PART 5 ART HISTORY Arts Period and Movement

 Egyptian (3100 BCE – 30 BCE)

THE BEGINNINGS OF ART
Characteristics
 Since art is based on ideas and the expression of  art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb
these ideas, its survival is dependent upon its ability paintings; massive, monumental structures
to evolve hence, to change with the times. Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 History, and particularly art history, is as much a  Imhotep’s Step Pyramid, Great Pyramids, Temple
projection of the present as it is an authentic of Ramesses, the Great Sphinx
documentation of the past. Significant Historical Events
 Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100 BCE),
A. Western and Asian Art Rameses II battles

Arts Period and Movement

 Stone Age (30,000 BCE – 2500 BCE) Pyramids at Giza
Characteristics  ancient engineering works at Giza were great and
 Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic impressive that even today’s scientists cannot be
structures certain exactly how the pyramids were built
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Lascaux cave Painting, Venus of Willendorf, Abu Simbel Temple of Rameses II
Stonehenge
Significant Historical Events  these temples were cut from the side of a mountain
 Ice Age ends (10,000 BCE – 8000 BCE) made of solid rock
 New Stone Age & first permanent settlements  location is at the ancient Watwat in Nubia, near the
(8,000 BCE – 2500 BCE) borders of Sudan
 its reign may have lasted for 67 years

The Lascaux Caves Great Sphinx of Giza

 considered among the most exquisite and well-  most recognizable statue associated with ancient
preserved examples of prehistoric culture Egypt and among the most famous in the world
 paint used were a mixture of grounded colored rocks  sculpture of a recumbent lion with the head of an
and organic matter with tree sap and sometimes Egyptian king
animal blood as binder  carved out of limestone on the Giza plateau
 during the reign of King Khafre in the period of the
Venus of Willendorf Old Kingdom of Egypt
 oldest surviving three-dimensional depiction of  guarding the pyramids
human body Arts Period and Movement
 it might be fertility goddess or a goddess that rings  Greek and Hellenistic (850 BCE – 31 BCE)
forth prosperity and good future
Characteristics
Stonehenge  Greek idealism; balance, perfect proportions;
architectural orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
 one of the most famous surviving Neolithic-style Popular Artists and Major Artworks
structures located in in South England  Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles
 most likely constructed as a shrine, the outer of its
Significant Historical Events
two concentric rings has the distinction of being laid
 Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 BCE)
out in exact accordance with the directional path of  Peloponnesian
the sun at the summer solstice

Arts Period and Movement  In Ancient Greek architecture, architectural style is

 Mesopotamian (3500 BCE – 539 BCE) divided into three defined orders: the Doric, the
Characteristics Ionic, and the Corinthian order
 warrior art and narration in stone relief  the architecture of Ancient Rome was strongly
Popular Artists and Major Artworks influenced by Greece
 Standard of UR, Gate of Ishtar, Stele of  Greek sculpture includes three distinct styles:
Hammurabi’s Code o archaic style – stiff and rigid
Significant Historical Events o classical style – realistic and includes
 Sumerians invent writing (3400 BCE) representation of movement
 Hammurabi writes his law code (1780 BCE) o Hellenistic style – resulted from centuries of
 Abraham founds monotheism Greek studies of the human form

