art appreciation (1ST SEMESTER- 1A)

Art History Pyramids – INSIDE

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD - Treasures
- Petroglyphs - Images of the king surrounded by his
Cupules: Cup-like scouring of family
the rock surface, Rock Carvings, - Osiris (god of underworld)
Engravings - Isis (Wife of Osiris)
- Pictograph - Other deities
Cave Paintings, Drawings Egyptian Art is not meant to be seen. Most of
- Prehistoric Sculptures it was discovered inside the pyramids and
Small Statuettes, Relief temples.
Sculptures
- Megalithic Art
Arrangement of large pieces of Architecture
stones - Post-and-lintel system (oldest method of
The primitive men depended on hunting on construction)
hunting of wild animals for food and clothing, - Columns: Lotus and Papyrus motifs
and lived mostly in caves. With an attempt to - Hieroglyphic Characters: recording the
represent their belief s and their world at that deeds of the Pharaohs
time, they painted images on cave walls and Paintings
ceilings. - Representational, showing the image or
- Cave Art: Engraved, Sculpted, or object at its most recognizable angle
Painted on rocks - Human Figure: Show the faces, waist,
- Animals, Human Figures, Tools and and limbs (profile), Eye and Shoulder
Weapons, Local Maps, Symbols (frontality)

EGYPTIAN PERIOD Kings are placed on the same scale as the

Religion, Immortality or life after deities, larger than the elite and average
death, Perfection (Ideal world of Gods), Egyptian. Scenes in their paintings were
Functional (Serve home for Gods) separated in Parallel lines known as
Pyramids REGISTERS.
- Base is a perfect square, showing belief - Registers serve to convey information
of perfection about the scenes. The higher the scene,
- House remains of dead kings/pharaohs the higher the status.
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- Statues; show frontal image, design to

face the ritual being performed before ROMAN PERIOD
them  The Romans admired the Greek
civilization so when they conquered the
GREEK PERIOD Greeks; they adopted most of the Greek
Archaic Period: forms and techniques. Unlike the
- Linear Greeks, the Romans were more
- Geometric (painted in vases) practical and realistic.
- Human Figure: Kouros and Kore  In sculpture, Romans preferred to
Kouros (Nude Male) and Kore (Fully sculpt portraits, also called busts. The
Clad Female) sculpted figures served to venerate the
Classical or Hellenic Period: authority figures,
– Golden Age of Athens: (Cultural  An outstanding example of Roman
Achievements) architecture is the Colosseum
– Aesthetic Ideals
– Emphasis on form, Intellectual Order, MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Harmony, Perfect Proportion, and  Early Christian's Art emphasized the
Balance spiritual and religious. Christian
– Sculptures: Human Figures in three images and symbols dominate the art in
dimensional and in great detail. No this period. The early Christian
expression and no imperfection. churches were in a basilica type of
– Architecture: (THREE ORDER PLAY) structure. The first Christian church is
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian the old Basilica of St. Peter in Rome.
Hellenistic Period:  Byzantine Art is a combination of
– Greek culture intermingled with classical and Asian traditions. It aims to
Oriental Culture create a reflection of heaven. Artists
– Art became dynamic, flexible, and make icons portraying Christ, the
truthful Crucifixion, and Mary and other
– Honest view of humanity (showing representational religious works.
emotions)  Romanesque, the manner of the
– Architecture: Pioneered in building Romans, started in the later part of the
TEMPLES, and other PUBLIC 11th century to the 12th century.
BUILDINGS. Fresco wall paintings and architectural
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wall paintings were common during realistically, with expression and

