) 100 units (b) 75 units (c) 50 units (d) 0 unit
V 1  V 2 100  0
GATE-4. Ans. (c) W max 50 units.
2 2

GATE-5. In a strained material one of the principal stresses is twice the other. The
maximum shear stress in the same case is W max .Then, what is the value of the
maximum principle stress? [IES 2007]
(a) W max (b) 2 W max (c) 4 W max (d) 8 W max
V1  V 2 V2
GATE-5. Ans. (c) W max , V1 2V 2 or W max or V2 2W max or V 1 2V 2 = 4W max
2 2

GATE-6. A material element subjected to a plane state of stress such that the maximum
shear stress is equal to the maximum tensile stress, would correspond to
[IAS-1998]

Page 85 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s

V1  V 2 V 1  ( V 1 )
GATE-6. Ans. (d) W max V1
2 2

GATE-7. A solid circular shaft is subjected to a maximum shearing stress of 140 MPs.
The magnitude of the maximum normal stress developed in the shaft is:
[IAS-1995]
(a) 140 MPa (b) 80 MPa (c) 70 MPa (d) 60 MPa
V1  V 2
GATE-7. Ans. (a) W max Maximum normal stress will developed if V 1 V 2 V
2

GATE-8. The state of stress at a point in a loaded member is shown in the figure. The
magnitude of maximum shear stress is [1MPa = 10 kg/cm2] [IAS 1994]
(a) 10 MPa (b) 30 MPa (c) 50 MPa (d) 100MPa

2 2
§Vx V y · §  40  40 ·
GATE-8. Ans. (c) W max ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy 2 = ¨
2
¸  30 = 50 MPa
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

GATE-9. A solid circular shaft of diameter 100 mm is subjected to an axial stress of 50

MPa. It is further subjected to a torque of 10 kNm. The maximum principal
stress experienced on the shaft is closest to [GATE-2008]
(a) 41 MPa (b) 82 MPa (c) 164 MPa (d) 204 MPa
16T 16 u 10000
GATE-9. Ans. (b) Shear Stress ( W )= Pa 50.93 MPa
Sd 3 S u (0.1)3
2
Vb §V ·
Maximum principal Stress =  ¨ b ¸  W 2 =82 MPa
2 © 2 ¹

GATE-10. In a bi-axial stress problem, the stresses in x and y directions are (ǔx = 200 MPa
and ǔy =100 MPa. The maximum principal stress in MPa, is: [GATE-2000]
(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 150 (d) 200
2
Vx Vy §Vx Vy · 2
GATE-10. Ans. (d) V 1  ¨ ¸  W xy if W xy 0
2 © 2 ¹

Page 86 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
2
Vx Vy §Vx Vy ·
 ¨ ¸ Vx
2 © 2 ¹

GATE-11. The maximum principle stress for the stress

state shown in the figure is
(a) ǔ (b) 2 ǔ
(c) 3 ǔ (d) 1.5 ǔ

[GATE-2001]
GATE-11. Ans. (b) V x V, Vy V , W xy V
2
Vx  Vy §Vx  Vy · V V 2
?V 1 max  ¨ 2
¸  W xy  0 V2 2V
2 © 2 ¹ 2

GATE-12. The normal stresses at a point are ǔx = 10 MPa and, ǔy = 2 MPa; the shear stress
at this point is 4MPa. The maximum principal stress at this point is:
[GATE-1998]
(a) 16 MPa (b) 14 MPa (c) 11 MPa (d) 10 MPa
2 2
Vx Vy §Vx Vy · 2 10  2 § 10  2 · 2
GATE-12. Ans. (c) V 1  ¨ ¸  W xy  ¨ ¸ 4 11.66 MPa
2 © 2 ¹ 2 © 2 ¹

GATE-13. In a Mohr's circle, the radius of the circle is taken as: [IES-2006; GATE-1993]
2
§ V x V y ·
2
2 V V y  2
¸  W xy   W xy 
x
(a) ¨ (b)
© 2 ¹ 2
2
§ V x V y · 2 2 2
(c) ¨ ¸  W xy  (d) V x  V y   W xy 
© 2 ¹
Where, ǔx and ǔy are normal stresses along x and y directions respectively and Ǖxy is the
shear stress.
GATE-13. Ans. (a)

GATE-14. A two dimensional fluid element rotates like a rigid body. At a point within the
element, the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohr's circle, characterizing the
state of stress at that point, is: [GATE-2008]
(a) 0.5 unit (b) 0 unit (c) 1 unit (d) 2 units
GATE-14. Ans. (b)

Page 87 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
GATE-15. The Mohr's circle of plane stress
for a point in a body is shown.
The design is to be done on the
basis of the maximum shear
stress theory for yielding. Then,
yielding will just begin if the
designer chooses a ductile
material whose yield strength is:
(a) 45 MPa (b) 50 MPa
(c) 90 MPa (d) 100 MPa [GATE-2005]

GATE-15. Ans. (c)

Given V 1 10 MPa, V2 100 MPa
V1  V 2 Vy
Maximum shear stress theory give W max
2 2
or V 1  V 2 Vy Ÿ Vy 10  ( 100) 90MPa

GATE-16. The figure shows the state of

stress at a certain point in a
stressed body. The magnitudes of
normal stresses in the x and y
direction are 100MPa and 20 MPa
respectively. The radius of
Mohr's stress circle representing
this state of stress is:
(a) 120 (b) 80
(c) 60 (d) 40

[GATE-2004]
GATE-16. Ans. (c)
V x 100MPa, V y 20MPa
Vx Vy 100   20 
Radius of Mohr 's circle 60
2 2
Data for Q17–Q18 are given below. Solve the problems and choose correct answers.
[GATE-2003]
The state of stress at a point "P" in a two dimensional loading is such that the Mohr's
circle is a point located at 175 MPa on the positive normal stress axis.

