9 Department of Education

National Capital Region

S C H O O L S DI V I S I O N O F F I C E
MA R I K I N A C I T Y

Science
Quarter 3 - Module 4
Factors Affecting the Climate

M ark John D. Bello

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 What I Need to Know
The purpose of this module is to help you differentiate climate from weather,
discover the factors that affect the climate and why climate differs in every country.

This module contains one lesson: Factors Affecting the Climate

After going through this module, you are expected to explain how different
factors affect the climate of an area (S9ES-IIIE-29).

Specifically, you should be able to:

 differentiate climate from weather;
 explain how altitude affects the climate ;
 explain how land topography affects the climate ; and
 explain how ocean surface and circulation directly affect the pattern of
climate around the world.

What I Know
Read and understand each question and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following BEST describes a climate?

A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short per iod of time.
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.

2. City A is surrounded by bodies of water and has a moderate climate. It is located

near the equator. What will most likely affect the climate of the city?
A. Altitude B. Latitude C. Topography D. All of these

For Nos. 3-4. Refer to the table below.

CITY/COUNTRY ALTITUDE (m) TEMPERATURE ( 0C)
A. Malaysia 110 30 to 28
B. Manila 8 33 to 22
C. Japan 438 26 to 5
D. Russia 1, 800 18 to -8
3. Which city/country had the lowest temperature?

4. Which city/country had the highest temperature?

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5. What climate is experienced by regions receiving vertical rays of sunlight?
A. cool climate C. moderate climate
B. hot climate D. temperate climate

6. Why do places of the same latitude but different altitudes experience a different
climate?
A. The amount of heat received varies.
B. The amount of precipitation differs.
C. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.

7. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?

A. less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
B. great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
C. great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
D. less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface

8. How does the distance of a place from the sea affect the climate during summer?
A. Cool breezes will cool both the coast and further inland.
B. Warm breezes will bring cool air to the coast whilst inland will be warmer.
C. Cool breezes will bring cooler air to the coast whilst inland will be warmer.
D. Warm breezes will bring warm air to the coast whilst inland will be cooler.

9. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?

A. Leeward B. Rain Shadow C. Summit D. Windward

10. How does prevailing wind affect climate?

A. Prevailing wind bring heat and moisture to certain region.
B. Prevailing wind describes the speed of the wind in a particular place.
C. Prevailing wind is the amount of moisture that can be found in an area.
D. Prevailing wind shows the main direction that wind comes from and can bring
mild, wet weather if it blows over warm oceans.

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Lesson Factors Affecting the Climate

What’ s In
Show how the heat from the Earth is used as a source of electricity in a
geothermal power plant by completing the flow chart. Choose from the box below.

Heat from 1 3
2
the Earth

 Generator changes the mechanical energy to electrical energy.

 Heat causes the water to turn into steam.
 Steam causes the turbine to turn.

What’ s New
Find the words being described by each statement below. The words maybe
hidden in any direction on the puzzle grid.

________________1. It is a short-term state of the atmosphere.

________________2. It is the average daily weather for a certain point of time at a
particular location.

R G V R E O I F J L C A W E T O R C
A H U I R H L X T I S E O M I C E I
P U H P O I B Z R P A E O X Y L E M
H E R T I S A E P T O S C I S T O O
Y I I H D M H I H I P R U I N X D N
U G P J Y P C E R N H O M E V Z V O
P N K S S V R X A E C O N O M R N R
T O N O I T A R T S I N I M D A E T
E M M Y I S T A R T U P S O M A P S
C T G O P E E T A M I L C E H I T A

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 What Is It

Meteorologists use several

devices to gather data about the
weather elements. Weather satellites
collect better and accurate observations
about the air beyond the earth.
Different weather stations all over the
country or worldwide investigate and

interpret these observations. PAGASA

Fi gure 1. PAGASA W eat her Fo recast
(Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical https://bit.ly/3b6GSej
and Astronomical Services
Administration) is the national institution that gives official weather forecasts which
are televised daily nationwide in the Philippines. W eather is the temporary
condition of the atmosphere which may change from time to time. Climate is
the total condition of the atmosphere over a long time. The scientists who specialize
in the study of climate are called climatologists. They learn the climate of a place
by analyzing its weather from season to season and year to year. Temperature,
humidity, precipitation, air pressure, cloudiness, and wind are factors that affect
the weather and climate of an area.

