7-1)(134) A sinusoidal voltage having a peak value of

162 V and frequency of 60 Hz is applied to the

terminals of an ac motor. The resulting current has a
peak value of 7.5 A and lags 50°behind the voltage.
a) Express the voltage and current in terms of the
electrical angel Φ.
b) Calculate the value of the instantaneous voltage and
current at an angle of 120.
c) Calculate the value of the instantaneous power at
120°.
d) Plot the curve of the instantaneous power delivered
to the motor
Upk = 162 V
f = 60 Hz
Ipk = 7.5 A
θ = 50°
a)
u = Upk * sin(Φ) = 162*sin(Φ)
i = Ipk * sin(Φ- θ) = 7.5*sin(Φ-50°)
b) Φ = 120°
u = 162*sin(120°) = 162 * 0.866 = 140.3 V
i = 7.5 * sin(120°-50°) = 7.5 * sin 70° = 7.5 *0.94= 7.05A
c)
p = u*I = 140.3 * 7.05 = 989 W
7-2)(138) A reactor having an inductive reactance of 4Ω
is connected to the terminals of a 120 V ac generator.

a) Calculate the value of the current in the reactor

b) Calculate the power associated with the reactor
c) Calculate the power associated with the ac
generator
d) Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit
U = 120 V
XL = 4 Ω
a)
IL = U / XL = 120/4 = 30 A
b)
Q = U * IL = 120 * 30 = 3600 var = 3.6 kvar
c)
Q = 3.6 kvar
d)
7-3)(140) An ac generator G is connected to a group of
R, L, C circuit elements. The respective elements carry
the currents shown. Calculate the active and reactive
power associated with the generator.

P = U*I = I2 * R = (16.122 * 2)+(142 * 4) = 1304 W

QL = I2*XL = 142 * 3 = 588 var
QC = I2 * XC = 202 * 3.5 = 1400 var
Q = QC – QL = 812 var
7-4)(142) An alternating-current motor absorbs 40 kW
of active power and 30 kvar of reactive power.
Calculate the apparent power supplied to the motor.
P = 40 kW
Q = 30 kvar
S = √(P2 + Q2) = √(402 + 302) = 50 kVA
7-8)(144) A single-phase motor draws a current of 5 A
from a 120 V, 60 Hz line. The power factor of the motor
is 65%.
Calculate:
a) The active power absorbed by the motor
b) The reactive power supplied by the line
I=5A
U = 120 V
f = 60 Hz
FP = 65% = cos θ
a)
S = U * I = 120 * 5 = 600 VA
cos θ = P/S
P = cos θ * S = 0,65 * 600 = 390 W
b)
Q = √(S2 - P2) =√(6002 - 3902) = 456 var
7-14)(152) The circuit is composed of 45 Ω resistor
connected in series with a 28 Ω inductive reactance.
The source generates a voltage described by the
phasor Uab = 159 ∠ 65° = - Uba

Calculate:
a) The magnitude and phase of the current I
b) The magnitude and phase of the voltage across the
resistor and across the reactance
c) The active and reactive power associated with the
resistor, the reactance, and the source
a)
Uba + Uac + Uca = 0
-Uab + 45*I +28*I = 0
-159 ∠ 65° + I*(45+j28) = 0
I =159 ∠ 65°/ (45+j28)
amplitude = √(452 + 282) = 53
phase angle = arctan (28/45) = 31.89°
45+j28 = 53∠31.89°

I=159∠65°/53∠31.89°=3∠(65° – 31.89°)=
3∠(33.11°)
b)
resistor:
Uac = I * R = 45*3∠(33.11°) = 135∠(33.11°)
reactance:
Ucb = I*XL = j28 * 3∠(33.11°)=84∠(33.11°+90°)=
84∠(123.11°)
c)
I* = 3∠(-33.11°)
resistor:
SR = Uac * I* = 135∠(33.11°)*3∠(-33.11°) =
= 405 ∠(0°) = 405
reactance:
SXL = Ucb * I* = 84∠(123.11°)* 3∠(-33.11°)=
= 252 ∠ 90°=252*(cos 90° + j*sin90°) =
= 252 * (0 + j1) =j252
SS = Uba * I* =-Uab * I* = -159 ∠ 65°*3∠(-33.11°) =
= -477∠(65°-33.11°) = -477∠31.89° =
=-477*(cos 31.89° + j*sin 31.89°)=
=-477*(0.849 + j*0.528) =-405 -j252
7-11)(150) A single-phase 12.47 kV transmission line
several kilometers long feeds a load C from a
substation. The line has a resistance of 2.4 Ω and a
reactance of 15 Ω. Instruments at the substation
indicate that the active and reactive power inputs to
the line are 3MW and 2Mvar, respectively.