GATE-17. Determine the maximum and minimum principal stresses respectively from the
Mohr's circle
(a) + 175 MPa, –175MPa (b) +175 MPa, +175 MPa
(c) 0, –175 MPa (d) 0, 0
GATE-17. Ans. (b)

V1 V 2 Vx Vy 175 MPa

GATE-18. Determine the directions of maximum and minimum principal stresses at the
point “P” from the Mohr's circle Page 88 of 429 [GATE-2003]
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
(a) 0, 90° (b) 90°, 0 (c) 45°, 135° (d) All directions
GATE-18. Ans. (d) From the Mohr’s circle it will give all directions.

Principal strains
GATE-19. If the two principal strains at a point are 1000 × 10-6 and -600 × 10-6, then the
maximum shear strain is: [GATE-1996]
(a) 800 × 10-6 (b) 500 × 10-6 (c) 1600 × 10-6 (d) 200 × 10-6
GATE-19. Ans. (c) Shear strain emax  emin ^1000   600 ` u 10 6 1600 u 10 6

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

Stresses due to Pure Shear

IES-1. If a prismatic bar be subjected to an axial tensile stress ǔ, then shear stress
induced on a plane inclined at lj with the axis will be: [IES-1992]
V V V V
a  sin 2T  b cos 2T c cos 2 T d sin 2 T
2 2 2 2
IES-1. Ans. (a)

IES-2. In the case of bi-axial state of normal stresses, the normal stress on 45° plane is
equal to [IES-1992]
(a) The sum of the normal stresses (b) Difference of the normal stresses
(c) Half the sum of the normal stresses (d) Half the difference of the normal stresses
Vx Vy Vx Vy
IES-2. Ans. (c) V n  cos 2T  W xy sin 2T
2 2
Vx Vy
At T 45o andW xy 0; V n
2

IES-3. In a two-dimensional problem, the state of pure shear at a point is

characterized by [IES-2001]
(a) H x H y and J xy 0 (b) H x H y and J xy z 0
(c) Hx 2H y and J xy z 0 (d) Hx 0.5H y and J xy 0
IES-3. Ans. (b)

IES-4. Which one of the following Mohr’s circles represents the state of pure shear?
[IES-2000]

IES-4. Ans. (c)

Page 89 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IES-5. For the state of stress of pure shear W the strain energy stored per unit volume
in the elastic, homogeneous isotropic material having elastic constants E and
Q will be: [IES-1998]
W2 W2 2W 2 W2
(a) 1 Q  (b) 1 Q  (c) 1 Q  (d)  2 Q 
E 2E E 2E
IES-5. Ans. (a) V 1 W , V2 W , V 3 0
1 ª 2 2 1 P 2
U W   W   2PW  W º V W V
2E ¬ ¼ E

IES-6. Assertion (A): If the state at a point is pure shear, then the principal planes
through that point making an angle of 45° with plane of shearing stress carries
principal stresses whose magnitude is equal to that of shearing stress.
Reason (R): Complementary shear stresses are equal in magnitude, but
opposite in direction. [IES-1996]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-6. Ans. (b)

IES-7. Assertion (A): Circular shafts made of brittle material fail along a helicoidally
surface inclined at 45° to the axis (artery point) when subjected to twisting
moment. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): The state of pure shear caused by torsion of the shaft is equivalent
to one of tension at 45° to the shaft axis and equal compression in the
perpendicular direction.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-7. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation for A.

IES-8. A state of pure shear in a biaxial state of stress is given by [IES-1994]

§V1 0 · §V1 0 · § V x W xy ·
(a) ¨ ¸ (b) ¨ ¸ (c) ¨ ¸ (d) None of the above
© 0 V2 ¹ © 0 V 1 ¹ ©W yx V y ¹
IES-8. Ans. (b) V 1 W , V2 W , V 3 0

IES-9. The state of plane stress in a plate of 100 mm thickness is given as [IES-2000]
ǔxx = 100 N/mm2, ǔyy = 200 N/mm2, Young's modulus = 300 N/mm2, Poisson's ratio
= 0.3. The stress developed in the direction of thickness is:
(a) Zero (b) 90 N/mm2 (c) 100 N/mm2 (d) 200 N/mm2
IES-9. Ans. (a)

IES-10. The state of plane stress at a point is described by V x V y V and W xy 0 . The

normal stress on the plane inclined at 45° to the x-plane will be: [IES-1998]
 a V b 2V c 3V  d  2V
Vx Vy Vx Vy
IES-10. Ans. (a) V n  cos 2T  W xy sin 2T
2 2

IES-11. Consider the following statements: [IES-1996, 1998]

State of stress in two dimensions at a point in a loaded component can be
completely specified by indicating the normal and shear stresses on
1. A plane containing the point
2. Any two planes passing through the point
3. Two mutually perpendicular Page 90 of 429
planes passing through the point
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Of these statements
(a) 1, and 3 are correct (b) 2 alone is correct
(c) 1 alone is correct (d) 3 alone is correct
IES-11. Ans. (d)

Principal Stress and Principal Plane

IES-12. A body is subjected to a pure tensile stress of 100 units. What is the maximum
shear produced in the body at some oblique plane due to the above? [IES-2006]
(a) 100 units (b) 75 units (c) 50 units (d) 0 unit
V 1  V 2 100  0
IES-12. Ans. (c) W max 50 units.
2 2

IES-13. In a strained material one of the principal stresses is twice the other. The
maximum shear stress in the same case is U max . Then, what is the value of the
maximum principle stress? [IES 2007]
W
(a) max W
(b) 2 max W
(c) 4 max (d) 8 W max
V1  V 2 V2
IES-13. Ans. (c) W max , V1 2V 2 or W max or V2 2W max or V 1 2V 2 = 4W max
2 2

IES-14. In a strained material, normal stresses on two mutually perpendicular planes

are ǔx and ǔy (both alike) accompanied by a shear stress Ǖxy One of the principal
stresses will be zero, only if [IES-2006]
V x uV y
(a) W xy (b) W xy V x uV y (c) W xy V x uV y (d) W xy V x2 V y2
2
2
Vx  Vy §Vx Vy · 2
IES-14. Ans. (c) V 1,2  ¨ ¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹
2
Vx Vy §Vx Vy · 2
if V 2 0 Ÿ ¨ ¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹
2 2
§Vx  Vy · §Vx Vy · 2
or ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸  W xy or W xy Vx uVy
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

