Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
AMAYA SCHOOL OF HOME INDUSTRIES
Sahud-Ulan, Tanza, Cavite

SELF-LEARNING MODULE
in
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Qualitative Research

Module 1

Guban | Nepomuceno | Racal

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 Lesson 1 Nature of Qualitative Research and its Importance

Most Essential Shares research experiences and knowledge;

Learning Explains the importance of research in daily life;
Competencies Describes characteristics, processes and ethics of research
Differentiates quantitative from qualitative research; and
Provides examples of research in areas of interest

Content Importance, characteristics, processes, ethics of research and

difference between qualitative and quantitative research

What is Research?

STEP BY STEP Research follows a step-by-step process of investigation that

PROCESS uses a standardized approach in answering questions and
solving problems (Polit & Beck, 2004)
INQUIRY It is a continuous endeavor to make known the unknown. It
leads to finding of new idea, method, or improvement through
inquiry and questioning (Sanchez, 2002)
INVESTIGATION It is an investigation following ordered steps leading to a
discovery of new information and concepts (Sanchez, 1999)
CRITICAL It promotes critical thinking in producing instruments such as
THINKING questionnaires and interview guides to be able to answer
questions and address experiences.

Learning Task 1: Answer the following question in one whole sheet of paper.
1. Based from the definition of research above, do you think research is
important in our daily lives? Why or why not?
2. Give a specific scenario in our daily lives where in you can use and apply
research. Explain how research helps you in that specific event.

Characteristics of Research

Research is a process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting information to

answer questions. To qualify as research, the process must have certain characteristics: it
must, as far as possible, be systematic, controlled, rigorous, valid and verifiable, empirical
and critical.

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 1. Empirical - Research is based on direct experience or observation by the
researcher.
2. Logical - Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical - Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends
with a problem.
4. Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability - The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

The Process of Research

Research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and

gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a
conclusion. The scientific research process is a multiple-step process where the steps are
interlinked with the other steps in the process. If changes are made in one step of the
process, the researcher must review all the other steps to ensure that the changes are
reflected throughout the process.

The research process often begins with a very broad idea for a topic you’d like to
know more about. You do some preliminary research to identify a problem. After refining
your research questions, you can lay out the foundations of your research design, leading
to a proposal that outlines your ideas and plans. Although different models of the
research process exist, each containing different numbers of stages, most include the same
general elements.

Research is expected to be systematized and planned by following a pattern or a

structure. Below is a diagram that presents the steps taken when doing research:

Learning Task 2: Explain the statement below.

1. One of the characteristics of research is methodological. Explain the
relationship/similarities of this characteristic to the process of research.

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 Ethics in Research

In conducting research, there are certain ethical principles that a researcher should
possess to ensure important moral and social values are. Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and
Andriukaitienė (2017) emphasize that the researcher must possess honesty, objectivity,
morality, integrity, carefulness, openness, respect to intellectual property, confidentiality,
responsible publication, legitimacy and anti-discrimination.

If the researcher possesses honesty, s/he does not fabricate, falsify, or

misrepresent data; objectivity, if s/he avoids or minimizes bias or self-deception;
morality, if s/he possesses the code of conduct that would be accepted by anyone;
integrity, if s/he keeps his/her promises and agreements; carefulness, if s/he avoids
careless errors and negligence; openness, if s/he is open to criticism and new ideas;
respect to intellectual property, if s/he learns to acknowledge ideas and give credits to
the rightful owner; confidentiality, if s/he discloses sensitive and personal information
to protect the identity of the person; responsible publication, if s/he avoids wasteful and
duplicative publication; legitimacy, if s/he gives accurate results of the study; and anti-
discrimination, if s/he does not discriminate someone else’s culture, tradition, language,
race, etc.

Learning Task 3: Answer this in one whole sheet of paper.

Patrick conducted a research study in his Qualitative Research subject
entitled “The Traditions, Language and Literature of B’laan Tribe in South
Cotabato: An Ethnographic Study.” He took five (5) participants to be
interviewed following the inclusion criteria that he set. He made sure that the
participants are not divulge to protect their identity. On the other hand, he used
voice recorder, field notes and an interpreter to make sure that the data he
gathered are correct and free from any errors. He was also taking extra
precautions to use words that are free from any forms of biases and
discriminatory words that may hurt the culture of B’laan tribe. Moreover, in
order to support the research findings, Patrick cited related literature and
studies and gave credits where the credit is due. What are the ethical principles
that Patrick observed in the study he conducted? Why did you say so? What
ethical principles did he not observe? Is it necessary for him to use those ethical
principles?

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 Qualitative and Quantitative Research

There are two (2) approaches/processes to research namely quantitative and

qualitative researches. Quantitative research is based on collecting and analyzing
numerical data. It concentrates on measuring the scale, range, and frequency of
phenomena, among other factors. On the other hand, qualitative research is more
subjective in nature. It involves examining and reflecting on the less tangible aspects of a
research, such as values, attitudes, and perceptions.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Understands and infers social Tests hypothesis, investigates cause and
interactions effect, and makes predictions
Uses open-ended responses, Uses measurements, data gathered from
observation, interviews, and field structured and validated data collection
notes instruments
Uses small groups Uses big groups
Utilizes words, objects, and images Utilizes numbers and statistics
Exploratory or bottom-up: the Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher
researcher generates a new hypothesis tests hypothesis and theory with the data
and theory from the data collected
Narrative reports Statistical repots

Learning Task 4: Think of a possible basic qualitative and quantitative research

topic on the following areas. Complete the table below. Write your answer in
one whole sheet of paper.

Area Qualitative Quantitative

In your Home My parents’ way of Our water consumption
disciplining us as children per month
In your Home
In School
In your community
Hobbies

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 Lesson 2 Understanding Qualitative Approach in Research

Most Essential Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of

Learning qualitative research; and
Competencies Illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields.