Calculate:
a) The line current and its phase angle with respect to
the line voltage at the substation
b) The active power absorbed by the load
c) The reactive power absorbed by the load
d) The line voltage at the load
e) The phase angle between the voltage at the load
and that at the substation
a)
S = √(P2+Q2)= √(32+22) = 3.6 MVA
I = S/U = 3 600 000 / 12 470 = 289 A
Power factor = FP = P / S = 3/3.6 = 0.833 = cos θ
θ = arccos 0.833 = 33.6°
b)
PR = I2 * R = 2892 * 2.4 = 0.2MW
PC = P – PR = 3 – 0.2 = 2.8 MW
c)
QXL = I2 *XL = 2892 * 15 = 1.25 Mvar
QC = Q – QXL = 2 – 1.25 = 0.75 Mvar
d)
SC = √(PC2 * QC2) = √(2.82 * 0.752) = 2.9 MVA
UC = SC / I = 2.9 / 289 = 10.03 kV
e)
FP = PC / SC = 2.8 / 2.9 = 0.965 = 96.5%
θC = arccos 0.965 = 15.2°
θ - θC = 33.6°- 15.2°= 18.4°
9-7)(196) The nameplate on a 50 kVA transformer
shows a primary voltage of 480 V and a secondary
voltage of 120 V. We wish to determine the
approximate number of turns on the primary and
secondary windings. Toward this end, three turns, of
wire are wound around the external winding, and a
voltmeter is connected across this 3-turn coil. A voltage
of 76 V is then applied to the 120 V winding, and the
voltage across the 3-turn winding is found to be 0.93 V.
How many turns are there on the 480 V and 120 V
windings (approximately)?

0.93 V = 3 turns
1V = 3.226 turns
NS = 76 * 3.226 = 245 turn fpr the 120 V windings
U1/U2 = N1/N2 = I2 / I1
N1 = U1 * N2 / U2 = 480 * 245 / 120 = 980
9-1) (195) The coil has 500 turns and a reactance of
60Ω but negligible resistance. If it is connected to a
120V, 60 Hz source Ug calculate the following:
a) The effective value of the magnetizing current Im
b)The peak value of Im
c) The peak mmf produced by the coil
d) The peak flux Φmax

N = 500
XL = 60 Ω
Ug = 120 V
f= 60 Hz
a)
Im = Ug / XL = 120 / 60 = 2 A
b)
Impk = Im * √2 = 2 * √2 = 2.83 A
c)
mmf = N * Impk = 500 * 2.83 = 1415 A
d)
Φmax = Ug / (4.44*f*N) = 120/(4.44*60*500) = 0.9 mWb
9-2)(195) In example 9-1, if the voltage Ug is reduced to
40 V. Calculate the new mmf developed by the coil and
the peak flux Φmax
Ug = 40 V
mmf = mmf9-1 * Ug/Ug9-1 =1415 * 40/120 = 472 A

Φmax = Φmax9-1 * Ug/Ug9-1 = 0.9 * 40 / 120 = 0.3 mWb

9-4) (195) The ideal transformer has 500 turns on the
primary and 300 turns on the secondary. The source
produces a voltage Ug of 600 V, and the load Z is a
resistance of 12 Ω. Calculate the following:
a) The voltage U2
b) The current I2
c) The current I1
d) The power delivered to the primary [W]
e) The power output from the secondary [W]

N1 = 500
N2 = 300
Ug = 600 V = U1
Z = 12 Ω
a)
U2 = U1 * N2 / N1 = 600 * 300 / 500 = 360 V
b)
I2 = U2 / Z = 360/12 = 30 A
c)
I1 = N2 * I2 / N1 = 300 * 30 / 500 = 18 A
d)
Pp = U1*I1 = 600*18 = 10.8 kW
e)
Ps = U2*I2 = 360 * 30 = 10.8 kW
10-1)(198) A large transformer operating at no-load
draws an exciting current I0 of 5 A when the primary is
connected to a 120V, 60 Hz source. From a wattmeter
test it is known that the iron losses are equal to 180 W.