IES-15. The principal stresses ǔ1, ǔ2 and ǔ3 at a point respectively are 80 MPa, 30 MPa
and –40 MPa. The maximum shear stress is: [IES-2001]
(a) 25 MPa (b) 35 MPa (c) 55 MPa (d) 60 MPa
V1  V 2 80  ( 40)
IES-15. Ans. (d) W max 60 MPa
2 2

IES-16. Plane stress at a point in a body is defined by principal stresses 3ǔ and ǔ. The
ratio of the normal stress to the maximum shear stresses on the plane of
maximum shear stress is: [IES-2000]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
2W xy
IES-16. Ans. (b) tan 2T ŸT 0
Vx Vy
V1  V 2 3V  V
W max V
2 2
3V  V
Major principal stress on the plane of maximum shear = V 1 2V
2
Page 91 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IES-17. Principal stresses at a point in plane stressed element are Vx Vy 500 kg/cm 2 .
Normal stress on the plane inclined at 45o to x-axis will be: [IES-1993]
(a) 0 (b) 500 kg/cm 2 (c) 707 kg/cm2 (d) 1000 kg/cm2
IES-17. Ans. (b) When stresses are alike, then normal stress ǔn on plane inclined at angle 45° is
2 2
2 2 § 1 · § 1 · ª1 1º
V n V y cos T  V x sin T Vy ¨ ¸ Vx ¨ ¸ 500 «  » 500 kg/cm 2
© 2¹ © 2¹ ¬2 2¼

IES-18. If the principal stresses corresponding to a two-dimensional state of stress are

V1 and V2 is greater than V2 and both are tensile, then which one of the
following would be the correct criterion for failure by yielding, according to
the maximum shear stress criterion? [IES-1993]

(a)
V 1  V 2  r
V yp
(b)
V1
r
V yp
(c )
V2
r
V yp
(d ) V 1 r2V yp
2 2 2 2 2 2
IES-18. Ans. (a)

IES-19. For the state of plane stress.

Shown the maximum and
minimum principal stresses are:
(a) 60 MPa and 30 MPa
(b) 50 MPa and 10 MPa
(c) 40 MPa and 20 MPa
(d) 70 MPa and 30 MPa

[IES-1992]
2
Vx Vy §Vx Vy · 2
IES-19. Ans. (d) V 1,2  ¨ ¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹
2
50  ( 10) § 50  10 · 2
V 1,2  ¨ ¸  40
2 © 2 ¹
V max 70 and V min 30

IES-20. Normal stresses of equal magnitude p, but of opposite signs, act at a point of a
strained material in perpendicular direction. What is the magnitude of the
resultant normal stress on a plane inclined at 45° to the applied stresses?
[IES-2005]
(a) 2 p (b) p/2 (c) p/4 (d) Zero
Vx Vy Vx Vy
IES-20. Ans. (d) V x  cos 2T
2 2
P P P P
Vn  cos 2 u 45 0
2 2

IES-21. A plane stressed element is subjected to the state of stress given by

V x W xy 100 kgf/cm 2 and ǔy = 0. Maximum shear stress in the element is equal
to [IES-1997]

 a  50 3 kgf/cm 2  b 100 kgf/cm 2  c  50 5 kgf/cm2  d 150 kgf/cm 2

Page 92 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
2
Vx 0 §V 0·
IES-21. Ans. (c) V 1,2 r ¨ x ¸  W xy2 50 # 50 5
2 © 2 ¹
V 1  V 2
Maximum shear stress = 50 5
2

IES-22. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer, using the codes given
below the lists: [IES-1995]
List I(State of stress) List II(Kind of loading)

Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 2 4 3 1 (d) 3 4 1 2
IES-22. Ans. (c)

Mohr's circle
IES-23. Consider the Mohr's circle shown
above:
What is the state of stress
represented by this circle?
(a)V x V y z 0, W xy 0
(b)V x  V y 0, W xy z 0
(c)V x 0, V y W xy z 0
(d)V x z 0, V y W xy 0

[IES-2008]
IES-23. Ans. (b) It is a case of pure shear. Just put V 1 V 2

IES-24. For a general two dimensional stress system, what are the coordinates of the
centre of Mohr’s circle? [IE
Vx V y Vx Vy Vx Vy Vx V y
(a) ,0 (b) 0, (c) ,0 (d) 0,
2 2 2 2
IES-24. Ans. (c)

IES-25. In a Mohr's circle, the radius of the circle is taken as: [IES-2006; GATE-1993]
2
§ V x V y ·
2
2 V V y  2
¸  W xy   W xy 
x
(a) ¨ (b)
© 2 ¹ 2
2
§ V x V y · 2 2 2
(c) ¨ ¸  W xy  Page 93 of 429
(d) V x  V y   W xy 
© 2 ¹
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Where, ǔx and ǔy are normal stresses along x and y directions respectively and Ǖxy is the
shear stress.
IES-25. Ans. (a)

IES-26. Maximum shear stress in a Mohr's Circle [IES- 2008]

(a) Is equal to radius of Mohr's circle (b) Is greater than radius of Mohr's circle
(c) Is less than radius of Mohr's circle (d) Could be any of the above
IES-26. Ans. (a)

2
2 § 2 ·
§ Vx  Vy · ¨ § Vx  Vy
2 · 2 ¸
¨¨ V xc  ¸¸  Wxcyc
¨ ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy ¸
© 2 ¹ ¨ © 2 ¹ ¸
© ¹
? Radius of the Mohr Circle
2
§ Vx  Vy · 2
¨¨ 2 ¸¸  W xy
© ¹
2
Vx  Vy § Vx  Vy · 2
? Vt  ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹
2
Vx  Vy § Vx  Vy · 2
V2  ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹
2
V1  V2 § Vx  Vy · 2
Ÿ Wmax r Ÿ Wmax ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy
2 © 2 ¹

IES-27. At a point in two-dimensional stress system ǔx = 100 N/mm2, ǔy = Ǖxy = 40 N/mm2.