this period. gestures.
 Gothic art is the last style of medieval  Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance Man”
art. It is the period that links  William Shakespeare: he also gained
Romanesque art with Renaissance. popularity in this period. He was the
Architecture is the main form of greatest dramatist who produces
expression of this period. A distinctive tragedies and comedies.
characteristic of a Gothic Cathedral is  In the early Renaissance, artists
it has high, pointed spikes pointing explored on chiaroscuro effect in their
upwards which symbolizes and paintings. In the high Renaissance,
expression of faith. landscape art became common.
Towards the end of the period, figures
were depicted in dramatic postures,
RENAISSANCE PERIOD foreshortening was employed, and
 Renaissance comes from the French marble blocks were used as a medium
word which means “rebirth” for sculpture
 In this period, there were discoveries in
art and sciences. Religious images were Exploring arts and culture
commonly depicted in their paintings Culture is a total pattern
and sculptures. It was during this The personality of a person, so with his
period that easel paintings became behavior is affected by culture. This becomes
popular. evident in the ways on how a person was
 Modeling, shading and raised. His common acts of sleeping, eating,
geometrical/linear perspective were resting, and even expressing despair and
also used in their paintings to achieve a showing affection such as love are influenced
three-dimensional effect. by culture. People's way of life can be best
 Famous artists during period are viewed in his capacity to manifest ones'
Giotto, Massaccio and the three Great culture. This surpasses all the things that he
Masters Leonardo da Vinci, has learnt as a member of a particular tribe or
Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael community. This then can be passed on from
Sanzio. Giotto and Massaccio were the one generation to the next.
first artists to portray their subject Culture has structure
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For a culture to exist, it needs a structure. A that one will inherit, if not be accustomed, to
Filipino tribal village for example may not those things you are been exposed to.
occur if there are no units and groupings, like Culture is transmitted
there are zones and sitios existing within a Another distinguishing characteristic of
particular barangay. Culture may change as culture is that this can be passed on from one
with time as there are relatively new factors generation to the next. In today's millennial
are introduced. This may happen if technology age, youngsters may no longer do the mano po
may permeate in a given community gesture but oftentimes would exhibit the biso-
Culture is learned/adapted biso as French people exhibit. It is sufficed to
Culture shapes and molds an individual. It is say that culture does not only change but can
through culture that man learns to adapt in be transmitted, and on how these are passed
his present society and acts according to the on from one group to other may be affected by
standards or norms in a particular various factors. Books, monographs and other
community. As previously noted, that culture forms of printed literature may serve as a good
co-exists within a structure, this groupings or vehicle for this transmission. Culture is then
units binds him to interact with others. In realized as acquired and passed on through
doing so, man has to constantly learn and learning.
adapt with others in order to survive. Culture is dynamic/culture change
Culture is shared Children born from 1950's to 1970's might
This concept of culture is often manifested as have experienced playing under the moonlight.
people living together in geographic locations However, youngsters of today are now exposed
share same principles and practices. Similarly, to both online and offline games. These
countries/states which are closely related by changes mark the significant changes that
region or geographical location may share the adults of today may have difficulty in
same traits, values and sets of behavior. understanding. We may hear them saying,
Culture is influential ganito kami noon phrase.
This facet of culture as being influential can be Culture change and can be viewed as the
traced from the existence of bahala na, ningas conscious and directed means. This is
cogon and similar behaviors, which the evidenced by man's ability to react with
Spanish conquistadors have imparted to this culture.
soil. These might not be a good contribution Culture differences
but as you see, when one is subjected under the Though culture may be influential and can be
influence of another, then greater chances lire adaptive and even become dynamic; the basis
for this variation can be attributed to the
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human brain, such becomes the determinant group of individuals. And most of the time, these
for its creative and imaginative faculties. are the social institutions that cohabit in a given

Well, Filipinos might be known as great society like that of family; while under political are
community organizations, and government and
imitators but a good improvement on what has
also economic category which comprises
been seen and witnessed had been done by
cooperative labor, housing and private entities
them. Bennet (1992) claimed that this reality
can be traced into man's artistic, literary, and Functions of arts

philosophical aspects of culture, which have Personal Function

increased in variety.Fernandez (2016) testified - To express feelings depending on

that cultural differences manifest themselves emotions, thoughts, feelings, etc.

in varying ways and differing levels of depth of - Conceptualize: Artwork is viewed,

Art. interpreted, and understood in a

different way.

Elements of Culture Physical Function

a. This serves as the quality which makes - To perform of used for physical
Trait. one person or thing different from function
another - Answer man’s needs

b. The situation involved and even the - Aesthetic (Non-functional)

Complex. materials used are forming part on - Usefulness (Functional)
how this element exists - Utilitarian: when the artwork serves
both aesthetic and usefulness
c. The existence of regular and repeated way
Pattern. of doing things such as the reliable sample
of traits, acts, tendencies or other Social Function
observable characteristics of a person, group or - To record/commemorate part of
institution history, traditions, practices, and for

d. The derived idea represented by a word,

promoting a product.

