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    General Zoology Handout Zoology 10 Lab Laboratory Exercise 8

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    Rey Malvin SG Pallomina
    1. The document describes the early developmental stages of a frog embryo from fertilization through neurulation as observed under a microscope. Key stages include cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation (including yolk plug stage), and neural plate/tube formation. 2. During gastrulation, invagination of cells forms the blastopore which develops lips and eventually closes, demarcating the future posterior end. This results in formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. 3. Neurulation involves formation of the neural plate which sinks to form the neural groove and folds, eventually fusing to form the neural tube enclosing the neurocoel

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    General Zoology Handout Zoology 10 Lab Laboratory Exercise 8

    Uploaded by

    Rey Malvin SG Pallomina
    111 views4 pages
    1. The document describes the early developmental stages of a frog embryo from fertilization through neurulation as observed under a microscope. Key stages include cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation (including yolk plug stage), and neural plate/tube formation. 2. During gastrulation, invagination of cells forms the blastopore which develops lips and eventually closes, demarcating the future posterior end. This results in formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. 3. Neurulation involves formation of the neural plate which sinks to form the neural groove and folds, eventually fusing to form the neural tube enclosing the neurocoel

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    Embryology

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    1. The document describes the early developmental stages of a frog embryo from fertilization through neurulation as observed under a microscope. Key stages include cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation (including yolk plug stage), and neural plate/tube formation. 2. During gastrulation, invagination of cells forms the blastopore which develops lips and eventually closes, demarcating the future posterior end. This results in formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. 3. Neurulation involves formation of the neural plate which sinks to form the neural groove and folds, eventually fusing to form the neural tube enclosing the neurocoel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    111 views4 pages

    General Zoology Handout Zoology 10 Lab Laboratory Exercise 8

    Uploaded by

    Rey Malvin SG Pallomina
    1. The document describes the early developmental stages of a frog embryo from fertilization through neurulation as observed under a microscope. Key stages include cleavage, blastula formation, gastrulation (including yolk plug stage), and neural plate/tube formation. 2. During gastrulation, invagination of cells forms the blastopore which develops lips and eventually closes, demarcating the future posterior end. This results in formation of the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. 3. Neurulation involves formation of the neural plate which sinks to form the neural groove and folds, eventually fusing to form the neural tube enclosing the neurocoel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 4

    General Zoology Handout Zoology 10

    lab

    Laboratory Exercise 8

    Introduction
    Embryology is the study of the developmental processes of an organism from the time of
    fertilization until birth. The process of the development of the embryo is called embryogenesis.
    It starts from the time the egg is fertilized producing a zygote. After few hours, the zygote
    continuously divides until a ball of cells is formed increasing in number each day, eventually
    forming tissues and organs of the developing organisms.

    Objective
    After this exercise, the students should be able to:
    1. Trace and describe the different stages in the development of a frog’s embryo.

    Materials
    Microscope
    Prepared slides of frog’s embryo showing the serial sections

    Procedure

    A. Cleavage

    Focus the slide under LPO for the cleavage stage. Follow the early cleavage stages noting
    the direction of cleavage furrows and the cells or blastomeres produced. The latter divisions
    transform the animal hemisphere into large number of small cells, the micromeres, while the
    vegetal hemisphere segments into fewer but larger cells, the macromeres. Explain the
    difference in the cell size in the two hemispheres.

    B. Blastula

    The embryo at the end of cleavage is called a blastula. Its blastomeres form an epithelium,
    the blastoderm, surrounding a cavity note this structure in the slide. Examine the slide under
    LPO showing the blastula stage. You will find that the formation of blastomeres produced a
    cavity, the blastocoel, located in the hemisphere. Can you explain the eccentric position of the
    blastocoel? Why are the nuclei in micromeres not always seen? Which one divide faster? Why?