Arts Period and Movement

Mesopotamian art  Roman (500 BCE – 476 BCE)
 features a distinctive style in the sculptures Characteristics
 textures of the figures are achieved through repetition  Roman realism: practical and down to earth; the
of lines and dots arch
 Portal guardians – most impressive works; usually Popular Artists and Major Artworks
presented as animals (real or imaged) or animals with  Augustus of Primaporta, Colosseum, Trajan’s
human heads Column, Pantheon
Significant Historical Events
 Julius Caesar assassinated (44 BCE)
  Augustus proclaimed Emperor (27 BCE) Arts Period and Movement
 Diocletian splits Empire (CE 292)  Byzantine and Islamic (476 CE – 1453 CE)
 Rome falls (CE 476)
Characteristics
 Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture
 The Romans invented the Roman Arch and amazing maze-like design
 Roman Arch helped them to make bigger bridges Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Hagia Sophia, Andrei Rublev, Mosque of
and aqueducts
Cordoba, the Alhambra
 The aqueducts were responsible for making water
Significant Historical Events
run into the towns and allowed them to create the
 Justinian partly restores Western Roman Empire
famous Roman Baths (533 CE – 562 CE)
 The Roman Baths was a large pool surrounded by  Iconoclasm Controversy (726 CE – 843 CE)
many shops, restaurants, libraries, and gym where  Birth of Islam (610 CE)
people gathered (built using best building materials  Muslim Conquests (632 CE – 732 CE)
like marble)
 Marble was a favorite material of the Romans
 The Colosseum can accommodate approximately Byzantine Art
50,000 people where gladiator fights, navel battles  about religious expression and more specifically
and prosecutions were held about church theology translated into aesthetic forms
Arts Period and Movement Arts Period and Movement
 Hindu, Chinese and Japanese (653 BCE – 1900  Middle Ages (500 – 1400)
BCE)
Characteristics Characteristics
 serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating  Celtic art, Carolingian renaissance, Romanesque,
World Gothic
Popular Artists and Major Artworks Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Hokusai, Hiroshige  St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame,
Chartres, Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto
Significant Historical Events Significant Historical Events
 Birth of Buddha (563 BCE)  Viking raids (793 – 1066)
 Silk Road opens (1st century BCE)  Battle of Hastings (1066)
 Buddhism spreads to China (1st-2nd centuries CE)  Crusades I-IV (1095 – 1204)
and Japan (5th century CE)  Black Death (1347 – 1351)
 Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)
Hindu Art

 reflects a plurality of beliefs  European thinkers, writers and artists looked back
 Hindu temples – depicts their architecture and where and celebrated the art and culture of ancient Greece
sculptures are found; usually devoted to different and Rome.
deities  The considered the period after the fall of Rome as a
 Deities – usually portrayed with multiple limbs and “Middle’ or “Dark” age.
heads, which indicates the extent of the god’s power  In this period, no scientific accomplishments had
and ability been made, no great art produced, no great leaders
o Shiva the Destroyer born.
 Beautiful Romanesque castles and majestic gothic
o Vishnu in his incarnations as Rama and
cathedrals were created
Krishna
o Ganesha, the elephant god of prosperity Arts Period and Movement
 characterized by holy symbols, which includes:  early and High Renaissance (1400 - 1550)
o om – invocation of the divine consciousness
Characteristics
of God  Rebirth of classical culture
o swastika – a symbol of auspiciousness
o lotus flower – symbol of purity, beauty, Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Ghiberti’s Doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello,
fertility, and transcendence
Botticelli, Leonardo Michelangelo, Raphael
Chines Art Significant Historical Events
 Gutenberg invests movable type (1447)
 have evolved throughout its history  Turks conquer Constantinople (1453)
 encompasses fine arts, folk arts, and performance arts  Columbus lands in New World (1492)
 Chinese artistic styles are classified according to the  Martin Luther starts Reformation (1517)
dynasty under which they were produced