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

1. LATITUDE

Your location on the earth’s

surface in relation to the sun
influences the climate you have.
The main reason that affects the
climate of any place is its distance
from the equator. This gap is
measured in degrees of latitude; the
equator is 0 degrees latitude. The
Philippines is placed close to the
equator. At the equator, the sun is

certainly not very far from being

Fi gure 2. Sun Ray’ s and Eart h
directly above at noon. The sun’s https://bit.ly/3e0AHeJ

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rays reached the earth most directly at the equator. So, these areas are warm all
year. At morning and late afternoon, the beams of the sun are diagonal. The
energy from the sun is much fewer these periods of time. But at noon, the sun is
directly overhead. You get vertical rays this time, so the heat is concentrated.
During the months of March, April and May, the Philippines gets vertical rays. You
feel a hot climate or experience summer months. For six months, the North and
South Pole experienced cold climates. In some places at the middle latitudes such
as California and Japan, the sun is elevated during summer. These places have
hot summers because they also have prolonged daytime. At winter, the sun is at a
low level in the sky. These places get diagonal rays; so, they come up with cold
winters. They also have longer nights and shorter daytime.

2. ALTITUDE
Have you ever been to Baguio City? All
throughout the year, this place has a cold climate,
even during summer months. This is the reason
why Baguio City becomes the “Summer Capital of
the Philippines”. Why? Baguio City is about 2,300
feet directly above sea level. The height or
elevation of the area influences its climate.
Temperature becomes lower as the altitude above
sea level goes higher. Temperature becomes lower

because the height above water level goes higher.

Fi gure 3. Mt . Pul ag
https://bit.ly/3kBcaya
Temperature decreases as altitude increases. At
high altitudes, the air does not absorb and hold
the maximum amount heat; it's less dense. Climatologists have discovered that
temperature drops about 2˚ Celsius for each 300 meters or 1,000 feet of altitude.

3. TOPOGRAPHY
Mountain ranges also affect the circulation of precipitation. For example, hot
air from the ocean moves east, blows the mountains, and rise. As the air rises, it
cools, affecting it to rain on the western area of the mountain. When the air gets
the eastern region of the mountain it is dry. This effect is known as a rain shadow.

4. OCEAN CURRENT
Great flows of water running in the oceans are called ocean currents. Some
currents bring warm water to cool areas. Warm ocean currents stream from the
tropical seas toward the polar areas. Other ocean currents bring cool water to
warm areas. These currents influence climate in many parts of the world.

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5. W IND SYSTEMS
People residing nearby oceans and lakes
feel the breeze. There are two types of breeze –
land breeze and sea breeze.
During the day, warm air over the land
rises and is exchanged by the cool air over the
water. This is called a sea breeze. During the
night, the land turns out to be cooler than water.
Warmer air over the water increases and is
replaced by cooler air from the land. This is

called a land breeze. On big surfaces, continents

Fi gure 4. Land Breez e and Sea
heat and cool faster than oceans. A center of low Breez e
pressure builds over the continent while high https://bit.ly/307Cq9Y
pressure builds over the nearby ocean. These
make wind systems known as seasonal winds or monsoons.

The Philippines is influenced by these following wind systems:

NORTHEAST MONSOON
From October to February, a high-pressure
region builds over Southern Siberia and India in
winter because of the cold air over these areas.
This mass of cold air goes in the direction of the
Pacific Ocean. It reaches the Philippines from a
northeasterly direction, as a result, the name
northeast monsoon. This monsoon gives cold
mornings and strong rainfall along the eastern
coastal regions of the Philippines.

SOUTHW EST MONSOON Fi gure 5. Phi l i ppi nes Affected by Mo nso o n

https://bit.ly/3sDrTjd
From June to September, the
continent of Asia turns out to be warmer than the oceans nearby. A cold air
mass builds over the Pacific Ocean. It goes toward the Asian continent from a
southwest direction. Southwest monsoon gives heavy rainfall along the western
coastal regions of the Philippines.