What is the radius of the Mohr circle for stress drawn with a scale of: 1 cm = 10
N/mm2? Page 94 of 429 [IES-2005]
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IES-27. Ans. (c) Radius of the Mohr circle
ª V V 2 º ª § 100  40 ·2 º
« ¨§ x y ·
¸  W xy 2 » / 10 « ¨  40 2
» / 10 50 / 10 5 cm
« © 2 ¹ » ¸
« © 2 ¹ »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼

IES-28. Consider a two dimensional state of stress given for an element as shown in the
diagram given below: [IES-2004]

What are the coordinates of the centre of Mohr's circle?

(a) (0, 0) (b) (100, 200) (c) (200, 100) (d) (50, 0)
§ V x  V y · § 200  100 ·
IES-28. Ans. (d) Centre of Mohr’s circle is ¨ ,0 ¸ ¨ ,0 ¸  50,0 
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

IES-29. Two-dimensional state of stress at a point in a plane stressed element is

represented by a Mohr circle of zero radius. Then both principal stresses
(a) Are equal to zero [IES-2003]
(b) Are equal to zero and shear stress is also equal to zero
(c) Are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
(d) Are of equal magnitude and of same sign
IES-29. Ans. (d)

IES-30. Assertion (A): Mohr's circle of stress can be related to Mohr's circle of strain by
some constant of proportionality. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): The relationship is a function of yield stress of the material.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-30. Ans. (c)

IES-31. When two mutually perpendicular principal stresses are unequal but like, the
maximum shear stress is represented by [IES-1994]
(a) The diameter of the Mohr's circle
(b) Half the diameter of the Mohr's circle
(c) One-third the diameter of the Mohr's circle
(d) One-fourth the diameter of the Mohr's circle
IES-31. Ans. (b)

IES-32. State of stress in a plane element is shown in figure I. Which one of the
following figures-II is the correct sketch of Mohr's circle of the state of stress?
[IES-1993, 1996]

Page 95 of 429
Figure-I Figure-II
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IES-32. Ans. (c)

Strain
IES-33. A point in a two dimensional state of strain is subjected to pure shearing strain
of magnitude J xy radians. Which one of the following is the maximum principal
strain? [IES-2008]
(a) J xy (b) J xy / 2 (c) J xy /2 (d) 2 J xy
IES-33. Ans. (c)

IES-34. Assertion (A): A plane state of stress does not necessarily result into a plane
state of strain as well. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): Normal stresses acting along X and Y directions will also result
into normal strain along the Z-direction.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-34. Ans. (a)

Principal strains
IES-35. Principal strains at a point are 100 u 106 and 200 u 106 . What is the maximum
shear strain at the point? [IES-2006]
(a) 300 × 10 –6 (b) 200 × 10 –6 (c) 150 × 10 –6 (d) 100 × 10–6
IES-35. Ans. (a) J max H 1  H 2 100   200  u 10 6
300 u 10 6

V1  V 2
don' t confuse withMaximumShear stress W max 
2
J xy H1  H 2 V1  V 2
in strain and W max that is the difference.
2 2 2

IES-36. The principal strains at a point in a body, under biaxial state of stress, are
1000×10–6 and –600 × 10–6. What is the maximum shear strain at that point?
[IES-2009]
(a) 200 × 10–6 (b) 800 × 10–6 (c) 1000 × 10–6 (d) 1600 × 10–6
IES-36. Ans. (d)
x  y Ixy
2 2
Ÿ Ixy x  y 
1000 u 106  600 u 106  1600 u 106

IES-37. The number of strain readings (using strain gauges) needed on a plane surface
to determine the principal strains and their directions is: [IES-1994]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
IES-37. Ans. (c) Three strain gauges are needed on a plane surface to determine the principal
strains and their directions.

Principal strain induced by principal stress

IES-38. The principal stresses at a point in two dimensional stress system are V 1 and
V 2 and corresponding principal strains are H1 and H 2 . If E and Q denote
Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, respectively, then which one of the
following is correct? [IES-2008]
E
(a) V 1 EH1 (b)V 1 >H1  QH 2 @
1Q 2
E
(c)V 1 >H1  QH 2 @ (d)96Vof
Page E >H 1  QH 2 @
1 429
1Q 2
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
T1 T T T
IES-38. Ans. (b) F1  N 2 and F2  2  N 1 From these two equation eliminate T2 .
E E E E

IES-39. Assertion (A): Mohr's construction is possible for stresses, strains and area
moment of inertia. [IES-2009]
Reason (R): Mohr's circle represents the transformation of second-order tensor.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
IES-39. Ans. (a)

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Stresses due to Pure Shear

IAS-1. On a plane, resultant stress is inclined at an angle of 45o to the plane. If the
normal stress is 100 N /mm2, the shear stress on the plane is: [IAS-2003]
(a) 71.5 N/mm2 (b) 100 N/mm2 (c) 86.6 N/mm2 (d) 120.8 N/mm2
IAS-1. Ans. (b) We know V n V cos2 T and W V sin T cos T
100 V cos2 45 or V 200
W 200 sin 45 cos 45 100

IAS-2. Biaxial stress system is correctly shown in [IAS-1999]

IAS-2. Ans. (c)

IAS-3. The complementary shear stresses of

intensity W are induced at a point in
the material, as shown in the figure.
Which one of the following is the
correct set of orientations of principal
planes with respect to AB?
(a) 30° and 120° (b) 45° and 135°
(c) 60° and 150° (d) 75°Page
and97165°
of 429
[IAS-1998]
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IAS-3. Ans. (b) It is a case of pure shear so principal planes will be along the diagonal.

