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3.NMR Logging Tool

1) NMR tools use nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen protons to measure formation properties like porosity and permeability without being affected by lithology. 2) The NMR pulse sequence involves a 90 degree pulse to align protons followed by 180 degree pulses to generate spin echoes that are used to calculate T1 and T2 relaxation times related to porosity, fluid type, and permeability. 3) NMR has advantages over density tools in providing lithology-independent porosity measurements and identifying producible zones, but it is more expensive and has a shallower depth of investigation.

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Fatimah Azzahra
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420 views13 pages

3.NMR Logging Tool

1) NMR tools use nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen protons to measure formation properties like porosity and permeability without being affected by lithology. 2) The NMR pulse sequence involves a 90 degree pulse to align protons followed by 180 degree pulses to generate spin echoes that are used to calculate T1 and T2 relaxation times related to porosity, fluid type, and permeability. 3) NMR has advantages over density tools in providing lithology-independent porosity measurements and identifying producible zones, but it is more expensive and has a shallower depth of investigation.

Uploaded by

Fatimah Azzahra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Slamet Soeharto

Because of their inherent nuclear magnetism, hydrogen nuclei ( above , left ) behave as though they are
tiny bar magnets aligned with the spin axes of the nuclei. In the absence of an external magnetic field,
the nuclear magnetic axes ( above , right ) are randomly aligned.
T1-relaxation (polarization) curves indicate the degree of proton alignment, or magnetization, as a
function of the time that a proton population is exposed to an external magnetic field.
(1) To generate a spin echo, a 90° B1 pulse is first applied. (2) After cessation of the 90° pulse,dephasing starts.
(3) At time τ, a 180° B1 pulse is applied to reverse the phase angles and thus initiates rephasing. (4)
Rephasing proceeds. (5) Rephasing is complete, and a measurable signal (a spin echo) is generated attime
2τ.
To generate a spin-echo train, the CPMG pulse sequence is used, which consists of a 90° B1 pulse followed
by a sequence of 180° B1 pulses. Spin echoes of decreasing amplitude follow the 180° B1 pulses.

Dephasing (FID)
First the protons will precess around the new direction of B1in unison. While doing so, they generate a
small magnetic field at the Larmorfrequency, which is measured by an antenna inside the NMR tool.
However, B0is not perfectly homogenous and the protons do not all precess exactly at the same frequency.
Gradually they lose synchronization (dephasing) and the decaying signal is measured. The decay time is
called T2* (the asterisk indicates that this is not a formation property) and is comparable to the span of the
tipping pulse length.
This decay signal is also referred to as free induction decay (FID).

Refocusing, spin-echoes:
The CPMG pulse sequenceThe dephasing caused by in homogeneities of B0 is (somewhat) reversible. The
protons (all precessing at a slightly different frequency) can be refocused by a new pulse, which is180
degrees oriented to the original spin-tipping pulse and also twice as long. As the protons rephase, they
generate a new signal in the antenna –called a spin-echo. The spin echo decays again on the rate of the
FID. However, the 180-degree pulses are applied repeatedly –typically several hundred times within a single
NMR measurement. The usual procedure is to apply 180-degree pulses in an evenly spaced train, as close
together as possible. The entire pulse sequence (90ºplus a long series of 180ºpulses) is called a CPMG
sequence, named after their inventors:Carr, Purcell, Mayboomand Gill.
Analogi Urutan untuk sebuah perlombaan:
Bayangkan sebuah balapan yang dimulai dengan senjata start (1), analog dengan denyut tipping 90º. Para
pelari memulai secara serempak, tetapi setelah beberapa saat mereka terpencar di sekitar trek (2, 3).
Sekarang start memberikan sinyal pulsa 180º baru (4) dan pelari berbalik dan mulai ke arah yang
berlawanan (5). Jika semua pelari memiliki kecepatan yang sama, mereka akan kembali pada waktu yang
sama (6a), tetapi ini tidak pernah terjadi. Dengan variasi kecepatan, yaitu frekuensi, pelari kembali pada
waktu yang berbeda (6b).