6. EARTH’S MOVEMENT AFFECTS CLIMATE

The earth spins on its axis every day. One side of it faces the sun and is
completely lighted while the other side is in darkness, as it rotates. The earth’s

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axis is inclined at 23 ½ degrees. Because of this, some portions of the earth
receive vertical rays while other parts receive diagonal r ays.
Regions on earth that receive
vertical rays have hot climate roughly all
year round. Those which get diagonal
rays have cooler climate. The earth also
revolves around the sun. One revolution
takes the earth 365 ¼ days. As the earth
revolves, its inclination shifts. During
some months, it is inclined around the
sun. Areas on this side of the earth get
hot season or summer. Those places Fi gure 6. Eart h’ s Ti l t and Mo v ement
which are tilted away from the sun get https://bit.ly/2NXpzVn
cold season or winter. Because the earth
rotates, people in several places have different sunrise and sunset, too. During
summer months, daytime is lengthier because the sun rises earlier and sets later
than typical. So, you feel hot climate during these months. During cold months,
the sun rises a lot later and sets much earlier.

What’ s More
Activity 1.1 W eather or Climate?
Objective: Differentiate climate from weather.
W hat to do: Differentiate weather from climate. Write CLIMATE if the statement/
phrase describes climate and write WEATHER if it describes weather on the space
provided on the hexagon.

Guide
Question:

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1. How do you differentiate weather from climate?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2 How Latitude Affects Climate?

Objective: Explain how latitude affects climate.

W hat to do: Study the diagram below and answer the guide questions.

Fi gure 7. Ho w Lat i t ude affect s Cl i mat e

https://bit.ly/37dcs8U

Guide Questions:
1. Why are places found at the equator experience high temperature?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which part of the earth receives the least sun’s rays?
________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does latitude affect climate?
________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.3 How Altitude Affects Climate?

Objective: Explain how altitude affects climate.

W hat to do: Study the diagram below and answer the guide questions.

Mt. Apo=2956m (00 C)

Mt. Mayon=2462m (100 C)

Mt. Ulap=1846m (140 C)

Mt. Arayat=1008m (190 C)

Taal Volcano=311m (240 C)

Fi gure 8. Hei ght and Temperat ure o f Di fferent Hi gh Lands i n t he Phi l i ppi nes

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Guide Questions:
1. Which mountain/volcano is the coldest?
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. What temperature of the mountain/volcano is the hottest?

___________________________________________________________________________ __

3. How is the altitude of a place related to its temperature?

_____________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.4 How Topography Affects Climate?

Objective:
 Differentiate windward and leeward sides of the mountain.
 Explain how topography affects climate.

W hat to do: Study the diagram below then answer the guide questions.

Fi gure 9. W i ndward and Leeward Si de o f t he Mo unt ai n

https://bit.ly/3albn0P
Guide Questions:

1. Which side of the mountain experiences low temperature?

_______________________________________________________________________________ __
2. Which side of the mountain experiences high temperature?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens when air becomes warmer and drier as it moves down the
leeward side?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. How does topography affect climate?
_________________________________________________________________________________
Topography is another factor that influences the climate of a particular place.
Mountainous regions greatly affect the volume of precipitation in some region. The
region in which the wind blows is called the windward side. Here, the wind is
stopped by the mountain, pushing it to move uphill. As it goes up, the water vapor
condenses and forms clouds. This will cause in precipitation on the windward side.
The air goes down to the opposite region called leeward side. The cold air mass
begins to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. As an outcome, the area close
to the leeward side becomes dry and has a lesser amount of precipitation. The dry

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area on the leeward side is called rain shadow.

Activity 1.5 How Ocean Current Affects Climate?

Objective: Explain how ocean current affects climate.

W hat to do:
1. Study the diagram below.
C
W
C
W
W

C
C W

W
C
W
C W C

W C

Fi gure 10. Ocean Current s

https://bit.ly/2LTNXX6

2. From the diagram above (figure 5), Fill-out the table below, give at least three
examples of ocean currents that carry cold (C) and warm(W) water then answer the
guide questions.

WARM CURRENT COLD CURRENT

OCEAN CURRENT

Guide Questions:
1. What kind of ocean current is shown in Brazil based on the illustration?
________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do Oyashio Current and Kuroshio Current affect the Northeastern part and
Southern part of Japan?
________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do ocean currents affect climate?
________________________________________________________________________________
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 You learned that ocean currents play an important role in the climate of a
particular region. It also influences the temperature of the nearby land area. Warm
currents move from the equator to the poles carrying warm water. On the other
hand, cold currents move from the poles to the equator carrying cold water.

