History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 3

Hybrid electric vehicles
Dr.Y.P.Obulesh
Professor
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT Vellore
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Hybrid vehicle = IC Engine with fuel + Electric motor with battery
Compare to conventional vehicle, HEV can save fuel for
the following reasons.
 HEV can store part of the vehicle’s kinetic energy in battery while braking
or downslope in which otherwise is burnt in the brake drums in the form of
heat in conventional vehicle.
 The ICE in an HEV can be designed with a smaller displacement without
compromising the performance of vehicle.
 HEV can make ICE operate at maximum efficiency point or optimal
operating line by regulating the output power of battery to satisfy the
required power of vehicle.
 HEV is a multiple energy system; the main issue of HEV is how to
optimize the power flow to obtain best fuel economy or low emission at
lower cost, which is often referred to as the energy management (EM)
problem.
History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Surprisingly, the concept of a hybrid electric
vehicle is almost as old as the automobile
itself.
• The primary purpose, however, was not so
much to lower the fuel consumption but
rather to assist the ICE to provide an
acceptable level of performance.
• in the past, ICE engineering was less advanced
than electric motor engineering.
Contd..
• In 1899,The first hybrid vehicles reported at the Paris
Salon.
• These were built by the Pieper establishments of Liège,
Belgium.
• The Pieper vehicle was a parallel hybrid with a small air-
cooled gasoline engine assisted by an electric motor and
lead–acid batteries.
• When the driving power required was greater than the
engine rating, the electric motor provided additional
power.
Contd..
• In 1899, The other hybrid vehicle was introduced at the Paris
Salon. It was the first series hybrid electric vehicle and built
by the French firm Vendovelli and Priestly .
• This vehicle was a tricycle, with the two rear wheels powered
by independent motors. An additional 3/4 hp gasoline engine
coupled to a 1.1 kW generator was mounted on a trailer and
could be towed behind the vehicle to extend its range by
recharging the batteries.
• In 1902 , Frenchman, H. Krieger, built the second reported
series hybrid vehicle. He used two independent DC motors
driving the front wheels. They drew their energy from 44
lead–acid cells that were recharged by a 4.5 hp alcohol spark-
ignited engine coupled to a shunt DC generator.
Contd..
• In 1903, Frenchman Camille Jenatzy presented a parallel hybrid
vehicle at the Paris Salon. This vehicle combined a 6 hp gasoline
engine with a 14 hp electric machine that could either charge
the batteries from the engine or assist them later.
• Other hybrid vehicles, both of the parallel and series type, were
built during a period ranging from 1899 until 1914. Although
electric braking has been used in these early designs, there is no
mention of regenerative braking.
• Early hybrid vehicles were built in order to assist the weak ICEs
of that time or to improve the range of electric vehicles.
• these early hybrid vehicles could no longer compete with the
greatly improved gasoline engines that came into use after
World War I.
Contd..
• The gasoline engine made tremendous improvements in terms

of power density, the engines became smaller and more
efficient, and there was no longer a need to assist them with
electric motors.
• The supplementary cost of having an electric motor and the
hazards associated with the acid batteries were key factors in
the disappearance of hybrid vehicles from the market after
World War I ( 1914- 1918)
• the greatest problem that these early designs had to cope with
was the difficulty of controlling the electric machine.
• Power electronics did not become available until the mid-1960s
and early electric motors were controlled by mechanical
switches and resistors.
Contd..
• In 1967 , The series hybrid design was revived by Dr. Ernest H.

Wakefield in, A small engine-AC generator, with an output of 3 kW,
was used to keep a battery pack charged. However, the experiments
were quickly stopped because of technical problems.
• Other approaches studied during the 1970s and early 1980s used
range extenders, similar in concept to the French Vendovelli and
Priestly 1899 design.
• Other prototypes of hybrid vehicles were built by the Electric Auto
Corporation in 1982 and by the Briggs & Stratton Corporation in 1980.
Both of these were parallel hybrid vehicles.
Contd. .
• Dr. Victor Wouk is recognized as the modern investigator of
the hybrid electric vehicle movement.
• In 1975, along with his colleagues, he built a parallel hybrid
version of a Buick Skylark.
• The engine was a Mazda rotary engine, coupled to a manual
transmission. It was assisted by a 15 hp separately excited DC
machine, located in front of the transmission. Eight 12V
automotive batteries were used for energy storage.
• A top speed of 80 mph (129 km/h) was achieved with
acceleration from 0 to 60 mph in 16 sec.
Contd..
• The Ford Motor Corporation initiated the Ford