(Complete equivalent circuit of a practical transformer

page 202)

Calcuate:
a) The reactive power absorbed by the core
b) The value of Rm and Xm
c) The value of If, Im, and I0
U = 120 V
I0 = 5 A
f = Hz
Ploss = 180 W
a)
S = Ug * I0 = 120 * 5 = 600 VA
Q = √(S2 – P2) = √ (6002 – 1802) = 572 var
b)
Rm = Ug2 / Ploss = 1202 / 180 = 80 Ω
Xm = Ug2 / Q = 1202 / 572 = 25.2 Ω
c)
If = Ug / Rm = 120 / 80 = 1.5 A
Im = Ug / Xm = 120 / 25.2 = 4.8 A
I0 = √(If2 + Im2) = √(1.52 + 4.82) = 5 A
10-5)(211) A single-phase transformer rated at 3000
kVA, 69kV/4.16kV, 60Hz has a total internal impedance
Zp of 127 Ω, referred to the primary side.
Calclate:
a) The rated primary and secondary currents
b) The voltage regulation from no-load to full-load for a
2000 kW resistive load, knowing that the primary
supply voltage is fixed at 69 kV
c) The primary and secondary currents if the secondary
is accidentally short -circuited.

Sn = 3 MW
Un1 = 69 kV
Un2 = 4.16 kV
f = 60 Hz
Zp = 127 Ω
a)
In1 = Sn / Un1 = 3000 000 / 69 000 = 43.5 A
In2 = Sn / Un2 = 3 000 000 / 4 160 = 721 A
b)
Zp = Xp = 127 Ω
Z = U22 / P = 41602 / 2 000 000 = 8.65 Ω
a2*Z = 16.582 * 8.65 = 2380 Ω (Z load referred to
primary side)
Ip = U1 / (√(Xp2 + (a2*Z)2)) = 69000 / (√(1272 + 23802)) =
=28.95 A
a*U2 = a2*Z * Ip = 2380 * 28.95 = 68 902 V
U2 = a*U2 / a= 68 902 / 16.58 = 4154 V
voltage regulation = (UNL – UFL)/ UFL * 100 =
=(4160-4154)/ 4154 * 100 = 0.14%
c)
I1 = U1 / Xp = 69 000/ 127 = 543 A
I2 = a*I1 = 16.58 * 543 = 9006 A
10-6)(213) During a short-circuit test on a transformer
rated 500kVA, 69kV/4.16kV, 60 Hz, the following
voltage, current and power measurements were made.
Terminals X1, X2 were in short-circuit
Usc = 2600 V
Isc = 4 A
Psc = 2400 W
Calculate the value of the reactance and resistance of
the transformer, referred to HV side.

Zp = Usc / Isc = 2600 / 4 = 650 Ω

Rp = Psc / Isc2 = 2400 / 42 = 150 Ω
Xp = √(Zp2 – Rp2) = 632 Ω
10-9)(217) Using the information given in Table 10C,
calculate the approximate real values of the
impedances of 250 kVA, 4160 V/480V, 60 Hz
distribution transformer.

Znp = 69 Ω
Zns = 0.92 Ω
R1 = 0.005 * 69 = 0.35 Ω
R2 = 0.005 * 0.92 = 4.6 mΩ
Xf1 = 0.025 * 69 = 1.7 Ω
Xf2 = 0.025 * 0.92 = 23 mΩ
Xm = 30 * 69 = 2070 Ω
Rm = 50 * 69 = 3450 Ω
10-11)(220) A 100kVA transformer is connected in
parallel with an existing 250 kVA transformer to supply
a load of 330 kVA. The transformers are rated 7200 V/
240 V, but the 100 kVA unit has an impedance of 4
percent while the 250 kVA transformer has an
impedance of 6 percent.
Calculate:
a) The nominal primary current of each transformer
b) The impedance of the load referred to the primary
side
c) The impedance of each transformer referred to the
primary side
d) The actual primary current in each transformer
a)
Inp1 = S1 / Up = 250 000 / 7200 = 31.7 A
Inp2 = S2 / Up = 100 000 / 7200 = 13.9 A
b)
Z = Up2 / Sload = 72002 / 330 000 = 157 Ω
IL = Sload / Up = 330 000 / 7200 = 46 A
c)
Znp1 = Up2 / S1 = 72002 / 250 000 = 207 Ω
Zp1 = 0.06 * Znp1 = 0.06 * 207 = 12.4 Ω
Znp2 = Up2 / S2 = 72002 / 100 000 = 518 Ω
Zp2 = 0.04 * Znp2 = 0.04 * 518 = 20.7 Ω
d)
I1 = IL * Zp2/ (Zp1 + Zp2) =46*20.7/(12.4+20.7) = 28.8 A
I2 = IL – I1 = 46 – 28.8 = 17.2 A