Lecture Notes 1

LECTURE NOTES
IN
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 2
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 2
LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER 10
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
Definition of terms:
Alternating Current – same way as an alternating voltage.

Alternating voltage – an emf that varies in magnitude and
direction periodically.
Sine wave – a continuous curve of all the instantaneous values of
an AC current or voltage.
Waveform – a graphical picture of voltage or current variations
over a period of time.
Sinusoids – is a mathematical function of time, which may refer
to a sinusoidal voltage, current or signals.
AC Ampere – it is the current which, passing thru a resistance of
given ohmic value, produces heat at the same rate as a DC
ampere.
Cycle – a complete change in value and direction of an
alternating quantity.
Frequency (f) – no. of cycles per second in Hertz (Hz).
Angular frequency – it specifies how often the maxima occur.
Periodic time (T) – time taken to complete one cycle.
T = 1 / f seconds
Alternation – each positive or negative half of the cycle.

Instantaneous value – the value of alternating quantity at any
instant.
Maximum value – the maximum value attained during positive or
negative half cycle.
Average value – average of all the instantaneous values of half
cycle.
Area under the curve
In general: Ave. value =
Base
For sine wave: Ave. value = (2 / ∏) x Max. value
= 0.637 x Max. value
Effective value – is that which when applied to a given circuit

for a given time produces the same expenditure of energy
as when dc is applied to the same circuit for the same
interval time.
- also called “ Root Mean Square “ RMS value.
Area under the square curve

In general: RMS value =
Base
For sine wave: RMS value = (1 / √ 2 ) x Max. value

= 0.707 x Max. value
Form factor = RMS value / Ave. value

= 1.11 (for sine wave)
Peak factor = Max. value / RMS value
= 1.414 (for sine wave)
Phase difference – the angular difference or angular displacement
between alternating quantities.
- also called “ phase angle “.
In Phase – if two alternating quantities attains their maximum
and minimum values at the same time.
Out of phase – does not attains their maximum and minimum values
at the same time.
*Generation of Alternating EMF’s

Three ways in developing a voltage in a coil of wire:
a. changing the flux thru the coil,
b. moving a coil thru a magnetic field so that flux
cutting results;
c. altering the direction of the flux with respect to the
coil.
In accordance with Faraday’s Law;
The voltage developed (in the first method) is called an
induced emf (e),
And;
e = (N dΦ / dt) x 10-8 volts
Where:
N = number of turns in the coil
dΦ / dt = the rate at which the flux, in
Maxwells, changes thru the coil
By the second or third method, the voltage developed is said

to be a generated emf (e) and is given by the equation:
e = Blv x 10-8 volts
Where:
B = flux density, lines per square inch
l = length of the wire, in.
v = velocity of the wire, in. per sec.
Conversion of units:
–8
1 Maxwell (Mx) = 1 x 10 Weber (Wb)
8
1 Weber = 1 x 10 Maxwells
1 line = 1 maxwell
Examples:
Prob. No. 01 / 291:

Calculate the average voltage induced in a coil of 300 turns
through which the flux changes from 250,000 to 20,000 maxwells in
0.15 sec?
Sinusoidal Alternating Voltages
+Em
+e
e = Em sin ωt
0 π 2π
-e
-Em
Fig. 1: A sinusoidal voltage wave
Instantaneous voltage equation:
e = Em sin ά volts
where: e = instantaneous voltage

Em = max. voltage
ά = ωt = 2Пft in rad
ω = angular frequency in rad per sec
Frequency and Electrical Degrees
Formula:
f = PN / 120 Hz
and;
Electrical Degrees = (P / 2) x Mechanical Degrees
Where: f = frequency, Hz
P = No. of poles
N = Speed in RPM
Example No. 01/277:
The maximum value of the sinusoidal voltage wave generated
in one coil of an alternator is 12 volts. How many electrical
degrees from the zero point in the cycle (increasing positively)
will the voltage be (a) +8.5 volts, (b) –8.5 volts?
Example No. 02/277:

An alternator has 6 poles. (a) At what speed must the
machine be driven to develop 60 cycles? (b) What frequency is
developed if the speed is 1,000 rpm? 1,600 rpm?
Supplementary Problems:
1. The instantaneous voltage from a 400-hz aircraft generator

is 95-V when t = 1 ms. What is the instantaneous voltage
when t = 2 ms?
2. If the instantaneous current drawn from a 50-hz source is
–263 mA when t = 0.013 s, what is the instantaneous
current when t = 0.017 s?
3. (a) What is the freq. of a 10-pole alternator when running
at 360 rpm?
(b) At what speeds should a 6-pole alternator run to yield
25, 30, 50, and 60 cycles per second?
4. (a) How many poles are required on an alternator which
runs at 300 rpm to develop 50 cycles per second?
(b) What is the mechanical angular velocity of the
machine?
(c) What is the electrical angular velocity or the angular
frequency?
5. How many turns of wire are there in a coil in which 35.7
volts are induced when the flux thru it increases
uniformly at the rate of 3x106 maxwells per second?

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LECTURE NOTES

Alternating Current – same way as an alternating voltage.

Alternation – each positive or negative half of the cycle.

Effective value – is that which when applied to a given circuit

Area under the square curve

For sine wave: RMS value = (1 / √ 2 ) x Max. value

Form factor = RMS value / Ave. value

*Generation of Alternating EMF’s

e = (N dΦ / dt) x 10-8 volts

By the second or third method, the voltage developed is said

e = Blv x 10-8 volts

Prob. No. 01 / 291:

Fig. 1: A sinusoidal voltage wave

Instantaneous voltage equation:

where: e = instantaneous voltage

Frequency and Electrical Degrees

Example No. 02/277:

1. The instantaneous voltage from a 400-hz aircraft generator

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