Japanese Art Renaissance

 covers a wide range of art styles and media, including  literally means rebirth and describes the revival of
ancient pottery, sculpture, ink painting and interest in the artistic achievements of the Classical
calligraphy on silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and World (of Greece and Rome)
woodblock prints, kirigami, origami, dorodango, and  it was a time when individual expression and worldly
more recently manga, a modern method of Japanese experience became two of the main themes of
cartooning and comics Renaissance art
 education at this time took center stage with libraries
and academies
 Arts Period and Movement  direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to appeal to
 Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430 – 1550) the senses and the emotions
Characteristics Chiaroscuro technique
 The Renaissance spreads northward to France, the
Low Countries, Poland, Germany, and England  trait of Baroque art
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  refers to the interplay between light and dark, often
 Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Durer, Bruegel, Bosch, used in paintings with dimly lit scenes to produce a
Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden very high-contrast, dramatic atmosphere
Significant Historical Events
 Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545 Arts Period and Movement
– 1563)  Neoclassical
 Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around the
Characteristics
Sun (1543)
 Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and
grandeur
 The Northern Renaissance was famous for its Popular Artists and Major Artworks
advanced techniques in oil painting, realistic,  David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
expressive altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings, Significant Historical Events
woodcuts and printmaking.  Enlightenment (18th century)
 Dutch art was determined by empirical perspective.  Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1850)
 The Dutch aimed to get the bottom of the mysteries  Neoclassical painting and sculpture involved an
of the world with a precise observation of all things. emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of
classical events, characters and themes, using
Arts Period and Movement historically correct settings and costumes.
 Mannerism (1527 – 1580)
Characteristics Arts Period and Movement
 Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature  Romanticism (1780 – 1850)

Popular Artists and Major Artworks Characteristics

 Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini  the triumph of imagination and individuality

