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    AP Psychology: 6.2 - Operant Conditioning (Part I)

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    Ishika Bhattarai
    Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are shaped by consequences. It was developed by B.F. Skinner to explain voluntary behaviors that are not elicited through classical conditioning. The law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike stated that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors being repeated through positive reinforcement of adding desirable stimuli or negative reinforcement of removing undesirable stimuli. Punishment decreases behaviors through positive punishment of adding undesirable stimuli or negative punishment of removing desirable stimuli.

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    AP Psychology: 6.2 - Operant Conditioning (Part I)

    Uploaded by

    Ishika Bhattarai
    64 views4 pages
    Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are shaped by consequences. It was developed by B.F. Skinner to explain voluntary behaviors that are not elicited through classical conditioning. The law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike stated that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors being repeated through positive reinforcement of adding desirable stimuli or negative reinforcement of removing undesirable stimuli. Punishment decreases behaviors through positive punishment of adding undesirable stimuli or negative punishment of removing desirable stimuli.

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    Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are shaped by consequences. It was developed by B.F. Skinner to explain voluntary behaviors that are not elicited through classical conditioning. The law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike stated that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors being repeated through positive reinforcement of adding desirable stimuli or negative reinforcement of removing undesirable stimuli. Punishment decreases behaviors through positive punishment of adding undesirable stimuli or negative punishment of removing desirable stimuli.

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    64 views4 pages

    AP Psychology: 6.2 - Operant Conditioning (Part I)

    Uploaded by

    Ishika Bhattarai
    Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are shaped by consequences. It was developed by B.F. Skinner to explain voluntary behaviors that are not elicited through classical conditioning. The law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike stated that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Reinforcement increases the likelihood of behaviors being repeated through positive reinforcement of adding desirable stimuli or negative reinforcement of removing undesirable stimuli. Punishment decreases behaviors through positive punishment of adding undesirable stimuli or negative punishment of removing desirable stimuli.

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    3/13/2020

    AP Psychology

    6.2 – Operant Conditioning (Part I)


    1

    Operant Conditioning
    • Limitations of Classical
    Conditioning
    • Classical Conditioning focuses
    on existing reflexive behaviors
    that are automatically elicited
    by a specific stimulus
    • Does not account for the actions
    that someone would take
    voluntarily

    • Learning involves new behaviors


    or voluntary actions that
    classical conditioning cannot
    explain

    1
    3/13/2020

    Operant Conditioning
    • The Law of Effect
    • Theorized by Edward Thorndike
    (1874-1949)

    • Used baby chicks and cats to


    systematically investigate animal
    behavior

    • Stated that voluntary behaviors are


    influenced by their consequences
    • In other words, behaviors that lead to
    satisfying outcomes are more likely to
    be repeated
    • Behaviors that lead to unpleasant
    outcomes are less likely to be repeated

    Operant Conditioning
    • BF Skinner & Operant
    Conditioning
    • Skinner believed that psychologists
    should only focus on observable
    behavior that could be objectively
    measured and verified

    • Operant = Any active behavior that


    operates upon the environment to
    generate consequences

    • Operant Conditioning is a learning


    process in which behavior is shaped
    and manipulated by consequences
    (rewards or punishment) that follow
    a response

    2
    3/13/2020

    Operant Conditioning
    • Reinforcement
    • Occurs when a reinforcing stimulus
    follows an active behavior or
    response

    • The stimulus increases the


    probability that the behavior or
    response will be repeated

    • Types of Reinforcers:
    • Primary: Naturally reinforcing for a
    given species
    • Food, water, shelter, etc.
    • Secondary: Gains its effectiveness
    through a learned association with
    primary reinforcers
    • Money!

    Operant Conditioning
    • Positive Reinforcement
    • Adding a positive stimulus
    following a desirable behavior
    • Examples?

    • Negative Reinforcement
    • Removing an adverse stimulus
    following a desirable behavior
    • Examples?

    • Remember!
    • Positive ≠ Good
    • Negative ≠ Bad

    3
    3/13/2020

    Operant Conditioning
    • Punishment
    • A process in which an aversive
    stimulus follows a behavior or
    response

    • The aversive consequence decreases


    the likelihood of the behavior
    being repeated

    • Positive Punishment
    • Adding an aversive stimulus after a
    response
    • “Punishment by application”

    • Negative Punishment
    • Removing a reinforcing stimulus after
    a response
    • ”Punishment by removal”
    • NOT Negative Reinforcement!!

    Operant Conditioning
    • Punishment
    • Drawbacks:
    • Punishment can produce undesirable
    effects such as fear, hostility, and
    aggression
    • Punishment is often only a temporary
    change in behavior
    • Can cause a behavior pattern of ”Learned
    Helplessness”
    • The learner feels that it is impossible to
    escape punishment, which leads to a
    passive feeling of hopelessness that may
    lead to depression

    • Effective Uses:
    • Delivered immediately after the behavior
    • Should be certain and “fit the crime”
    • Should focus on the behavior, not the
    character of the learner

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