Life and Learning

LIFE AND LEARNING
NAME: AMINA AMIR

ROLL# 18013005-040
ASSIGNMENT#1
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR BASIT FEROZ
Fallacy:
A fallacy can be defined as a mistaken belief without any logic or factual evidence to support it.
It can make an argument invalid and can weaken argument. Sometimes their use is by accident
and are also used to deliberately mislead or “win” an argument.
There are three categories of fallacies:
Logical fallacies (Logos) are errors in reasoning that are based on poor or faulty logic and
renders an argument invalid. It is an appeal to logic using intellectual reasoning and argument
structure such as giving claims, sound reasons for them, and supporting evidence.
Ethical / Authoritative (Ethos) Ethical appeals try to convince the audience that the speaker is a
credible source, that their words have weight and must be taken seriously because they are
serious, credible and have the experience and judgment necessary to decide what’s right.
Emotional (Pathos) they try to scare audience and manipulate them emotionally. They invoke
sympathy or pity in the listener, or make the audience angry in the service of inspiring action or
changing their mind about something.
Further are the more types of fallacies that lie in the above-mentioned categories. The fallacies
mentioned below are present in me.
Fallacies of logic
1. Hasty Generalization
A hasty generalization is a fallacy in which a conclusion that is reached is not logically justified
by sufficient or unbiased evidence. it’s when you jump to a conclusion too quickly based on just
a few examples that don’t necessarily represent the whole.
For example: Beechtree is a women’s wear brand. I once bought a dress from there but its
quality was not good enough.
Explanation: I found that that the quality of dress was not good as there were small holes and it
has gotten out of the shape after one wash. So, I think that this clothing brand is not pleasing.
Its is a fallacy because it can be a single defected piece.
This conclusion is drawn based on base of little or insufficient evidence.
2. Stacked Evidence
Stacked Evidence is a fallacy in which the presenter only states one side of an argument in
order to make it superior than other. It is done intentionally to make one particular part of an
issue appear clearly favorable to the others. The more/stronger the evidence that is withheld,
the more fallacious the argument.
For example: As KFC and McDonald are the leading suppliers of fast-food but I am KFC lover as
compared to McDonald.
Explanation: In the above example KFC is rich in taste and provides the best fried chicken
although I know that it is not much hygienic as compared to McDonald but still, I prefer KFC
whenever there is a discussion related to fast-food. It is a stacked evidence as it only praises the
positive aspect and ignores the negative aspect.
Ethical / Authoritative Fallacies

1. Guilt by Association
Guilt by association means that you personally didn't really do something wrong but that
people who you are associated with did. You are judged by the company you keep, so you can
be viewed as guilty because of your association with wrongdoers.
Example: When I was in school, I use to hang out with a group which was disliked by teachers
because they don’t do their homework and were troublemakers due to which I was also
counted as a bad student.
Explanation: In the above example as I use to hangout with a group of troublemakers even
though I always use to do my homework but thus considering me as a part of that group I was
associated with negative thing. It is guilt by association because the perception of a person or
idea is colored by the company he keeps.
2. Ad Hominem
Ad hominem is a Latin word that means “against the man.” This fallacy occurs when, instead of
addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect
of the person who is making the argument. This type of fallacy occurs when someone attacks
the person instead of attacking his or her argument.
Example: At my birthday party I handover my bag to my friend but she misplaced it so instead
of searching the bag I begun to argue that she is responsible for the theft because she was
poor.
Explanation: in the above example my friends mother attacked me personally blamed rather
than evaluating the validity of the argument.
Emotional Fallacies
1. Scare tactics
Scare tactic is an appeal to fear, which increases fear for an alternate point of view. If someone
fears the alternative, then they are more likely to choose your side in an argument. But this is
based on the emotion of fear rather than a logical reason to support your point of view.
For example: when my sister was in her childhood and refuses to do her homework so I used to
tell her that if she will obey me, I will lock her in the dark room as she is afraid of dark. As the
result of fear, she performs the work well.
2. Bandwagon
Bandwagon is a fallacy based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid
that is, everyone believes it, so you should too. It is also called an appeal to popularity. This
fallacy describes believing something is true or acceptable only because it is popular.
Example: It is a fashion trend to wear expensive wrist watch.
I saved my pocket money to buy an expensive wrist watch because everyone was following this
trend as it was popular.

Life and Learning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life and Learning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Life and Learning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIFE AND LEARNING

NAME: AMINA AMIR

There are three categories of fallacies:

This conclusion is drawn based on base of little or insufficient evidence.

Ethical / Authoritative Fallacies

Example: It is a fashion trend to wear expensive wrist watch.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.