Significant Historical Events Popular Artists and Major Artworks

 Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520 – 1522)  Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner,
Benjamin West
Significant Historical Events
 American Revolution (1775 – 1783)
Mannerism  French Revolution (1789 – 1779)
 paintings and compositions can have no focal point  Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803)
and space can be ambiguous.
 The compositions are marked by clashing colors,  Romantic visual and literary artists glorified things.
which lacks the balance, naturalism, and dramatic  Romanticism glorified abstract, complex concepts
colors of the High Renaissance. like liberty, peace, survival, hope, heroism, despair,
 Mannerist artwork seeks instability and restlessness and other sensations that nature evokes in humans.
with a fondness for allegories that have lascivious  All of these ‘things’ are felt on a more personal and
undertones. highly subjective level.
 Romanticism may also be characterized by what it
Arts Period and Movement
 Baroque (1600 – 1750) stood against.
 The movement championed spiritualism over
Characteristics science, instinct over deliberation, nature over
 Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in industry, democracy over subjugation, and rusticity
the religious wars over aristocracy.
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Arts Period and Movement
Versailles  Realism (1848 – 1900)
Significant Historical Events
 Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Characteristics
Protestants (1618 – 1648)  Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein
air rustic painting
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Baroque describes something that is elaborate and  Carot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
highly detailed. Significant Historical Events
 The most important events of Baroque era were the  Eropean democratic revolutions of 1848
Reformation and Counter-Reformation.
 Art should communicate religious themes and direct
emotional involvement in response to the Protestant  Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated
Reformation. French literature and art since the late 18th century.
 Realists wanted to portray ‘real’ people in real
Baroque style
situations with truth and accuracy, including all the
 characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail unpleasant aspects of life.
 The Realist artists portrayed everyday subjects and
Baroque iconography situations in contemporary settings, and aimed to
 depict individuals of all social classes in a similar  an artistic style in which the artist attempts to portray
manner. not objective reality but rather the subjective
emotions and responses that objects and events
Arts Period and Movement arouse in him
 Impressionism (1865 – 1885)  distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy
Characteristics  vivid, violent, or dynamic application of formal
 Capturing fleeting effects of natural light elements
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-
 Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, expression
Degas
Arts Period and Movement
Significant Historical Events
 Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism,
 Franco-Prussian War (1870 – 1871)
Constructivism, De Stijl
 Unification of Germany (1871)
Characteristics
 Pre- and Post- World War I art experiments: new
Impressionism forms to express modern life
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 style of painting that emerged in the mid to late  Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini,
1800s. Malevich
 it emphasizes an artist’s immediate impression of a Significant Historical Events
movement or scene  Russian Revolution (1917)
 impressionist painters painted quickly and freely and  American women franchised (1920)
often used modern life as their subject matter
 featured short, visible strokes – dots, commas, Cubism
smears, and blobs
 the term “impressionist” was originally intended as a  an artistic movement, created by Pablo Picasso and
derogatory term, used by art critics appalled at this Georges Braque
style of painting  employs geometric shapes in depictions of human
and other forms
Arts Period and Movement
 Post – impressionism )1885 – 1910) Futurism
Characteristics  an Italian art movement that took speed, technology
 A soft revolt against impressionism and modernity as its inspiration
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  portrayed the dynamic character of 20 th century life,
 Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne, Seurat glorified war and the machine age, and favored the