    C. Gastrula
    The next stage of development is gastrulation. Gastrulation entails morphogenetic
    movements which result in the formation of the primitive germ layers. The first indication of
    gastrulation is the appearance of a crescentric groove, the blastopore or germ ring, bordered
    dorsally by thickening of cells, the dorsal lip. The blastopore formed by the sinking in
    (invagination) of cells in the region of gray crescent, becomes the pathway through which cells
    above the dorsal lip roll inward (involution). Meanwhile, cells on the darkly pigmented animal
    hemisphere gradually spread and envelop (epiboly) the light colored vegetal cells. The
    blastopore/germ ring widens in circular manner and laterally is bordered by the lateral lips of
    the blastopore. Likewise, involution of cells occurs in this region. Eventually, the blastopore
    continues ventrally and formed a complete ring. A ventral blastopore lip is formed and the
    invaginating yolk-laden vegetal cells appear to be enclosed by the blastopore or germ ring.
    Gastrulating amphibian are said to be in “yolk plug” stage. Examine whole embryos, compare
    the sizes of their yolk plug and the extent of blastopore formation.

    The dorsal lip of the blastopore is evident as rounded margin leading to the space, the
    archenteron. This new cavity forms between the dorsally involulated gray cells, the
    chordamesoderm, the thick ventrally tucked in yolk laden cells, the presumptive endoderm.
    The size of the archenteron is dependent on the extent of gastrulation. Why does the
    blastocoel decrease in size as gastrulation progresses and eventually obliterated? Why
    gastropore are more correct term than blastopore? What is the fate of the archenteron?

    Trace the chordamesoderm toward the posterior end of the gastrula. It is continuous
    around the dorsal lip of the blastopore with the outer layer, the ectoderm. In older embryos,
    the ventral in pocketing of the mesoderm is marked by a rounded ventral lip of the blastopore.
    The yolk plug is seen as an endodermal projection between the lips of the blastopore. A
    completed gastrula will have such a plug fully withdrawn into the archenteron. The blastopore
    constricts and eventually closes, marking the future posterior end of the embryo.

    D. Neurula stage
    After gastrulation the embryo enters the organogenesis, i.e. the formation of primary organ
    rudiments. The neural tube or primordium of the central nervous system is one of the earliest
    organ rudiments to develop. Observe also other developing primary organ rudiments.

    Examine the mid-dorsal region of the whole embryos. Observe that the ectoderm has
    thickened and flattened to form the neural plate. The remaining ectoderm is the presumptive
    epidermis. The boundary between these two areas is the neural crest region which is better
    observed in cross section. The neural plate sinks forming the neural groove. The paired
    elevations alongside the groove are the neural fold or ridges. Later they arch toward the
    midline and fuse, forming the neural tube. It is broad anteriorly and narrow posteriorly. The
    embryos at this stage (neurula) are arbitrarily designated: the neural plate, the neural fold or
    groove, and the neural tube, embryos, respectively. The term medullary may also be used in
    place of neural.

    Obtain and examine slides of neurala stages. Always orient the sectioned embryos with the
    dorsal side up.
    a) Neural plate stage: Locate the relatively thickened dorsal layer of ectodermal cells, the
    neural plate. Beneath the neural plate, the chordamesoderm cells have separated into a
    median axial rod, the notochord, and mesoderm which proliferates and extends
    laterally between the presumptive epidermis and yolk-laden endoderm lining the lumen
    (cavity) of the archenteron or primitive gut.

    b) Neural groove stage: Observe the neural groove and the neural fold. The notochord is
    well defined below the preceding while mesoderm has increased in thickness and
    penetrated farther ventrally. The endodermal layer is more distinct from the invading
    mesoderm.
    c) Neural Tube Stage: Observe the neural tube, the fully formed notochord, and the part
    of the mesoderm which will become the mesodermal somite, or epimere. Note that the
    neural tube encloses the cavity, the neurocoel, is the tube still connected to the
    epidermis at this stage?

    Lateral to the mesodermal somite is a narrow region of the mesoderm called the intermediate
    mesoderm, or mesomere. On each side and extending midventrally is the thinner lateral plate
    mesoderm, or hypomere. A narrow cleft may be seen separating the lateral plate into two
    sheets, an outer layer of somatic mesoderm and an inner layer of splanchnic mesoderm. The
    space produced is the primordium of the body cavity or coelom. What become of the three
    regions of the mesoderm in the adult?
    The Early Development of the Frog

    Blastula, x-section, LPO Neural plate c.s. LPO

    Neural groove c.s. LPO

    Gastrula, x-section, LPO

    Late Neural groove c.s. LPO

    Late yolk plug stage sagittal section LPO

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