Meaning phrase, or even the idea expressed in a a. PICTORAL FORM

s. work of writing, art and others - Humanitarian Concerns
- Ideological or Political comments
e. This is identified by the observer and not
Function by the culture bearers
- Warns us of extreme poverty and other

s. political issues surrounding a decent

f. Groups of activities with specific need-
housing for man
Institutionssatisfaction and how they function.
b. SATIRE
. These can be the families and other
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- Aims to ridicule an individual group or forms of arts to extend and manifest himself
society better
1. Cartoons - Promote and instill good Art as creation
Art comes from the Latin term, “ars” which
values, formation, molding of
means skill. When one engages himself/herself
character, good manners and behavior
in the world of arts, he/she needs to be well
2. Editorial Cartoons - Aims to instill
versed in seeking avenues to express himself
awareness/changes in people, society,
skillfully. The general “rule” is that art is a
government, political system through
deliberative well-constructed act
ridicule.
Art and Experience
c. PROPAGANDA LITERATURE
As one feels, sees, and experiences, then the
- Literary Art
consequences is one which puts them together
- Moving/Persuading people’s minds,
in a piece of work
feelings, and Ideologies
Art and Nature
- Arouse people to fight for a certain
Art as discussed earlier is a deliberate attempt
cause and objectives
of man to express himself through visual -
d. ADVERTISING ART
painting, drawing and the like or if not he
- To affect buying behavior of people
hums his favorite songs and even grooves to
e. Cultural/Historical/Religious Functions
the latest beat
- To commemorate important events that
Art as Beauty
is part of traditions and practices
The concept of beauty is becoming relative, as
one may find one person as beautiful while
Assumptions and natures of art
others may not. As stated, beauty may be
Art is everywhere
based on one's perception; hence, this notion
This is likened to the situation that as an
may differ from one perspective to the other
individual opens his eyes and until he goes
back to bed, art exists and persists
Art as Expression and Communication
When one expresses himself, he sends or
Venturing into humanities
communicates his feelings through the
The word Humanities originated from the
appropriate means of art or art forms. As long
Latin term
as one struggles to survive, his means of living
“HUMANUS”, meaning culture, human and
dictates him to express and communicate his
refined
joy, boredom, loneliness through varying
Synchronic
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- Looking into art as it is or per se. The of one's feelings/expressions without any
focus here is the analysis of a particular ulterior motives.
art at a given, fixed point in time ARTISAN
- Categorized under Formalist An artisan produces crafts out of the
Approach. Commonly dealing with the imagination and creation of the artist. It came
notions of medium, elements, designs, from the French word artisan and Italian
subject matter word artigiano that refers to a skilled craft
- Music - Melody, texture, harmony and worker who creates or makes things by hand
rhythm either for functions or even for aesthetic
- Literary Pieces - Plot, theme, setting, purpose, from jewelry to furniture.
point of view
Diachronic a.In terms of Production, Technique and
- Analyzes the evolution of art forms of Medium
over time or duration An artist is more free and able to explore
- A person may use this method in order and manipulate its mediums and applies freely
to analyze the effects of the variable or the techniques in order to produce the kind of
the change in an art form on something work it visions to be.
- Mona Lisa, Spolarium, Sunflowers An artisan commits its work with the aid
and instructions coming from the artist, the
Artists and artisans technique and procedures, and since the work
ARTIST is at times commissioned for production
An artist refers to the making of any artwork purposes, the use of the mediums need to be
or products that came from one's expression of limited.
creativity and imagination that is for pure b. In terms of Artistic Value
aesthetic reason. The word artist came from An artist has a clearer artistic value
the French word, artiste that refers to creative considering it is a product of its own personal
professionals, ranging from painting, feelings, experiences and expression. While an
sculpture, music and performing arts. An artisan has an artistic value and its main
artist create art as an occupation, but also for objective is to produce the work
those who possessed skills and talents without c. In terms of Functional Value and
professional training too in a particular Objectivity
activity. The work of an artist may have no clear
An artist is someone who is able to create a functional value. Its aim of producing or
work of art for the sake of making one because
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creating an art work may only be for personal - Cubuism. 2 dimensional

reasons. - Distortion. Alteration of the shape,
An artisan has a functional value. Artisans do twisted or bent out
not create a work for the sake of creating. It is - Mangling. Object or person being cut,
of use to man and society but at the same time mutilated, injured
aesthetic in its functions too - Abstract expressionism. Brush strokes
SURREALISM – combining realism and
Levels and meaning of subject distortion
Factual Meaning - a subject that is presented FAUVISM – brilliant colors applied
and referred to its literal statement or aggressively
narrative content ex. Flower DADAISM – rejection of logic
Subjective Meaning - used to symbolize EXPRESSIONISM – darker side of life,
something ex. Beauty starry night
Conventional Meaning - refers to the special FUTURISM – modern day technology, cars,
meaning that a certain object has for a planes, etc
particular culture, society or group of people SYMBOLISM – some difficulty at
ex. Philippines; culture understanding, colors represent something

