Experiment 7: Statement

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Structural Mechanics

Experiment 7
STATEMENT
Determination of principal strain and stress using Strain Rosette
technique

7.1 APPARATUS
• Model beam (maximum extreme fiber stress = 250 N/mm2 )
• Strain rosette 2 Nos. (cemented to beam, gauge factor = 2.05)
• Strain meter (gives direct strain reading)
• 45 volt D.C battery
• Pressure cell (hydraulic jack and bourdon gauge)
• Vernier caliper
• Measuring tape
• Connecting wires

7.2 RELATED THEORY

Uniaxial stress / strain system:


the forces are acting in such a way that deformation is only in one
direction and stress produced due to these strains are also in one direction.
This is called as “uni-axial stress / strain system”.

Bi-Axial Stress / Strain System (2-D):


When forces are applied in such a way that they produce deformations
in two directions such as tension, compression along with shear, in this
system the strain is produced in two directions rather than one dimension.

Difference between Principal Planes and Principal Axes:


Principal planes are two dimensional surfaces where normal stresses
achieve their extreme values and shear stresses are zero.

Τxy = 0 , σ1,2 = σmax, min

Where principal axes are the imaginary lines where 2nd moment of area
achieves its extreme value and product moment of inertia is zero.

(Ixx)max, min , (Iyy)min, max , (Ixy) = 0

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Structural Mechanics

Principal Stress (σ1, σ2):

When the normal stresses achieve their extreme values as σmax, min are
known as “principal stresses”

OR

“These are extreme values of normal stresses which are possible at any
point in a material.”

When normal stress are acting on major principal planes then these are
called as “major principal stress” (σ1 or σmax.)

When normal stresses are acting on minor principal planes, then these are
called as “minor principal stresses” (σ2, σmin)

Mathematically,

σ1,2 = σman, min

σ1,2 = (σx + σy)/2 ± [(σx-σy)2/2 + (τxy)2]

Principal Strains: (Є1,2 ,Єmax, Min ):

The extreme values of normal strain at any point in a material are known
as “principal strains” and these are major and minor principal strains.

Mathematically,

Є1,2 = Єmax, min = (Єx + Єy) ± [(Єx – Єy)2/2 + (γxy)2/2]

Strain Rosette:
It is the set of at least three strain gauges in three different directions
cemented on the complete state of stresses and strains.

Єo = (Єx + Єy)/2 + (Єx – Єy)/2 cos2Ө + γxy/2 sin2Ө

Єa = (Єx + Єy)/2 + (Єx – Єy)/2 cos2Өa + γxy/2 sin2Өa (I)


Єb = (Єx + Єy)/2 + (Єx – Єy)/2 cos2Өb + γxy/2 sin2Өb (II)
Єc = (Єx + Єy)/2 + (Єx – Єy)/2 cos2Өc + γxy/2 sin2Өc (III)

By solving simultaneously these equations, we get the values of Єx, Єy and


γxy

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Structural Mechanics

Types:
Normally, four types are available in the market, which are as under:-
• 45o strain rosette:
• 60o strain rosette:
• 120o strain rosette:
• Four Elements Strain Rosette

45o Strain Rosette:


A strain rosette having included angle of 45o between consecutive strain
gauges is known as “45o strain rosette”

Өa = 0o , Өb = 45o , Өc = 90o

Putting these values in equations 1, 2 and 3, we get:

Єx = Єa , Єy = Єc , γxy = Єa + Єc - 2Єb

Є1,2 = (Єa + Єc)/2 ± [(Єa – Єc)2/2 + (Єb – Єc)2/2]

tan2Өp = (Єa + Єc - 2Єb)/( Єa – Єc)

By using mohr’s circle

Radius (R) = [(CE)2 +(AE)2]

CE = (Єa – Єc)/2
AE = (Єa + Єc)/2 - Єb

Center (C) = ((Єa + Єc)/2 , 0 )

60o strain Rosette:


A strain rosette having included angle of 60o between consecutive strain
gauges is known as “60o styrain rosette”.

Өa = 0o , Өb = 60o , Өc = 120o

Putting these values in equation 1, 2 and 3, we get:

Єx = Єa
Єy = 1/3 (2Єb + 2Єc – Єa)
½ γxy = 1/[3] (Єc –Єb)

Є1,2 = (Єa + Єb + Єc)/3 ± 2/3 [Єa (Єa – Єb) + Єb (Єb – Єc)]

tan2Өp = [3] (Єb – Єc) / (2Єa – Єb – Єc)

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Structural Mechanics

120o Strain Rosette:


A strain rosette having included angle of 120o between consecutive strain
gauges is known as “120o strain rosette”

Ө a = 0o , Өb = 120o , Өc = 240o

Putting these values in equation 1, 2 and 3, we get:


Єx = Єa
Єy = 2/3 (Єb + Єc – Є a/2)
γxy = 1.35 (Єc – Єb)

Fourth Element Strain Rosette:


Advantage:
• We can have a counter check of computed values of coordinate strain
(precision).
• We can compute the avg value of coordinate strains by using the relation;

(Єx)avg = Σ (Єi/N)

7.3 PROCEDURE
i. Measure the beam span “a” and location of each strain rosette.
ii. Switch on the stain meter. Check battery voltage and setting of each
factor. Set the static mode for strain measurements.
iii. Take zero load readings of strain meter for each gauge.
iv. Apply load in two equal increments over the range and take strain
meter readings for each strain gauge for each load.
v. Unload and check the gauge zeros. If large drifts are detected repeat
the experiment for the gauges concerned.

7.4 COMMENTS

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