What I Have Learned

Fill in the concept map with word or group of words to complete the chart. Use the

Ocean Current Windward Northeast Monsoon

Cold Current Latitude Southwest Monsoon
Topography Earth’s Movement Altitude
words listed in the box below.
Fact o rs Affect i ng Cl i mat e

1 2 3

Wind System that affects

the P hilippines 4 5

6 7 8 Leeward

Warm Current 9

What I Can Do
Answer the following situations related on the real-life application of the
factors that affect the climate. Write a brief statement on the space provided below.
1. The Department of Agriculture has 230,000 strawberry seedlings. What advice
you can give them, where will be the best location of planting strawberries to help
the farmers generate income?
_________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________
2. The Banaue rice terraces in the Philippines is one of the world's marvels and
had been proclaimed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage place. Golden rice
fields and apparently endless rice terraces add magnificence to the landscape. Rice
is also the country's staple food. Though rice is generated throughout the country,
the Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley are the major rice growing regions. What
season is suitable for growing rice in the Philippines?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Read and understand each question and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which refers to the atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time ?
A. Climate B. Monsoon C. Topography D. Weather

2. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather. What do
you think makes Baguio cold?
A. The altitude C. The topography
B. The latitude D. The distance from the ocean

3. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
A. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
B. The windward side receives more heat than the leeward side.
C. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
D. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windward side.

4. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?

A. decreases B. increases C. varies D. remains the same

5. The following are factors that affect the climate except

A. Altitude C. Mountain Ranges
B. Earth’s Movement D. Sandstorm

Additional Activities
INFOGRAPHICS: Create an infographic on a long bond paper about the factors
affecting the climate using recycled materials. Write all the details and information

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about each factor. You can print or draw and be creative in making your own
infographics. Follow the rubrics below as your criteria in grading your output.

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Most graphics in Some graphics in The graphics in
Accuracy All graphics in the
the infographic the infographic the infographic
and infographic are
are accurate and are accurate and are neither nor
Relevance of accurate and
related to the related to the relate to the
the content related to the topic.
topic topic. topic.
All the graphics
Most of the The graphics
used on the
graphics used on were made by the
Creativity infographic reflect
the infographic student but were The graphics
and an exceptional
reflect student copied from the were not made by
Originality degree of student
ingenuity in their designs or ideas the student.
ingenuity in their
creation. of others.
creation.
Proper use of Most of the Few of the All the materials
All the materials
recycled materials used materials used used are not
used are recycled
materials are recycled are recycled recycled.
The infographic
includes all
All required Few required Required
Required required elements
elements are elements are elements are
Elements as well as
included. included. missing.
additional
information.

Posttest

Read and understand each question and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

For Nos. 1-2. Refer to the table below.

CITY ALTITUDE (m) TEMPERATURE ( 0C)
A. Malaysia 110 30 to 28
B. Manila 8 33 to 22
C. Japan 438 26 to 5
D. Russia 1, 800 18 to -8

1. Based on the table above, which city had the highest altitude?
2. Based on the table above, which city had the lowest altitude?

3. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?

A. Leeward B. Rain Shadow C. Summit D. Windward

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4. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different climate?
A. Amount of heat received varies.
B. Amount of precipitation differs.
C. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.

5. How does the distance of a place from the sea affect the climate during summer?
A. Cool breezes will cool both the coast and further inland.
B. Warm breezes will bring cool air to the coast whilst inland will be warmer.
C. Cool breezes will bring cooler air to the coast whilst inland will be warmer.
D. Warm breezes will bring warm air to the coast whilst inland will be cooler.

6. How does prevailing wind affect climate?

A. It brings heat and moisture to certain region.
B. It describes the speed of the wind in a particular place.
C. It is the amount of moisture that can be found in an area.
D. It shows the main direction that wind comes from and can bring
mild, wet weather if it blows over warm oceans.

7. City A is surrounded by bodies of water, has a moderate climate , and is located

near the equator. What will most likely affect the climate of the city?
A. Altitude B. Latitude C. Topography D. All of these

8. What climate is experienced by regions receiving vertical rays of sunlight ?

A. cool climate C. moderate climate
B. hot climate D. temperate climate

9. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?

A. Less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
B. Great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas.
C. Great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface .
D. Less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface .

10. Which of the following BEST describes climate?

A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a s hort period of time.
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.

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 References

PRINTED RESOURCES:

 DiSpezio, Michael, Marylin Lisowski, Gerald Skoog, Marylin Linner -Luebe,

and Bobbie Sparks. Science Insights: Exploring Earth and Space. Menlo Park,
(Cal.) etc.: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
 Tillery, Bill W., and Bill W. Tillery. Laboratory Manual to Accompany Physical
Science. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2007.