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES Painting mediums

- Two-dimensional: drawings, ENCAUSTIC – oldest medium made from
illustrations, paintings, prints, posters, bees wax and resin
flat tapestries and etc TEMPERA - earth or mineral pigments mixed
- Three-dimensional: sculpture (wood, with egg yolk and white. it dries quickly so
metal, glass), clay pottery, baskets corrections are difficult
DIMENSIONS OR MEASUREMENTS PANEL PAINTING OR MIXED PAINTING
- Two-dimensional: Length and Width – egg in tempera is used to build volume. Has a
- Three-dimensional: Length, Width and jewel like effect
Volume FRESCO – earth pigments with water on a
plaster wall while the plaster is damp
MANNER OF PRESENTING ART AS SUBJECT WATER COLOR – tempered paint made of
REALISM – what you see is what you get. no pure ground pigment with gum Arabic. only in
modifications or changes one sitting
ABSTRACT – the art finds it’s meaning with
the artist
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OIL – a flexible medium made of thick DUPLICATING PROCESS, WHERE-IN

pigment slow to dry and painting can be EACH PRINT CONSIDERS AS AN
changed ORIGINAL WORK.
ACRYLIC – synthetic paint used as a binder. a. Relief Printing: Cutting away from a block
Has a quick drying properties of water color wood or linoleum the portions of the designs
and flexible oil the artist does not want to show. The art
SPRAYPAINT – performed on poster board, carving wood or wood cut is called xylography.
buildings, walls, etc. Also called as GRAFITTI b. Intaglio Printing: The Image or design is
MOSAIC – made of small cubes or irregular scratched, engraved or etched into a small
cut pieces of colored stones or glass called metal piece.
TESSERAE c. Lithography Printing: A planographic
STAINED GLASS – creates picture on a flat painting that makes use of immiscibility of
surface water and grease. Ink is applied to a grease
TAPESTRY – fabrics that are woven treated image on the flat printing surface, and
DRAWING – most fundamental of all skills then the blank image that is moist repels the
needed lithographic ink.
VELVET PAINTING – painted in a black d. Screen Printing it: also known as “screen
velvet cloth printing”, “silk-screening”, or “serigraphy”
creates bold color using a stencil technique.
Techniques in painting Stencil printing is arguably the oldest form of
Wet-on-wet: A painting technique in which graphic arts. It is a printing technique that
layers of wet paint are applied to previous uses a woven mesh to support the ink across
layers of wet paint. am ink blocking stencil.
Chiaroscuro: Characterized by strong Engraving: One of the most lightly skilled
difference between light and dark; usually method of incising lines into a hard surface.
bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. Sand Painting: Also referred to as dry
Repoussoir: It conditions where an object painting. It is the art of pouring colored sands
along the right or left foreground directs the onto a surface to make a painting.
viewer’s eye into the composition by Photography: Literally drawing or writing
bracketing the edge. It is a French verb, which with light. The camera is used to capture the
roughly translates “to push back. images and recorded in a film or negative. The
image to be seen undergoes three(3) steps in
PRINT MAKING IS A GRAPHIC IMAGE the dark room where it undergoes chemical
CREATED AS A RESULT FROM procedures.
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Digital Prints: Refer to editions of images wares, a good conductor of heat and electricity
created with a computer using drawings, other and normally shaped by hammering.
prints, photographs, light pen and tablet and b. BRONZE: one of the most universally
so on. popular metals for sculpture because it possess
Foil Imaging: Made using the Iowa Foil from atmospheric corrosion; it is commonly place in
the commercial foil stamping process. This parks.
uses gold leaf and acrylic foil in the printing c. GOLD and SILVER: are employed as
process. casting materials for small pieces only.
Trompe-loeil (Tarpaulin): It came from the Historically, it was used as religious and
French word meaning ”trick the eye”. It is a personal adornments; however, because of its
new unique art technique that is used and value at present, it is used as personal valuable
involved in creating extremely realistic expensive fashionable adornments.
imagery in order to create the optical illusion d. BRASS: Is a metal that has many practical
that depicts three-dimensional objects instead uses because it does not rust. Although it takes
of actual two-dimensional painting. a high polish, it is used for brass instruments.
e. LEAD: Used for casting and forging. With
ARCHITECTURE IS AN ART OF the help of a welding torch Iron.
DESIGNING A BUILDING AND f. ALUMINUM: It is light, making it an
SUPERVISING ITS CONSTRUCTION. advantage for architecture, utensils or pieces
The Mediums of furniture.
1. WOOD: The softest and the most available 3. INDIGENOUS MATERIALS: Materials
and used material. It is easier to carve than found in the locality and widely used for both
any other medium. It should be treated to sculpture and architectural purposes
preserve its quality. a. SAWALI: A material that refers to the
2. METAL: Includes any of a class of outer covering of bamboo poles as a woven
elementary substances which are crystalline material for cement backing.
when solid. It characterized by capacity, b. COCO COIR: A by-product material of a
ductility, conductivity and peculiar luster coconut used as a sandwich panels’ insulation
when freshly fractured. It can be shaped into and minimize the use of cements.
any direction or formed under great pressure
without breaking. c. BAGASSE: A sugar can waste used for
a. COPER: Is a metal used as a casting insulation or cement backing.
medium, It is reddish in color, use for kitchen d. ABACA: A fiber material obtained from the
leafstalk of a banana plant.
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e. BAMBOO: A material that is popularly esteemed as an ornamental stone for carving