Content Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses, Kinds, and

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

Kinds of Qualitative Research

The table below will help us understand the definition and use of the seven
different types of qualitative research.

Kinds of Qualitative Definition

Research
It is described as both a philosophy and a method
1. Phenomenology that aims to understand the "lived experience" which
involves behavior, emotion, and social meaning of
individuals (Mendoza, and Melegrito, 2017, 79).
It is a study of a group of peoples' practices and belief
2. Ethnography systems observed over a long period by immersing
in their natural context individuals (Mendoza, and
Melegrito, 2017, 81).
Its main goal is to recommend program and policy
3.Inductive Thematic by presenting participants' stories and experiences
Analysis accurately and comprehensively. It uses an iterative
research design (Mendoza, and Melegrito, 2017, 81).
Its goal is to discover theories through the derived
4. Grounded Theory data which undergone systematic analysis
(Mendoza, and Melegrito, 2017, 81).
It is a research method that allows a researcher to
5. Case study explore and investigate complex issues within a
specific context observing limited numbers of
individuals in a small geographic area (Mendoza,
and Melegrito, 2017, 81).
It aims to understand how discourse and interaction
6.Discourse/ explain human behavior through shared meaning in
Conversation analysis the social world (Mendoza, and Melegrito, 2017, 81).

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 Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of
Qualitative Research

Qualitative research as define by Dr. Curry of Yale School of Public Health is “a

strategy of systematic collection, organization, and interpretation of textual information”
It describes and explains phenomenon experienced by an individual or of a group of
people (Barrot, 2018, p. 23). Its “primary focus is on collecting and generating data to
further our understanding of real-world problems” (Guest, Namey, & Itchell 2013 as cited
in Mendoza & Melegrito 2017). Qualitative Research has its unique characteristics as well
as strengths and weaknesses:
Characteristics Strength Weakness
The researcher play as a The researchers are provided The result can be easily
primary instrument for first-hand experience (Barrot, swayed by the researchers’
data collection and 2018, 23) as they are biases (Barrot, 2018, 23).
analysis (Mendoza & thoroughly immersed in a
Melegrito, 2017, 72). culture or situation they
observed (Garcia, Jerusalem,
et al, 2017, 24)
It aims to provide an It examines cases in detail It is a rigorous task to
analysis of an individual’s and in-depth (Avila, 2016, gather and analyze obtain
mental, social, and p20) by giving a realistic data.
spiritual understanding of view of the lived world
the world (Avila, 2016, 19). (Garcia, Jerusalem, et al,
2017, 24).
It is emergent, as changes Its framework and direction It may lack consistency
occur continuously for it is are easily revised as changes and reliability due to its
more inclined in may happen based on an changing nature. It may
discovering a new way of obtain result (Avila, 2016, 20). also arrive at a different
understanding a case conclusion depending on
(Baraceros, 2019, 28). the responses of the
respondents (Garcia,
Jerusalem, et al, 2017, 26).
It involves inductive It fosters respect for people’s It may encounter issues of
analysis as it strives to individuality as it aims to anonymity and
understand a whole understand human behavior confidentiality (Avila,
phenomenon (Garcia, and personality in a natural 2016, 21).
Jerusalem, et al, 2017, 23). setting (Baraceros, 2019, 28).
It presents textual data or “It can effectively analyze It may result in "data
visual data by using intangible variables, such as overload" that may require
observation, interviews, gender roles, socioeconomic a long time analysis which
and data analysis (Barrot, status, social norms, religion, is time-consuming
2018, 23). and ethnicity. (Baraceros, 2019, 29).

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 Importance of Qualitative Research across Fields

Qualitative research is not only limited in understanding a phenomenon it also

seeks to obtain insights to make sound decisions and improve the quality of life; which
is also evident across fields (Barrot, 2018).

Field of Study Description

Humanities and Social It studies how to understand the behavior and
Inquiry experiences of other people.
Culture and the Arts It deals with culture and arts to help in their propagation
and preservation.
Sports It aims to understand the problems and challenges of
athletes and sports creation and implementation.
Agriculture and Fisheries It talks about the farmers’ beliefs, practices, and
experiences as it aims to look for identifying ways to
help them increase their productions.
Science and Technology It helps in improving concepts and generating
innovations in science and technology-related cases.
Business It explores the costumers' and business providers'
attitudes and experiences towards marketing activity.
Information and It studies how communication and interaction are
Communication affected by technology .
Technology

Learning Task 5

Instructions: Look for a qualitative research study from any credible references.
Read and comprehend the content. Then, answer the following questions. Write
your answer in one whole sheet of paper. (Submit also the summarized chapter
3 and chapter 4 of the research)

1. Who is/are the author/s of the study that you have selected?
2. What type of qualitative research did the researcher use in the study?
Why did the researcher use that type of study?
3. What are the findings and/or results of that research study?

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 Learning Task 6: State how qualitative research can be used in the following
field of study.

Field of Study Importance

Medical Heath
Education
Information and
Communication
Technology
Business
Humanities and
Social Inquiry

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References:

Cuayzon, M.L. C. et. al. (2020). Practical Research 1: Module 1 and 2. DepEd Division of City Schools Manila.
DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department
of Education.
DepEd SOCCKSARGEN. (2020). Practical Resaerch 1: Self-Learning Module 1 and 2. DepEd SOCCKSARGEN.
Magnaye, Aries N. (2020). Learners Packet: Week 1 and 2. PIVOT 4A.

Prieto N.G., Naval V.G., Carey T.G. (2017) Practical Research 1 Qualitative k to 12 Based. Manila
Philippines: Lorimar Publishing Inc.