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenge, which drew
efforts from universities to develop hybrid
versions of production automobiles.
• In the U.S., Dodge built the Intrepid ESX 1, 2, and
3. The ESX-1 was a series hybrid vehicle, powered
by a small turbocharged three cylinder diesel
engine and a battery pack. Two 100 hp electric
motors were located in the rear wheels.
Contd..
• Efforts in Europe are represented by the French
Renault Next, a small parallel hybrid vehicle using a
750 cc spark-ignited engine and two electric motors.
• This prototype achieved 29.4 km/l with maximum
speed and acceleration performance comparable to
conventional vehicles.
• Volkswagen also built a prototype, the Chico. The
base was a small electric vehicle, with a nickel–metal
hydride battery pack and a three-phase induction
motor.
• A small two-cylinder gasoline engine was used to
recharge the batteries and provide additional power
for high-speed cruising.
Contd..
• The most significant effort in the development and

commercialization of hybrid electric vehicles was made by
Japanese manufacturers.
• In 1997, Toyota released the Prius sedan in Japan.
• In 1999, Honda Insight vehicles were released in the market.
• These vehicles are now available throughout the world. They
achieve excellent figures of fuel consumption.
• they are the first hybrid vehicles commercialized in the modern
era.
Toyota Camry Hybrid
Among hybrid cars, the top player in India is clearly the Toyota Camry. The car
comes in both petrol and hybrid models and it is the latter the has accounted for
70 per cent of the car's sales in India. The Camry hybrid is not a plug-in hybrid
but has been the bread winner for Toyota in this segment. It is powered by the
company's DOHC VVT-i 2.5-litre petrol unit paired to an electric motor. The
output tally of the hybrid system stands at 202bhp; 158bhp from the petrol
motor, and 44bhp from the electric motor.
Honda Accord Hybrid
The Japanese carmaker brought back the Accord nameplate to India with the
launch of the 2016 Honda Accord Hybrid. Unlike the Toyota Camry, the Accord
only comes in a hybrid version and in is sold in India as a completely built unit
(CBU). Globally, the Accord is in its ninth generation and in terms of styling and
design, it looks a lot more premium than its predecessors.
Powering the Honda Accord Hybrid is a 2.0-litre, 4-cylinder petrol engine

mated to an electric motor powered by a 1.3 Kilowatt/h lithium-ion battery
pack. While the petrol engine churns out a maximum of 145 bhp and 175 Nm
of peak torque, the electric motor puts out 184 bhp and a peak torque of 315
Nm. The Honda Accord hybrid's combined power output is rated at 212bhp.
Volvo XC90 T8 Plug-In Hybrid
Volvo recently launched the Plug-In Hybrid version of the XC90 in India and
well, it was the first SUV of its kind to hit the Indian shores.
The AWD Volvo XC90 Excellence derives power from the company's T8 Twin-
Engine Plug-in Hybrid Electric powertrain (2.0-litre supercharged and
turbocharged petrol engine + 9.2kWh Lithium-ion battery). Mated to an 8-speed
automatic transmission, the SUV offers a combined power output of nearly
402bhp and develops a maximum torque of 640Nm.
Lexus RX 450h
Lexus is not an alien brand in India and, before it officially entered the market
this year, it was expected to bring hybrid technology to multiple vehicles. Lexus
launched two hybrid vehicles—ES 300h and RX 450h.
The latter is an SUV and commands good road presence, thanks to its loud
exterior and large proportions. It is certainly expensive, retailing for over Rs
1.25 crore, but is reliable
Specifications
Variant: 450h
Fuel type: Hybrid
Engine capacity: 3,456 cc
Mileage: 18 km/l
BMW i8
While we associate hybrid vehicles with environment friendliness and fuel

efficiency, the BMW i8 gives it a completely different meaning. The car is a
good performer, with a range of 550 km, and numbers to back it up.
It can do 0-100 km an hour in 4.4 seconds and reach a maximum speed of

120 km/h in pure electric mode as well. It can also run for a maximum
distance of 37 km without a drop of fuel. It can seat four ..
Specifications
Variant: Hybrid
Fuel type: Hybrid
Engine capacity: 1,499 cc
Mileage: 47 km/l
Other Models of HEVs
•Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
•Honda Accord Hybrid
•Honda Civic Hybrid
•Ford Escape Hybrid
•GMC Silverado Hybrid
•GMC Sierra Hybrid
•Toyota Prius
•Toyota Highlander Hybrid
•Lexus 400h
•2019 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid. ...
•2020 Kia Optima Hybrid. ...
•2020 Toyota Prius Prime. ...
What Is a Plug-In Hybrid?
• A plug-in hybrid is essentially a conventional hybrid with a stronger electric
motor and an extra-large battery that can be charged up to provide true
all-electric motoring.
• With more ability to store and use electricity, a PHEV can run solely on
electric power — even at freeway speeds — for a significant distance
before the gas engine needs to come to life.
• Some conventional hybrids have EV modes, but they tend to be limited to
either low-speed manoeuvring or very short bursts.
• A PHEV is a great option for buyers who have access to a charge point
either at home or at work but who don't want to opt for a fully electric car
and the concomitant range anxiety
Disadvantages of HEVs
Emissions reduced, but not emission-free
HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they

produce zero emissions only when engine is not running
 More expensive than conventional Vehicles

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History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 3

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Hybrid electric vehicles

• The gasoline engine made tremendous improvements in terms

• In 1967 , The series hybrid design was revived by Dr. Ernest H.

• The Ford Motor Corporation initiated the Ford

• The most significant effort in the development and

Powering the Honda Accord Hybrid is a 2.0-litre, 4-cylinder petrol engine

While we associate hybrid vehicles with environment friendliness and fuel

It can do 0-100 km an hour in 4.4 seconds and reach a maximum speed of

HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they

 More expensive than conventional Vehicles

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