District Cooling and Delta T Correction

Correcting Low ∆T in Buildings with District
Cooling
Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 1

District Cooling and ∆T Correction
Agenda
• What is Low ∆T Syndrome?

• Coil Design & Performance
• Why maintain ∆T at the point of water to air hear transfer?
• Common District Cooling Building Connections
• Directly connected buildings
• Decoupled buildings
• Causes of Low ∆T Syndrome
• Low ∆T and Pump Affinity
• Low ∆T and The Belimo Energy Valve™
• ∆T Correction in a High Rise Office Building with District Cooling

What is Low ∆T Syndrome?
Q(Btu/h) = 500𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥∆𝑇𝑇
Low ΔT syndrome is the result of

the inefficient use of chilled water
at the point of consumption

Coil Design & Performance

Why maintain ∆T at the point of water to air hear transfer?
• Utilities rates change based on ∆T

• The lower the ∆T the higher the rate
• Rates can increase during demand hours
• Reducing the flow transfers problems from the plant to the buildings
• Cooling coils should not operate below their design ∆T
• Supply water temperature shouldn’t be increased to a point that
compromises coil performance

Direct Connected Buildings
• Directly connected building with a booster pump
• Adds head pressure to guarantee flow but could compromise flow to
other buildings on the loop

• Directly connected building with a pressure regulating valve
• Valve reduces the supply side pressure to coils & valves

• Directly connected building
• Reliant on the pressure provided by the distribution system

• Directly connected building with booster pump & bypass
• Increases pressure as needed at higher loads

Decoupled Buildings
• Decoupled building with entering water and crossover control valves
• Inlet valve regulates water flow on the supply side and the valve in the
crossover is used to regulate water temperature

Decoupled Buildings
• Decoupled building with return water temperature control valve
• Circulates water until it is at the design return water temperature

Decoupled Buildings
• Decoupled building with a heat exchanger
• Fully separates the building from the distribution loop, there is a
potential for heat transfer loss at the heat exchanger

Pump Affinity 10°∆T vs 12°∆T @ 100 Tons
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
GPM = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏∆𝑻𝑻
𝟑𝟑
𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐/𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 =1.728
73% more horsepower
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
GPM = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐°∆𝑻𝑻 2°F decrease in ∆T
𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

Causes of Low ∆T
• Equipment designed for different ΔT’s

• Three way valves allow chilled water to bypass coils at part load
• Resetting the supply air temperature set point above design can lead to
unstable control and low return water temperature
• Coils that are not piped with water flow counter flow to air flow reduce the
heat transfer efficiency of the coil compromising return water temperature
• Mixing flow from chilled water supply to chilled water return through the
de-coupler or bypass adversely effects the return chilled water
temperature

Causes of Low ∆T
• Oversized chillers, pumps, coils, control valves and piping

• Controlling the chilled water valve using only the air sensor
• Manual balancing only addresses one flow condition
• Systems rarely run at full load causing overflow at part load
• Hydronic systems are changed but not rebalanced

Causes of Low ∆T
• Laminar coil flow reduces overall heat transfer capacity of the coil
• Laminar flow occurs when water flows in parallel layers and doesn't mix.
• When water travels through a coil too slow it causes laminar flow.
• The heat transfer efficiency of hydronic coils is based on turbulent flow.

The Belimo Energy Valve™ can measure flow,

temperature and calculate ∆T. With this information
adjustments can be made to maximize the efficiency of
hydronic coils.
Actuator &
Controller
Flow Meter
Temperature Sensors
Control Valve

Original Basis of Design. June of 1984
• 15 Story High Rise Office Building

• 15 Air Handlers
• GPM Ranges from 71.2 – 86.5
• 15°F Design ∆T
• Average Building ∆T Between 8°F - 11°F
• Average Monthly Low ∆T Penalty of $1,090.00
• Maximum Average Flow in Excess of 550 GPM

Project Metrics
Project Scope Install 15 Energy Valves

Cost to Implement $53,474.00
Annual Cost Avoidance $22,821.00
Simple Payback 2.4 Years
Return on Investment 40%
Min/Max Average GPM Reduction >200 GPM


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Correcting Low ∆T in Buildings with District

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 1

• What is Low ∆T Syndrome?

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 2

Low ΔT syndrome is the result of

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 3

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 4

• Utilities rates change based on ∆T

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 5

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 6

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 7

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 8

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 9

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 10

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 11

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 12

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 13

• Equipment designed for different ΔT’s

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 14

• Oversized chillers, pumps, coils, control valves and piping

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 15

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 16

The Belimo Energy Valve™ can measure flow,

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 17

• 15 Story High Rise Office Building

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 18

Project Scope Install 15 Energy Valves

Steve Rybka 3/27/2018 19

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