IAS-4. A uniform bar lying in the x-direction is subjected to pure bending. Which one
of the following tensors represents the strain variations when bending moment
is about the z-axis (p, q and r constants)? [IAS-2001]
§ py 0 0 · § py 0 0 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(a) 0
¨ qy 0 ¸ (b) 0
¨ qy 0 ¸
¨ 0 0 ry ¸ ¨ 0 0 0 ¸¹
© ¹ ©
§ py 0 0 · § py 0 0 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(c) 0
¨ py 0 ¸ (d) 0 qy 0
¨ ¸
¨ 0 0 py ¸¹ ¨ 0 0 qy ¸
© © ¹
IAS-4. Ans. (d) Stress in x direction = ǔx
Vx Vx Vx
Therefore Hx , Hy P , Hz P
E E E

IAS-5. Assuming E = 160 GPa and G = 100 GPa for a material, a strain tensor is given
as: [IAS-2001]
§ 0.002 0.004 0.006 ·
¨ ¸
¨ 0.004 0.003 0 ¸
¨ 0.006 0 0 ¸¹
©
The shear stress, W xy is:
(a) 400 MPa (b) 500 MPa (c) 800 MPa (d) 1000 MPa

IAS-5. Ans. (c)

ªH xx H xy H xz º
« » J xy
«H yx H yy H yz » and H xy
«H H H » 2
¬ zx zy zz ¼
W xy G J xy 100 u 10 u  0.004 u 2  MPa 800MPa
3

Principal Stress and Principal Plane

IAS-6. A material element subjected to a plane state of stress such that the maximum
shear stress is equal to the maximum tensile stress, would correspond to
[IAS-1998]

V1  V 2 V 1  ( V 1 )
IAS-6. Ans. (d) W max V1
2 2

IAS-7. A solid circular shaft is subjected to a maximum shearing stress of 140 MPs.
The magnitude of the maximum normal stress developed in the shaft is:
Page 98 of 429
[IAS-1995]
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
(a) 140 MPa (b) 80 MPa (c) 70 MPa (d) 60 MPa
V1  V 2
IAS-7. Ans. (a) W max Maximum normal stress will developed if V 1 V 2 V
2

IAS-8. The state of stress at a point in a loaded member is shown in the figure. The
magnitude of maximum shear stress is [1MPa = 10 kg/cm2] [IAS 1994]
(a) 10 MPa (b) 30 MPa (c) 50 MPa (d) 100MPa

2 2
§V x V y · §  40  40 ·
IAS-8. Ans. (c) W max ¨¨ ¸¸  W xy 2 = ¨
2
¸  30 = 50 MPa
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹

IAS-9. A horizontal beam under bending has a maximum bending stress of 100 MPa
and a maximum shear stress of 20 MPa. What is the maximum principal stress
in the beam? [IAS-2004]
(a) 20 (b) 50 (c) 50 + 2900 (d) 100
IAS-9. Ans. (c) ǔb=100MPa W =20 mPa
2
Vb §V ·
ǔ1,2=  ¨ b ¸ W 2
2 © 2 ¹
2 2
Vb §V · 100 § 100 ·
V 1,2
2
 ¨ b ¸ W 2
© 2 ¹ 2
 ¨
© 2 ¹
¸  20
2
50  
2900 MPa

IAS-10. When the two principal stresses are equal and like: the resultant stress on any
plane is: [IAS-2002]
(a) Equal to the principal stress (b) Zero
(c) One half the principal stress (d) One third of the principal stress
Vx V y V x V y
IAS-10. Ans. (a) Vn  cos 2T
2 2
[We may consider this as W xy 0 ] Vx V y V ( say ) So V n V for any plane

IAS-11. Assertion (A): When an isotropic, linearly elastic material is loaded biaxially,
the directions of principal stressed are different from those of principal
strains. [IAS-2001]
Reason (R): For an isotropic, linearly elastic material the Hooke's law gives
only two independent material properties.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-11. Ans. (d) They are same.

Page 99 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IAS-12. Principal stress at a point in a stressed solid are 400 MPa and 300 MPa
respectively. The normal stresses on planes inclined at 45° to the principal
planes will be: [IAS-2000]
(a) 200 MPa and 500 MPa (b) 350 MPa on both planes
(c) 100MPaand6ooMPa (d) 150 MPa and 550 MPa
IAS-12. Ans. (b)
§ Vx V y · § V x V y · 400  300 400  300
Vn ¨ ¸¨ ¸ cos 2T  cos 2 u 45o 350MPa
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ 2 2

IAS-13. The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 60N/mm2 tensile, 20
N/mm2 tensile and 50 N/mm2 compressive. If the material properties are: μ =
0.35 and E = 105 Nmm2, then the volumetric strain of the material is: [IAS-1997]
(a) 9 × 10–5 (b) 3 × 10-4 (c) 10.5 × 10–5 (d) 21 × 10–5
IAS-13. Ans. (a)
Vx §Vy Vz · Vy §V V · Vz §V Vy ·
x  P¨  ¸ , y  P ¨ z  x ¸ and z  P¨ x  ¸
E ©E E¹ E ©E E ¹ E ©E E ¹

Vx  Vy  Vz 2P
v x  y  z
E

E
V x  V y  V z 
§Vx  Vy  Vz · § 60  20  50 ·
1  2P  ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ 1  2 u 0.35  9 u 10 5
© E ¹ © 105 ¹

Mohr's circle
IAS-14. Match List-I (Mohr's Circles of stress) with List-II (Types of Loading) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
(Mohr's Circles of Stress) (Types of Loading)

1. A shaft compressed all round by a hub

2. Bending moment applied at the free

end of a cantilever

3. Shaft under torsion

4. Thin cylinder under pressure

5. Thin spherical shell under internal

pressure
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 5 4 3 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 4 3 2 5 (d) 2 3 1 5
IAS-14. Ans. (d)

Page 100 of 429

Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
IAS-15. The resultant stress on a certain plane makes an angle of 20° with the normal
to the plane. On the plane perpendicular to the above plane, the resultant
stress makes an angle of lj with the normal. The value of lj can be: [IAS-2001]
(a) 0° or 20° (b) Any value other than 0° or 90°
(c) Any value between 0° and 20° (d) 20° only
IAS-15. Ans. (b)