Significant Historical Events growth of Fascism
 Belle Epoque (late 19th century Golden Age)  unique in that it was self-invented art movement
 Japan defeats Russia (1905)
Arts Period and Movement
 Dada and Surealism (1917 – 1950)
Post-Impressionism Characteristics
 Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the
 bridged the gap between the restrictive techniques
unconscious
found in the Impressionist period and the emphasis Popular Artists and Major Artworks
on geometry found in modern art  Duchamp, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo
 Post-Impressionists would focus alternatively on
color, shape, light and even brush stroke technique to Significant Historical Events
create their work.  Disillusionment after World War I
 The Great Depression (1929 – 1938)
Arts Period and Movement  World War II (1939 – 1945) and Nazi horror
 Fauvism and Expressionism (1990 – 1935)  atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945)
Characteristics
 Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion Dadaism
distorting form
Popular Artists and Major Artworks  first conceptual art movement where the focus of
 Matisse, Kandinsky, Munch the artists was not to craft aesthetically pleasing
objects but create works that upended bourgeois
Significant Historical Events
 Boxer Rebellion in China (1900) sensibilities
 World War (1914 – 1918)  aimed to generate difficult questions about society,
the role of the artist, and the purpose of art
 Dada artists are known for their use of readymade
Fauvism objects
 term used to denote the use of distortion and Surrealism
exaggeration for emotional effect
 Fauve artists used pure, brilliant color applied  its aim is to channel the unconscious as a means to
straight from the paint tubes to create bright effects unlock the power of the imagination
on the canvas Arts Period and Movement
Expressionism  Abstract Expressionism (1940s – 1950s) and Pop
Art (1960s)
 Characteristics
 Post-World War II: pure abstraction and Medieval Music (1150 – 1400)
expression without form; popular art absorbs
 Secular music with notated manuscripts showing
consumerism
connections with the church; organum indicated
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
the beginnings of harmony
 Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol,
 Gregorian Chant and Plainsong which are monadic
Lichtenstein
or written as one musical line
Significant Historical Events
 Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965)
 U.S.S.R. suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956)
 Czechoslovakian revolt (1968)  music was primarily vocal
 instruments were used to accompany vocal lines or to
improvise instrumental dances
Abstract Expressionism  rhythm was not notated
 melodic intervals and sacred melodies were often
 also known as Action Painting or Color Field
based in church modes
Painting
 harmony and tonality were not functional
 characteristic of messiness and extremely energetic
 music appears to have been constructed and heard as
applications of paint
separate lines rather that vertical sonorities
 also referred to as gestural abstraction because its
 popular genres : sacred vertical music such as
brush strokes revealed the artist’s process
plainchant, masses, and motets; and secular vocal
Pop Art songs

 movement marked by a fascination with popular

Renaissance Music (1400 - 1600)
culture reflecting the affluence in post-war society
 a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks  Increased freedom in music showed harmony and
the established art world by appropriating images polyphony; composers still devoted to choral
from the street, supermarket, the mass media, and writing
presents it as art in itself  15th century composers include Dunstable,
Ockegehm, Despres and Dufay 16th century
Arts Period and Movement composers include Dowland, Byrid, Gibbons and
 Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970) Tallis
Characteristics
 Art without a center and reworking and mixing
 music was usually performed by vocal groups
past styles
 instrumental music included ensembles and solos
Popular Artists and Major Artworks
 Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer,  tempos were still determined by the musician as well
Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid as the sacred character of the piece or text
 Nuclear freeze movement  rhythm began to increase in complexity
 Cold War fizzles  regular meters began to appear
 Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and  composers sought to blend the sounds of voices and
U.S.S.R. (1989 – 1991) instruments and pleasing harmonies were sought
 polyphonic texture was predominantly used