Longitudinal relaxation T1
When the CPGM sequence ends, the protons gradually relax back towards the static magnetic field B0.
They do so with a characteristic time constant, referred to as T1-time, or longitudinal decay or relaxation
time.
T1is frequently 1.5 times T2, but this ratio changes strongly if oil and gas are present in the pore space.

What can cause the decay of the spin-echo-amplitude?


There are three main NMR relaxation processes: (a) Grain surfacerelaxation, (b) relaxation by molecular
diffusion in magnetic field gradients and (c) relaxation by bulk-fluid processes.
Grain-surface relaxationis the most important mechanism for the spinning protons to lose their
magnetization. Molecules in fluids are always in motion and diffuse about in a pore-space. While in motion
they collide with grain surfaces during the NMR measuring sequence. They can either transfer some of
their spin to the grain (and so contributing to T1) or irreversibly dephase(T2). The speed of relaxation
partially depends on the rock type (e.g.sandstones are three times more efficient than carbonates to relax
hydrogen) and the amount of iron or other magnetic minerals present in the rock.
But pore-size plays by far the most important role as illustrated on the next image.

The speed of relaxation depends on how often protons can collidewith grains, i.e. on the surface to
volume (S/V) ratio. Collisions are less frequent in large pores as they have a smaller S/V ratio. The result
is a large T2decay time.

Similarly, small pores have a large S/V ratio and a short relaxation time T2.
Relaxation by molecular diffusion in magnetic field gradients:
When there are gradients in the static magnetic field B0molecular motion can cause
dephasing and contribute to T2relaxation times. T1is unaffected.
A B0gradient can have two possible sources: the magnet configuration of the logging tools
and the magnetic susceptibility contrast between grain materials and pore-fluids in porous
rocks.

Relaxation by bulk fluid effects:


Even if grain surfaces and internal field gradients are absent, relaxation occurs. This can
often be neglected, but becomes significant in very large pores such as in vuggy formations
or when hydrocarbons are present, wetting the grain surfaces and preventing fluid-grain
collisions.
Permeability and NMR

The probably most valuable measurement of the NMR tool is that of permeability. These measurements
enable production rates to be predicted, allowing optimization of completion and stimulation programs
while reducing the cost of coring and production.

Permeability is derived empirically from relationships between NMR porosity and mean values of the
T2relaxation times obtained from laboratory tests. The following formula is frequently used:

With T2, log being the logarithmic mean of the T2 distribution, φNMR is the NMR porosity, and kNMR is
the permeability.

C is a empirical constant typically around 4 for sandstones


and 0.1 for carbonates.
- Example of match between core measurements and CMR logs.
- The core-porosity matches well with the CMR derived measurement.
- Permeability from CMR has been fine-tuned to match the core measurements to replace
conventional coring.

Porosity logs in mixed-lithology carbonates show the advantage of NMR lithology-independent total
porosity.

NMR total porosity is not sensitive to lithology and reads correctly over the entire interval.

The density tool reads correctly only in intervals in which the assumed matrix density (lithology) used to
compute the density-log porosity matches the actual matrix density of the formation.
Advantages of NMR
• Only fluids are visible to NMR technology so porosity measurement is independent of
the lithology
• Producible zones with high percentage of claybound water can be identified
• A better measurement of permeability is possible than traditional plots
• In-situ measurement of oil viscosity
• Differentiation of oil/gas zones

Disadvantages of NMR Tools:


• Any diamagnetic or paramagnetic ions present in the formation can affect the tool response
• Expensive
• Slower logging speeds
• Slimhole tools are not available
• Shallow depth of penetration
• Permeability measurement is actually an empirical measurement and should only be used to
compare to permeabilities

NOTE:
• NMR Logging uses the energy given off from hydrogen protons as they precess in a magnetic field
to infer measurements of a formation’s porosity, permeability, pore space distribution, etc.
• Logs can be used to interpret zones of high porosity and producibility
• Main tools used are the Halliburton’s MRIL and Schlumberger’s CMR tool
• Gives lithology independent porosities but is more expensive than conventional tools
NMR / CMR Log in Low Resistivity Pay Formation;

END

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