IAS-16. The correct Mohr's stress-circle drawn for a point in a solid shaft compressed
by a shrunk fit hub is as (O-Origin and C-Centre of circle; OA = ǔ1 and OB = ǔ2)
[IAS-2001]

IAS-16. Ans. (d)

IAS-17. A Mohr's stress circle is drawn for a body subjected to tensile stress f x and f y
in two mutually perpendicular directions such that f x > f y . Which one of the
following statements in this regard is NOT correct? [IAS-2000]
fx  f y
(a) Normal stress on a plane at 45° to f x is equal to
2
fx  f y
(b) Shear stress on a plane at 450 to f x is equal to
2
(c) Maximum normal stress is equal to fx .
fx  f y
(d) Maximum shear stress is equal to
2
fx  f y
IAS-17. Ans. (d) Maximum shear stress is
2

IAS-18. For the given stress condition V x =2 N/mm2, V x =0 and W xy 0 , the correct
Mohr’s circle is: [IAS-1999]

§Vx Vy · §20 ·

IAS-18. Ans. (d) Centre ¨ ,0 ¸ ¨ 2 ,0 ¸ 1, 0 
© 2 ¹ © ¹
2 2
§Vx Vy · 2 §20·
radius ¨ ¸ Wx ¨ 2 ¸ 0 1
© 2 ¹ © ¹

IAS-19. For which one of the following two-dimensional states of stress will the Mohr's
stress circle degenerate into a point? [IAS-1996]

Page 101 of 429

Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s

IAS-19. Ans. (c) Mohr’s circle will be a point.

2
§Vx Vy · 2
Radius of the Mohr’s circle = ¨ ¸  W xy ? W xy 0 andV x Vy V
© 2 ¹

Principal strains
IAS-20. In an axi-symmetric plane strain problem, let u be the radial displacement at r.
Then the strain components H r , HT , beT are given by [IAS-1995]
u wu w 2u wu u
(a) Hr , HT , b rT (b) Hr , HT , b rT o
r wr wrwT wr r
u wu wu wu w 2u
(c) Hr , HT , b rT 0 (d) Hr , HT , b rT
r wr wr wT wrwT
IAS-20. Ans. (b)

IAS-21. Assertion (A): Uniaxial stress normally gives rise to triaxial strain.
Reason (R): Magnitude of strains in the perpendicular directions of applied
stress is smaller than that in the direction of applied stress. [IAS-2004]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-21. Ans. (b)

IAS-22. Assertion (A): A plane state of stress will, in general, not result in a plane state
of strain. [IAS-2002]
Reason (R): A thin plane lamina stretched in its own plane will result in a state
of plane strain.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-22. Ans. (c) R is false. Stress in one plane always induce a lateral strain with its orthogonal
plane.

Page 102 of 429

Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s

Previous Conventional Questions with Answers

Conventional Question IES-1999
Question: What are principal in planes?
Answer: The planes which pass through the point in such a manner that the resultant stress
across them is totally a normal stress are known as principal planes. No shear stress
exists at the principal planes.

Conventional Question IES-2009

Q. The Mohr’s circle for a plane stress is a circle of radius R with its origin at + 2R
on V axis. Sketch the Mohr’s circle and determine V max , V min , V av ,  Wxy max for
this situation. [2 Marks]

Ans. Here V max 3R

V min R
3R  R
V Vv 2R
2
V max  V min 3R  R
and W xy R
2 2

R R

(2R,0)

3R

Conventional Question IES-1999

Question: Direct tensile stresses of 120 MPa and 70 MPa act on a body on mutually
perpendicular planes. What is the magnitude of shearing stress that can be
applied so that the major principal stress at the point does not exceed 135
MPa? Determine the value of minor principal stress and the maximum shear
stress.
Answer: Let shearing stress is 'U ' MPa.
The principal stresses are
2
120  70 120  70 ¬­
ı1,2  o žž ­ U
2

2 žŸ 2 ®­
Major principal stress is
2
120  70 120  70 ¬­
žžž
2
ı1   ­­  U
2 Ÿ 2 ®
 135(Given) or , U  31.2MPa.

Page 103 of 429

Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Minor principal stress is
2
120  70 § 120  70 · 2
ı2  ¨ ¸  31.2 55 MPa
2 © 2 ¹
V1  V 2 135  55
W max 40 MPa
2 2

Conventional Question IES-2009

Q. The state of stress at a point in a loaded machine member is given by the
principle stresses. [ 2 Marks]
V1 600 MPa, V 2 0 and V3 600 MPa .
(i) What is the magnitude of the maximum shear stress?
(ii) What is the inclination of the plane on which the maximum shear stress
acts with respect to the plane on which the maximum principle stress
V1 acts?
Ans. (i) Maximum shear stress,
V1  V3 600   600 
W
2 2
600 MPa
(ii) At lj = 45º max. shear stress occurs with ǔ1 plane. Since ǔ1 and ǔ3 are principle
stress does not contains shear stress. Hence max. shear stress is at 45º with principle
plane.

Conventional Question IES-2008

Question: A prismatic bar in compression has a cross- sectional area A = 900 mm2 and
carries an axial load P = 90 kN. What are the stresses acts on
(i) A plane transverse to the loading axis;
(ii) A plane at ș = 60o to the loading axis?
Answer: (i) From figure it is clear A plane
transverse to loading axis, ș =0o
P 90000
= Tn  cos2 ș= N / mm 2
A 900
 100 N / mm 2
P 90000
and U = Sin 2ș= q sinș=0
2A 2×900
(iii) A plane at 60o to loading axis,
ș = 60°- 30° = 30°
P 90000
Tn  cos2 ș= q cos2 30
A 900
 75N / mm 2
P 90000
U sin2R  sin2 q 60o
2A 2 q 900
 43.3N / mm 2

Conventional Question IES-2001

Question: A tension member with a cross-sectional area of 30 mm2 resists a load of 80
kN, Calculate the normal and shear stresses on the plane of maximum shear
stress.
P P
Answer: ın  cos2 ș U sin 2ș
A 2A
Page 104 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s