Postmodern Art
Baroque Music (1600 - 1750)
 refers to a group of movements that began in the late
1950s and early 1960s, during which artists rejected  Choral music no longer dominated the era; the
established practices and questioned the importance idea of the modern orchestra was born; violin,
viola, cello and harpsichord were invented;
of their roles in the artistic process
important advances in all musical groups
 their work has an irrelevant, almost mocking view of
 Most popular composers were Monteverdi,
artistic importance
Corelli, Schutz, Purcell, Lully, Bach, Handel,
 postmodern artists include minorities and women Telemann, Couperin, Scarlatti and Vivaldi
who were not previously part of the art establishment

B. History of Instrumental Music  vocal and instrumental music were both prominent
Instrumental Music  ensembles such as chamber orchestras became
popular
 a musical composition that is without lyrics, or  strings were the main section of the chamber
singing, although it might include some inarticulate orchestra, and woodwind and brass were used for
vocals solo effects
 music is produced by musical instruments  energetic, driving rhythms were frequently used
 its beginnings paved the way for the invention and during this period
development of musical instruments with particular  short, melodic and rhythmic phrases were common
tonal qualities  tempos were faster and slower than earlier periods
 marked the beginnings of the elements of harmony,  emotion was frequently expressed through melodic
rhythm, and melody devices
 can mimic the sound of nature so well that it can  often polyphonic and forms included sonata, suite,
effectively stir the deepest human emotions concerto, concerto grosso, oratorio, cantata, opera,
and fague
 o Receptacles
Classical Music (1750 – 1830)  containers fashioned by early Filipinos to
 Sonata form, development of modern concerto, enclose and protect the bodies of their dead
symphony, trio and quartet; obsession with relatives
structural clarity  can be made of leaves, wood and bamboo
 Famous composers were Friedman, Christian, o Textile Weaving
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert  flat stone tools believed to have been used to
pound and flatten tree barks into primitive
types of textile have been excavated
Rococo o Jewelry
 shells were used for accessories: bracelets
 a transitional period between the Baroque and
and pendants
Classical periods which set the stage for the
 a piece of cone shell, presumably an earring
emergence of the Classical style
is an example of ancient jewelry, discovered
 Rococo music was characterized by delicate,
in Duyog Cave, Palawan
frivolous expression designed more to please than to
 shells, animal bones and small stones were
excite the listener
the earliest adornments
Classical Music  accessories made of jade (nephrite) were
found in Palawan and Calatagan
 highly refined, simple in melodic line and harmonic  gold beads were found in Guri Cave
texture and unified by symmetrical form o Pottery
 composers were writing mainly for the public  clay pots were discovered in Masbate (710
 symphony orchestra was organized which has four BCE)
sections – strings, woodwind, brass and percussion  Shape is the description of vessel’s body,
 found its way into the very fabric of society the form of its mouth, thickness of its lips,
or the presence of ears, spouts and legs
Barly Romantic Music (1830 - 1860) attached to its body
 Method of decoration is the manner by
 Golden age of virtuoso; attempts to balance the which designs are applied on the body’s
expressive and the formal in music surface; decorative designs are either
 Leading composers were Berloiz, Chopin, impressed or incised:
Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, and Verdi  Impressed designs involve
pressing on the vessel certain
objects like a rope, string, or small
piece of mat while the surface clay
is still wet
Late Romantic Music (1860 – 1920)  Incised designs make use of sharp
objects to draw patterns on the
 Composition in terms of emotional content and earthenware’s still wet body
dramatic continuity
- designs are either abstract or
 Highlighted by the operatic supremacy of Verdi representational:
and Wagner
 Abstract designs consist of dots,
straight lines and curved lines,
 characterized by chamber music ensembles, large which are inspired by nature (seeds,
symphony orchestras, opera companies, and piano as stars, waves, clouds, flowers,
performing mediums feathers)
 melodies became subjective, emotional and often  Representational designs are
were virtuosic usually of objects in nature (trees,
 new and complex harmonies were introduced animals, drawings of human
 genres used : concertos, sonatas, symphonies, and figures)
operas o Sculpture
 new forms emerged such as nocturne, waltz, and  the Manunggul Burial Jar (890 – 710
etude BCE) is regarded as the symbol of
C. Philippine Art History Philippine Pre-historic artifacts; it was found
in Palawan and is named after the cave
 refers to Filipino works of art that have developed in where it was found
country from the beginning of its civilization up to  the Tagalogs called their religious images
the present era likha, tao-tao, and larawan, which
 also considers how other country’s culture influenced represented the anitos or the spirits whom
local arts that resulted in Filipino artworks as it is the early Filipinos believed in and prayed to
known today o Architecture
 houses during 16th century were single room
Pre-Colonial Philippine Art (before 1521) constructions with walls of bamboo and roof
 early evidences of ancient tools and other artifacts of palm trees
