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    Heat, The Mechanical Universe

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    aladinsane
    This document summarizes key gas laws and concepts relating heat, temperature, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains that [1] temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules, [2] gas volume and pressure are directly proportional to temperature according to the ideal gas law (PV=kNT), and [3] heat is simply the kinetic energy of random molecular motion. Experiments by Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Kelvin, and others established relationships between these factors and led to the mechanical understanding of gases as collections of discrete particles in motion.

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    Heat, The Mechanical Universe

    Uploaded by

    aladinsane
    84 views2 pages
    This document summarizes key gas laws and concepts relating heat, temperature, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains that [1] temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules, [2] gas volume and pressure are directly proportional to temperature according to the ideal gas law (PV=kNT), and [3] heat is simply the kinetic energy of random molecular motion. Experiments by Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Kelvin, and others established relationships between these factors and led to the mechanical understanding of gases as collections of discrete particles in motion.

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    heat and mechanical universe

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    heat, the mechanical universe

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    This document summarizes key gas laws and concepts relating heat, temperature, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains that [1] temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules, [2] gas volume and pressure are directly proportional to temperature according to the ideal gas law (PV=kNT), and [3] heat is simply the kinetic energy of random molecular motion. Experiments by Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Kelvin, and others established relationships between these factors and led to the mechanical understanding of gases as collections of discrete particles in motion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    84 views2 pages

    Heat, The Mechanical Universe

    Uploaded by

    aladinsane
    This document summarizes key gas laws and concepts relating heat, temperature, and the kinetic theory of gases. It explains that [1] temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of gas molecules, [2] gas volume and pressure are directly proportional to temperature according to the ideal gas law (PV=kNT), and [3] heat is simply the kinetic energy of random molecular motion. Experiments by Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Kelvin, and others established relationships between these factors and led to the mechanical understanding of gases as collections of discrete particles in motion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    HEAT

    Notes from “THE MECHANICAL UNIVERSE”, Dr. Goodstein

    PAGE 1 OF 2

    TEMPRATURE AND GAS LAWS  As the gas warms, its volume increase in proportion
    to temperature.
    Temperature
     Lacks physical dimension According to Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 –1850),
     Difficult to measure directly the lowest possible temperature where gas molecules
     Could be measured in terms of its effects have no heat is -273C. (After interpolation)

    HEAT – the energy of random motion of atoms and Lord Kelvin:


    molecules.
    TV
    N
    P K But twice as much gas must occupy twice the volume.
    V Therefore V must also be proportional to the number of
    molecules of gas.
    N, is the number of gas molecules
    V, volume of the gas V  NT
    K, average KE of the molecules
    Boyle’s Law – at any constant temperature, PV =
    By applying Newton’s Law to individual gas molecules, constant. If T changes, the constant must also change.
    they found that the constant of proportionality is 2/3.
    PV  kNT
    2 N
    P K
    3 V 23 J
    k  1.38  10
    K
    Boyle’s Law – Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691): As long as
    the temperature remains unchanged, This definition determines the size of 1K and with it, fixes
    the whole Kelvin temperature scale.
    PV = constant
    Charles and Gay-Lussac experiments suggest that since
    Therefore, gas can be compressed, gases must be composed of
    discrete particles separated by a void.
    2
    constant = NK Applying the Laws of Mechanics to these invisible
    3 molecules leads to the Kinetic Theory of Gases which
    says, the KE of a gas, i.e. the collective effects of
    This Kinetic Energy (K) is in the form of HEAT. collision, is what gives the gas its pressure and volume.
    Jacques Charles (1746 – 1823), balloon enthusiast.
    2
     Found out that all gases expand by the same amount PV  NK
    with a given rise in temperature. 3
     At a given pressure, the volume of any gas changes
    by the same fraction for each degree rise in Butt PV is also related to the absolute temperature
    temperature.
    PV  kNT

     This means that there could be a temperature so low Thus there is a direct relationship between
    where there is no volume at all. TEMPERATURE and HEAT.
    NOTES ON HEAT FROM THE “MECHANICAL UNIVERSE” PAGE 2 OF 2

    2
    kT  K
    3

    T, absolute temperature
    K, mean average KE of one molecule of gas

    And of course, heat in gas is just the average kinetic


    energy of its molecules.

    In other words, heat and temperature can be related to a


    mechanical property, the KE of individual molecules of
    gas.

    PV  kNT is called the Ideal Gas Law.

    Not all gases are ideal but the law accurately describes
    how numerous real gases behave.

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