For maximum shear stress sin2ș = 1, or, ș = 45o

80 q103 P 80 q103
ı n
 q cos2 45  1333MPa and Umax    1333MPa
30 2A 30 q 2

Conventional Question IES-2007

Question: At a point in a loaded structure, a pure shear stress state U = o 400 MPa
prevails on two given planes at right angles.
(i) What would be the state of stress across the planes of an element taken at
+45° to the given planes?
(ii) What are the magnitudes of these stresses?
Answer: (i) For pure shear

ı x  ı y ; U max  oı x  o400MPa

(ii) Magnitude of these stresses

ı n  U xy Sin 2ș  U xy Sin90o  U xy  400 MPa and U  (U xy cos 2ș )  0

Conventional Question IAS-1997

Question: Draw Mohr's circle for a 2-dimensional stress field subjected to
(a) Pure shear (b) Pure biaxial tension (c) Pure uniaxial tension and (d) Pure
uniaxial compression
Answer: Mohr's circles for 2-dimensional stress field subjected to pure shear, pure biaxial
tension, pure uniaxial compression and pure uniaxial tension are shown in figure
below:

Conventional Question IES-2003

Question: A Solid phosphor bronze shaft
Page60
105mm
of 429in diameter is rotating at 800 rpm and
transmitting power. It is subjected torsion only. An electrical resistance
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
strain gauge mounted on the surface of the shaft with its axis at 45° to the
shaft axis, gives the strain reading as 3.98 × 10–4. If the modulus of elasticity
for bronze is 105 GN/m2 and Poisson's ratio is 0.3, find the power being
transmitted by the shaft. Bending effect may be neglected.
Answer:

Let us assume maximum shear stress on the cross-sectional plane MU is U . Then

1
Principal stress along, VM = - 4U 2 = -U (compressive)
2
1
Principal stress along, LU = 4U 2  U (tensile)
2
Thus magntude of the compressive strain along VM is
U
= (1  μ)  3.98 q104
E
3.98 q104 q 105 q109

or U =  32.15 MPa
1  0.3

ʌ
= Torque being transmitted (T) = U q qd 3
16
ʌ
 32.15 q106
q q 0.063 =1363.5 Nm
16

 2ʌN ¬­  2ʌ×800 ¬­
= Power being transmitted, P =T.X =T.žž ­ =1363.5× žž ­W  114.23 kW
Ÿž 60 ®­ Ÿž 60 ®­

Conventional Question IES-2002

Question: The magnitude of normal stress on two mutually perpendicular planes, at a
point in an elastic body are 60 MPa (compressive) and 80 MPa (tensile)
respectively. Find the magnitudes of shearing stresses on these planes if the
magnitude of one of the principal stresses is 100 MPa (tensile). Find also the
magnitude of the other principal stress at this point.

Page 106 of 429

Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Answer: Above figure shows stress condition assuming
shear stress is ' U xy' 80Mpa
Jxy
Principal stresses
2
ıx  ı y  ı  ı y ¬­
ı1,2  o žž x ­  U xy2 60Mpa 60Mpa

2 žŸ 2 ®­­ Jxy
Jxy
2
60  80  60  80 ¬­
or , ı1,2  o žž 2
­­  U xy
2 žŸ 2 ® Jxy
80Mpa
2
60  80  60  80 ¬­
or , ı1,2  o žž 2
­­  U xy
2 ž
Ÿ 2 ®
To make principal stress 100 MPa we have to consider '+' .
= ı1  100 MPa  10  702  U xy2 ; or, U xy  56.57 MPa
Therefore other principal stress will be
2
60  80  60  80 ¬­
žžŸž
2
ı2   ­  (56.57)
2 2 ®­
i.e. 80 MPa(compressive)

Conventional Question IES-2001

Question: A steel tube of inner diameter 100 mm and wall thickness 5 mm is subjected to a
torsional moment of 1000 Nm. Calculate the principal stresses and
orientations of the principal planes on the outer surface of the tube.
ʌ  
¢ 0.110
 0.100
¯°± = 4.56 q106 m 4
4 4
Answer: Polar moment of Inertia (J)= ¡
32

5mm
T U T .R 1000 q(0.055)
Now  or J  
J R J 4.56 q106
 12.07MPa
2U xy
Now, tan 2ș p  r,
ıx  ıy 50mm
0 0
gives șp  45 or 135
= ı1  U xy Sin 2ș  12.07 q sin 900
 12.07 MPa
and ı 2  12.07 sin 2700
 12.07MPa

Conventional Question IES-2000

Question: At a point in a two dimensional stress system the normal stresses on two
mutually perpendicular planes are T x and T y and the shear stress is U xy. At
what value of shear stress, one of the principal stresses will become zero?
Answer: Two principal stressdes are
2
ıx  ı y  ı x - ı y ¬­
ı1,2  o žž ­  U xy2
2 žŸ 2 ®­­
Page 107 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Considering (-)ive sign it may be zero
2 2 2
 ı  ı y ¬­  ı x  ı y ¬­  ı  ı y ¬­  ı x  ı y ¬­
= žž x ­­  žž ­  U xy2 or, žž x ­ ž ­  U xy2
žŸ 2 ®­ žŸ 2 ®­­ žŸ 2 ®­­ Ÿžž 2 ®­­
2 2
 ı  ı y ¬­  ı x  ı y ¬­
or, U  žž x
2
­  žž ­ 2
or, U xy  ı xı y or,U xy  o ı x ı y
Ÿž 2 ®­­ Ÿž 2 ®­­
xy

Conventional Question IES-1996

Question: A solid shaft of diameter 30 mm is fixed at one end. It is subject to a tensile
force of 10 kN and a torque of 60 Nm. At a point on the surface of the shaft,
determine the principle stresses and the maximum shear stress.
Answer: Given: D = 30 mm = 0.03 m; P = 10 kN; T= 60 Nm
Pr incipal stresses V 1,V 2  and max imum shear stress W max  :
10 u 103
Tensile stress V t Vx 14.15 u 106 N / m2 or 14.15 MN / m2
S
u 0.032
4