abound in the different islands of the Philippines  ground floor was usually for storage
(Batangas, Cagayan, Central Luzon, Davao, Palawan)  cooking and washing were done in a part of
the house called batalan
  types of style and structure of native o Sculpture
dwellings in the Philippines are:  Carving which began in the pre-Hispanic
 Bahay-kubo – built from bamboo times in making the likha (a local deity),
and nipa which are the most was redirected by the friars into the creation
common construction materials in of santos (sculptures of saints)
the rural areas o Painting
 Ifugao house – structured because  The Sociedad Economica de Amigos dela
of the cold climate of the Mountain Pais, a civic conscious organization, aimed
Province to encourage the development of the visual
 Maranao house – traditional house arts which led to the establishment of the
with a boat-like appearance; Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura in 1821.
panolong is the prow-like end of  The first teacher was Damian Domingo
the beams that support the flooring  the earliest portraits were done in miniature
of the house  the painters are called miniaturists
o Muslim Art  genre also became the subject of sculptures
 Sarimanok – a representation of an open-  bulk of sculptures in the 19th century
winged legendary bird which stands on a consisted of religious statues
fish with another fish hanging from its beak  Juan Luna – La Muerte de Cleopatra;
 Naga – stylized dragon or serpent carved in Spolarium
grave markers or elaborately in plows  Felix Hidalgo – Christian Virgins Exposed
 the most important element in Muslim art is to the Populace
color o Printing
 greens, yellows, red, violets and blues  Nicolas Bagay and Francisco Suarez –
 Okir are elaborate curvilinear motifs made by Tagalo
the Maranao and Tausug tribes of Mindanao  the introduction of lithograph prints replaced
 Okir-a-datu are ornamental designs for men and engraving on copper
okir-a-bay for women
American Colonial Art Period (1898 – 1946)
 Ukkil is a design technique usually seen in Sulu
Peninsula o Architecture
 Kabul and gadur are jar-like containers with  American influence in construction activities
covers that resemble the domes of their mosques (concrete, glass and steel)
 kampilan is a long sword with its handle  Juan Arellano, Tomas Mapua, Antonio
resembling the open mouth of a naga Toledo
 kris is a wavy flame-like blade representing the o Sculpture
body of a serpent  Guillermo Tolentino – Bonifacio Monument
 barong is a leaf-like blade having the same o Painting
geometric designs on its hilt  Fernando Amorsolo – Planting Rice
o Art of Mountain Province  Fabian de la Rosa – Rice Planters
 wood is the medium of choice in the art of
Mountain Province Art of the Post-war Period (after 1946)
 woodcarving is considered an important
o Architecture
skill in all tribes
 iron melting and bronze-casting are the other  Leandro Locsin – Cultural Center of the
skills o Ifugaos and Itneg Philippines
 Mountain art is divided into two kinds:  Philippine International Convention Center
o Sculpture
 Ritualistic – bulol (a figure of a
benevolent spirit who guards  Napoleon Abueva – considered the first
granaries and rice fields) and the modern Filipino sculptor; Double crucifix
bihang (a figure meant to scare and suspended from the dome above the altar of
create fear of punishment in U.P. and Allegorical Harpoon at CCP
anybody who goes against the o Painting
norms of the village)  establishment of the Art Association of the
 Decorative – abstract designs seen Philippines and the Philippine Art Gallery
in textiles, bamboo containers, helped introduce modern art locally, to
brass and gold ornaments support its struggle against conservative art
and to create patronage among art-buyers
The Spanish-Colonial Art (1521 – 1898)  Neo-Realists – early post-war modernists
 Vicente Manansala – Madonna of the
 Religious paintings, sculptures, literature, music, Slums
dance and theatre have all contributed to instilling the  Carlos Francisco – Sungka Players
doctrines of the Catholic faith into the hearts and o Printmaking
minds of the early Filipinos  Manuel Rodriguez, Sr. – pioneer and
mentor in the Philippine graphic art who
o Architecture opened his Contemporary Graphic Art
 Fr. Antonio Sedeno, a Jesuit, introduced Workshop
lime in the construction of buildings; he was
responsible for the construction of the first Philippine Contemporary Art
fortress, the Nuestra Senora de Guia Fort in
Manila
  it is the art of the present period, roughly from 1970s  locally based in Mactan, Cebu
up to the present o Coconut Craft
 massive progress in technology impacted the arts in  involves the use of coconut shell after the
terms of medium and techniques meat is removed
 the impact of globalization, internet and social media  coconut shells are carved into different
increased the level of awareness and understanding of deigns, painted and varnished
other country’s society and culture
GAMABA Awardees
National Artists
 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards or
 The National Artist recognition is the highest GAMABA is an award that acknowledges folk and
individual award given to an artist who contributed indigenous artists who, despite modern technology,
works of significance to the Philippine arts in their remain true to their traditions
area of artistry  administered by the National Commission for Culture
 it is handled by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad sa Manlilikha
and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the ng Bayan Committee
Philippines (CCP) and bestowed by the President of  the artists are recognized as the Philippine’s
the Philippines National Living Treasures