ONLINE RESOURCES:

 Blogger, The. “GRADE 9 LEARNERS MODULE AND TEACHERS GUIDE.” 12,

February 11, 2018. https://www.depedk12.com/2018/02/grade -9-
learners-module-and-teachers.html.
 Cowan, A. G. Ocean Currents and Climate, November 4, 2013.
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-
currents-andclimate/?ar_a=1.
 PAGASA, July 17, 2014. •
https://tatisatotrotamundos.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/04-pagasa-17-
07-2014_filipinas_trotamundostatisato2.gif.
 amazon. Accessed February 16, 2021. • https://s3-us-west-
2.amazonaws.com/courses-
images/wpcontent/uploads/sites/1095/2016/11/03154916/OSC_Astro_04
_02_December.jpg.
 “Have You Reached These Summits? 35 Mountains in the Philippines.”
Explore by Traveloka, March 5, 2018.
https://explore.traveloka.com/tourist-spots/mountains-philippines.
 projects, Contributors to Wikimedia. “Main Page of a Wikimedia Project
(Common for Wikipedia, Wiktionary and Other Projects).” Wikimedia
Commons. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., September 9, 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page .
 UNITAR. Accessed February 16, 2021.
https://www.unitar.org/maps/map/1778.
 “Metro Manila Topographic Map, Elevation, Relief.” topographic. Accessed
February 16, 2021. https://en-nz.topographic-map.com/maps/nlnk/Metro-
Manila/.

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
16 City of Good Character
Acti v i ty 1.4 W hat’ s In
Guide Question:
1. T he windward side. 1. Heat causes the water to turn into steam.
2. T he leeward side. 2. Steam causes the turbine to turn.
3. It rises up the atmosphere. 3. Generator changes the mechanical energy to
4. Moist w ind coming from the sea flow up the electrical energy.
mountain. Because temperature falls with
altitude, water vapor eventually condenses and W hat’ s New
there is precipitation.
1. Weather
Acti v i ty 1.5 2. Climate
Warm Current: Alaska, Gulf Stream, Norwegian, Brazil,
Mozambique, Aguihas, Kuroshio, and E. Australia W hat’ s More:
Activity 1.1
Cold Current: W. Australia, Oyashio, Benguela, E. 1. √ 3. X 5. X 7. X 9. X
Greenland, Labrador, Canary, California, and Peru 2. √ 4. √ 6. √ 8. X 10. X
Guide Question: Guide Question:
1. Warm Current 1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere
2. Oyashio Current brings cold water to the everyday while climate is the condition of the
northeastern part of Japan making the atmosphere over a long period of time.
temperature lower. Kuroshio Current brings
w arm w ater towards southern part of Japan Acti v i ty 1.2
making the temperature higher. Guide Question:
3. Ocean currents either warm or cool the air 1. Equator
above them. When ocean currents that bring 2. Due to the tilting of the earth’s axis, places near
cold w ater move towards a coastal region, the the equator receive more heat making the air
temperature of that area decreases. When the temperature higher.
ocean currents that take along warm air go to a 3. When the area is farther from the equator, the air
land mass, the temperature of that place rises. temperature is lower resulting in a cold climate.
When the place is closer to the equator, the air
W hat I Hav e L earned: temperature is higher which results in a warm
1. Latitude climate.
2. Altitude
3. Earth’s Movement (nos. 1-3 In any order) Acti v i ty 1.3
4. Ocean Current Guide Question:
5. T opography 1. Mt. Apo
6-7. Northeast Monsoon and Southwest Monsoon 2. 00C
(Any Order) 3. As the altitude increases, the temperature
8. Windward decreases.
9. Cold Current
W hat I Can Do:
(Answers may vary)
Assessment:
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D
Addi ti onal Activities:
(Follow Rubrics for Assessing the output)
Answer Key
 Development T eam of the Module
W riter: Mark John D. Bello

Content Editors: Jenalyn M. Salonga

Robert J. Gaviola
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editor: Garvie L. Medina

Illustrator: Jordan B. Plopino

Arriane Joy F. Isorena

Layout Artist: Keith Angeline N. Alejandro

Jemwel Dela Paz

Management T eam:
Sheryll T . Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science
Ivy Coney A. Gamatero
EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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