T W
As per torsion equation,
J R
TR TR 60 u 0.015
? Shear stress, W 11.32 u 106 N / m2
J S S 4
D 4
u  0.03 
32 32
or 11.32 MN / m2
The principal stresses are calculated by u sin g the relations :

§Vx  Vy · ª§ V x  V y · 2 º
2
V 1,2 ¨ ¸r «¨ ¸ »  W xy
© 2 ¹ «¬© 2 ¹ »
¼
Here Vx 14.15MN / m2 ,V y 0;W xy W 11.32 MN / m2
2
14.15 § 14.15 · 2
? V 1,2 r ¨ ¸  11.32 
2 © 2 ¹
7.07 r 13.35 20.425 MN / m2 , 6.275MN / m2 .
Hence,major principal stress, V 1 20.425 MN / m2  tensile 
Minor principal stress, V 2 6.275MN / m2  compressive 
V1  V 2 24.425   6.275 
Maximum shear stress,W max 13.35mm / m2
2 2

Conventional Question IES-2000

Question: Two planes AB and BC which are at right angles are acted upon by tensile
stress of 140 N/mm2 and a compressive stress of 70 N/mm2 respectively and
also by stress 35 N/mm2. Determine the principal stresses and principal
planes. Find also the maximum shear stress and planes on which they act.
Sketch the Mohr circle and mark the relevant data.
Page 108 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
Answer: Given 70N/mm
2

B
ı x =140MPa(tensile) C

ı y = -70MPa(compressive) 2
35Nmm 2
U xy  35MPa 140N/mm

Principal stresses; ı1, ı2 ;

A
2
ıx  ıy  ı x  ı y ¬­
We know that, ı1,2  o žžž 2
­  U xy
2 žŸ 2 ®­­
2
140  70 140  70 ¬­
 o žž 2
­­  35  35 o 110.7
2 žŸ 2 ®
Therefore ı1 =145.7 MPa and ı 2  75.7MPa

Position of Principal planes ș1, ș 2

2U xy 2 q 35
tan 2ș p    0.3333
ıx  ıy 140  70
ı1 - ı 2 145  75.7
Maximum shear stress, Umax    110.7MPa
2 2
Y
Mohr cirle:

OL=ı x  140MPa
S 2Rp =198.4
OM  ı y  70MPa
SM  LT  U xy  35MPa U L
M O 2R V
N 
Joining ST that cuts at 'N'
ı = 140 T
SN=NT=radius of Mohr circle =110.7 MPa
OV=ı1  145.7MPa
OV  ı 2  75.7MPa
Conventional Question IES-2010
Q6. The data obtained from a rectangular strain gauge rosette attached to a
stressed steel member are 0 =  220 u 106 , 45
0
120 u 1006 , and

90 =220 u 106 . Given that the value of E = 2 u 105 N / mm2 and Poisson’s
Ratio P 0.3 , calculate the values of principal stresses acting at the point and
their directions. [10 Marks]
Ans. A rectangular strain gauge rosette strain
0 220 u 106  120 u 106 90 220 u 106
450

E = 2 u 1011 N / m2 poisson ratio P 0.3

Find out principal stress and their direction.
Let ea o ec 90 and eb 45
We know that principal strain are
ea  eb 2 2
12
2
 ea  eb    eb  ec 

220 u 106  120 u 106 1  2 2
Ÿ
2
r
2

 220  120   106    120  220 10  6

1
Ÿ 50 u 106 r 354.40 u 106
2 Page 109 of 429
Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
6
12 Ÿ 50 u 10 r 250.6 u 106
1 2.01 u 104
2 3.01 u 104
Direction can be find out : -
2eb  ea  ec 2 u 120 u 106
tan 2ljp
ec  ea 220 u 106  220 u 106
240
Ÿ 0.55
440
2ljp 28.81
ljp 14.450 clockwiseform principal strain t1
Principal stress:-

ǔ1
E 1  Ǎ 2  
2 u 1011 2  0.3  3  u 104 
2 2
1 Ǎ 1  0.3
241.78 u 105 N / m 2
527.47 u 105 N / m 2

Conventional Question IES-1998

Question: When using strain-gauge system for stress/force/displacement measurements
how are in-built magnification and temperature compensation achieved?
Answer: In-built magnification and temperature compensation are achieved by
(a) Through use of adjacent arm balancing of Wheat-stone bridge.
(b) By means of self temperature compensation by selected melt-gauge and dual
element-gauge.

Conventional Question AMIE-1998

Question: A cylinder (500 mm internal diameter and 20 mm wall thickness) with closed
ends is subjected simultaneously to an internal pressure of 0-60 MPa, bending
moment 64000 Nm and torque 16000 Nm. Determine the maximum tensile
stress and shearing stress in the wall.
Answer: Given: d = 500 mm = 0·5 m; t = 20 mm = 0·02 m; p = 0·60 MPa = 0.6 MN/m2;
M = 64000 Nm = 0·064 MNm; T= 16000 Nm = 0·016 MNm.
Maximum tensile stress:
First let us determine the principle stresses V 1 and V 2 assuming this as a thin
cylinder.
pd 0.6 u 0.5
We know, V1 7.5MN / m2
2t 2 u 0.02
pd 0.6 u 0.5
and V2 3.75MN / m2
4t 4 u 0.02
Next consider effect of combined bending moment and torque on the walls of the
cylinder. Then the principal stresses V '1 and V '2 are given by

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Chapter-2 Principal Stress and Strain S K Mondal’s
16 ª
V '1 3 ¬
M  M2  T 2 º
Sd ¼
16 ª
and V '2 M  M2  T 2 º
S d3 ¬ ¼
16 ª0.064  0.0642  0.0162 º
? V '1 3 ¬
5.29MN / m2
S u  0.5  ¼
16 ª0.064  0.0642  0.0162 º
and V '2 0.08MN / m2
S u  0.5 
3 ¬ ¼
Maximum shearing stress,W max :
V I  V II
We Know, W max
2
V II V 2  V '2 3.75  0.08 3.67MN / m2  tensile 
12.79  3.67
? W max 4.56MN / m2
2

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