Philippine Indigenous Arts

 it is the art of the native Filipinos

 also known as folk art
PART 6 ART IN TODAY’S SOCIETY
 beautiful, natural and made with skills that are passes
down from generation to generation Soul-Making

o Textile Art  the soul here refers to the individual’s psyche

 indigenous local craft in which plant fibers  it is believed that all individuals have to work
are used to make functional and/or through disintegration that appears to be at the core
decorative works of art of all creative/therapeutic processes (considered to be
 weaving is the technique of making at the center of human existence)
beautiful fabrics  it is essential for human beings to disintegrate and
 Ikat is a local style of weaving that uses a fall apart and in the process experience a sense of
resist dyeing process before the threads are loss of purpose and meaning of their existence
woven to create pattern or design  death and re-birth of the soul (James Hillman)
 f ibers for weaving textile come from plants  “the soul finds its form in art”
- pineapple for their leaves (pina fiber),  Soul-making is art creation, art making is the
abaca and banana (jusi), buri palm (buri expression of the artist psyche, a manifestation of his
fibers) soul
o Woodcarving
Art Fusion
 popular art that may have resulted from the
abundance of trees in the region (acacia, ipil,  a product of industry and commercialism
molave, langka)  occurs when an artist of any art form collaborates
 Paete, Laguna is the woodcarving center of with a brand/company to create a product that would
the Philippines benefit the artist, the company, and the society as a
o Basket Weaving whole
 also known as basketry  the artist provides the vision and creativity, while the
 makes use of a combination of animal and company provide the production, promotion and
plat fibers marketing of these fusions
 Pangasinan in Central Luzon is known as  can be used to re-invent a brand and market it to a
the “Province of Basket Weavers” new generation of audience/consumers
 abaca, pandan, nito
 seen as successful at producing something of value to
o Mat Weaving
society
 mat is called banig in the Philippines
 able to communicate the experience of art broadly,
 most durable mats are from Leyte and
reaching a larger, mainstream audience and imbuing
Romblon
everyday life with the experience of art
 tiklog, pandan, abaca
o Pottery Transcreation
 objects that are made of clay
 pottery pots, bowls, sculptures, baked bricks  a term used in advertising and marketing and refers to
and tiles the process of adopting a message from one language
 Barangay Putsan in Tiwi, Albay is the to another, while maintaining its intent, style, tone
leading terra cotta Ceramic Industry in Bicol and context
region  in arts, Transcreation may take the form of recreating
o Shell Craft an art form into another art form with the intent of
 involves using seashells as decoration of changing the medium and nothing else
objects or surfaces and making fancy Hybrid Art Forms
accessories
 puka shells, paua, sigay, troca, nautilus,
capiz
  a hybrid is defined as having mixed origin or  refers to the application of artistic designs and
composition that adds variety or complexity to a decorations to everyday utilitarian objects to make
system them aesthetically pleasing
 in art forms, hybrid could mean the blurring of  industrial design, fashion design, furniture design,
traditional distinct boundaries between artistic media commercial art
such as painting, sculpture, film, performance, o Fashion – a popular way of dressing at a
architecture, and dance particular time and place, and among
 it may involve cross-breeding the art-making process particular group of people
with other disciplines - how clothes are designed are affected by
 hybrid art forms in the contemporary arts explore the factors like trends, availability of materials
various media and techniques for innovation and and affordability
experimentation in art creation - Fashion design is the art of applying
 the process of blurring the boundaries between styles, design or natural beauty to clothing and
media and technique, breaking rules, and creating accessories; influences by culture and social
hybrids is the trend of artistic work today. attitudes
 however, instilling in art the meaning of the artist’s o Furniture design – a specialized field
expression, no matter what tools, materials, or where function and aesthetics are brought
techniques are used remains central to the practice of together
art

Appropriation

 it is borrowing; it is the practice of creating a new

work by taking a preexisting image/material from
another source like books, advertisements, internet
and combines it with new ones, thus completely
transforming the original
 a found object is an existing object given a new
identity as an artwork or part of an artwork

Improvisation in Various Art Forms

 the word improvise means to compose, perform or

deliver without previous preparation; or to
extemporize, play, recite, and sing in the spur of the
moment
 improvisation is creating or performing something
spontaneously, or making something functional from
whatever is available
 it is a spontaneous performance without specific or
scripted preparation

Photorealism

 refer to artists whose work depended largely in

photographs
 expressed a strong interest in realism in art, over that
of idealism and abstraction
 complicates realism by combining that which is real
with that which is not
 it emphasizes the value of the traditional techniques
of academic art again after years of spontaneous,
accidental, and improvisational art technique

Installation Art

 a modern movement that is characterized by massive,

immersive and interactive works of art
 it often occupies an entire rook or gallery space
 its focus is on its effect on the viewer or to provide
intense experience for them
 major characteristics of art installations are:
o Immersive – its ability to physically interact
with viewers
o Large-Scale – it allows the viewers to sit,
stand, or walk through it
o Site-Specific – before artists create their
massive installations, they usually plan it
with certain sites already in mind

Applied Arts