used for building nipa hut as walls of and fashion jewelry.
foundations f. IVORY: Comes from the main parts of tusks
f. PALM FRONDS STEM: Is used for non- of elephants. These are white substances used
structural panels, certain walls, screen, and to make carvings, piano keys and billiard
base of the house, but susceptible to termites balls.
and has to be replaced every 4-5 years. 5. CERAMIC MATERIALS: Manufactured in
g. MUD BRICKS: Materials that have many ways with the use of clay.
beneficial effect in hot, dry climates. a. CLAY: Natural earthy material that has the
h. CCONCRETE MATERIALS: More nature of plasticity when wet. It is the most
dominant and very popular building material tender or softest of sculptural materials.
used at present for building structures and b. TERRA COTA: “Baked Earth” It is easily
houses. 2 kinds of concrete: broken. It is used for making flower pots.
4. STONES: Hard and brittle substance c. PORCELAIN: Used for brick-a-back,
formed from mineral and earth material. The dinnerware, figurine and dentures.
finish product is granular and dull 6. GLASS: Hard and brittle used as covering
appearance. and paneling. More or less transparent
a. GRANITE: A granular igneous rock substances.
composed of feldspars and quartz. It is hard to 7. PLASTER: Used for making manikins,
chisel. It is good for large works with only few models, molds, architectural decorations and
designs. other indoor sculpture.
b. BASALT: Hard and black in its color. It has 8. PLASTIC: It is a material transformed by
mystical power to heal; hence it is mostly used chemical process. It is light weight, easy to
in spas and massage and healing centers. handle and remarkably scratch and strain
c. MARBLE: Is a limestone in a more resistant.
crystalline state sufficiently close in texture; it
is capable of taking a high polish and it is THE MEDIUM of MUSIC
occurring in many varieties: Three Mediums Produced by Music
d. LIMESTONES AND SANDSTONE: Stones a. Vibrators and Resonators
that have fine, soft, even texture, and ideal b. Groups of Musical Instruments
used for carving and a substitute for making c. Human Voices
sculptures of saints. Four Groups of Family of Musical
e. JADE: Is fine, colorful stone, usually green Instruments
and used widely in ancient China. It is highly
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1. Stringed: Made of strings and produces a 6. Musical group: The Orchestra is a big
hollow sound box across which nylon, wire, or gathering of instrumentalists with the string
guts strings are stretched. instruments as its nucleus. It is headed and
a. Harp controlled by a Conductor, the person
b. Guitar entrusted with the tremendous task of
2. Woodwind Instruments: Found behind the controlling some one hundred players at a
string instruments in an orchestra.It is played time in an orchestra.
by blowing into them. 7. Human Voice: Man’s most wonderful
a. Flute e. Cor-Anglais Instrument. It is used by man to express
b. Piccolo f. Double Basssoon himself through music. It is an instrument out
c. Clarinet g. Saxophone of man’s inventions. It is unique. It has the
d. Oboe ability to combine two mediums of
3. Brass Instruments: Made of cylindrical communication: SPEECH and MUSIC
brass metal of varying length. a. Soprano
a.Trumpet b. Alto
b. French Horn c. Mezzo-Soprano
c. Sliding Trombone d.Tenor
d. Coronet e. Bass
e. Tuba f. Baritone
4. Percussion Instruments: Instruments played The Curator: Someone who interpret different
by means of sharp striking of one body against works, selecting them, classifying them,
another. It is composed of all instruments differentiating them, even to the point of
played by striking. It is used to emphasize labeling them, doing catalogue essays and
rhythm, other activities that need to support and
a. Chimes f. Maracas prepare and exhibit. A curator is a manager,
b. Glockenspiel g. Triangle overseer, keeper of cultural heritage either of
c. Bell-lyre h. Cymbals an institution, a gallery, museum, library or
d. Xylophone i. Castanets archive.
e.Tambourine
5. Keyboard Instruments: Occasionally play
with symphony orchestra
a. Piano
b. Organ
c. Celesta
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