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Exercise 5 Integumentary System Protocol

1. The document provides a study guide for examining and comparing the integument (skin and its derivatives) of various vertebrate groups, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. 2. Students are instructed to observe microscope slides and physical specimens of scales, feathers, hairs, and skin to identify structures and layers like the epidermis and dermis across vertebrate classes. 3. Comparisons are drawn between integument compositions and derivatives that evolved with the adaptation of vertebrates from aquatic to terrestrial environments, such as the development of scales into hairs and feathers.

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79 views

Exercise 5 Integumentary System Protocol

1. The document provides a study guide for examining and comparing the integument (skin and its derivatives) of various vertebrate groups, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. 2. Students are instructed to observe microscope slides and physical specimens of scales, feathers, hairs, and skin to identify structures and layers like the epidermis and dermis across vertebrate classes. 3. Comparisons are drawn between integument compositions and derivatives that evolved with the adaptation of vertebrates from aquatic to terrestrial environments, such as the development of scales into hairs and feathers.

Uploaded by

MEEEEHHHH MAHHHH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vertebrate Integument

Exercise 5
VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENT

I. Objectives

At the end of the exercise, you should be able to;


1. Compare the integument of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
2. Differentiate between the different strata of the two layers of the skin - epidermis and dermis.
3. Identify the derivatives of the vertebrate skin (both of the epidermis and dermis).
4. Realize they phylogenetic relationship of vertebrates based on the evolution of their integument.

II. Materials

 Microscope
 Camera
 Slides of (1) fish scales; placoid ganoid, cycloid, and ctenoid, (2) frog skin, (3) filoplume, (4)
human brown skin, (5) human palm skin, (6) human scalp
 Avian feathers; filoplume, down, semiplume, flight
 Turtle carapace and plastron
 Transparent nail polish, acetone, glass slide, human hairs

III. Study Guide

A. Fish Integument
Observe under the microscope the slides of placoid, ganoid, cycloid, and ctenoid scales. Provide
an illustration or photograph and label the structures. Complete the table below.

Type of Scale Composition Brief Description Specific Fish Group


Where Found
1. Placoid
2. Ganoid
3. Cycloid
4. Ctenoid

What is a cosmoid scale? Illustrate, describe, and provide specific group of fishes where it can be
found.

Guide Questions:
1. Are fish scales epidermal or dermal derivatives?
2. What is the composition of the fish epidermis? Describe cells/structures that can be found in this layer
and give brief explanation.
3. What is the composition of the fish dermis? Describe cells/structures that can be found in this layer
and give brief explanation.

B. Amphibian Integument
Observe under the microscope a slide of frog skin. The two main regions are the outer epidermis
and the inner dermis. What is the general type of tissue found in epidermis? In dermis?
The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Describe this layer. The second
layer is the stratum germinativum. Describe this layer. Below the germinativum layer is stratum
spongiosum. This contains prominent chromatophores and cutaneous glands. What are chromatophores
and how they appear in your specimen? Look for glands. These are multicellular glands formed by the
infolding of the stratum germinativum. What are their secretions? The layer beneath the spongiosum is
stratum compactum. Describe this layer.
Provide illustrations or photographs and label the structures.

Zoology 102 qr First Semester 2016-2017 1


Vertebrate Integument

Guide Questions:
1. What are the layers that comprise the epidermis?
2. What are the layers that comprise the dermis?
3. What are the derivatives of amphibian integument?
4. Compare the integument of amphibians to the integument of fishes.

C. Reptilian Integument
Observe a turtle’s carapace and plastron. Provide illustrations or photographs and label the
structures.

Guide Question:
1. Are the carapace and plastron epidermal or dermal derivatives?
2. Discuss how these structures are formed.
3. What is the composition of a reptilian epidermis? Describe the structures found in this layer.
4. What is the composition of a reptilian dermis? Describe the structures found in this layer.
5. Give other examples of epidermal or dermal derivatives in reptiles.
6. How is reptilian integument similar and different from amphibian integument?

D. Bird Integument
Obtain different feathers of a bird. Study them carefully. Provide illustrations or photographs and
label the structures. Complete the table below.

Type of Feather Distinguishing Common Location in Specific Function(s)


Characteristics the Avian Body
1. Filoplume
2. Down
3. Semiplume
4. Flight

Guide Questions:
1. What is the main component of feathers?
2. Are feathers epidermal or dermal derivatives?
3. Briefly discuss the formation of feathers.
4. What is the composition of avian epidermis? Describe the structures found in this layer.
5. What is the composition of avian dermis? Describe the structures found in this layer.
6. Give other examples of epidermal or dermal derivatives in birds that may be found in reptiles.
6. How is avian integument similar and different from reptilian integument?

E. Mammalian Integument

Creating Hair Imprints


Obtain four different hairs in the human body. On a glass slide, apply a thin layer of transparent
nail polish. Wait for the nail polish to semi-dry. Hold the strand of hair on one end (or two ends) and
then press it over the semi-dried nail polish to create an imprint. Slowly and carefully remove the strand.
Let the nail polish dry. Do the same for other hair samples. Note: Proper timing on when to press the
hair strand over the nail polish is needed. You need to repeat the procedure to get a perfect imprint. You
can re-use the glass slide by wiping off the nail polish with acetone.

Viewing and Characterizing the Hair Imprints


After the nail polish dried, view your slides under the microscope. Take note of the patterns
formed in the nail polish. Describe the patterns in terms of shape, smoothness or roughness of the edges,
and the distance between the patterns. You may also note other observations. Provide illustrations or
photographs for each specimen and label any structure.

Zoology 102 qr First Semester 2016-2017 2


Vertebrate Integument

Guide Questions:
1. Make a hypothesis/hypotheses based from your observations.
2. Draw a conclusion based from your observations.
3. Is hair epidermal or dermal in origin?
4. List down all types of hairs found in mammals and identify their respective functions.
5. Enumerate all other types of skin derivatives in mammals. Provide their illustrations or photographs
which are properly labelled, example of an animal where the structure is found, and if there is a specific
function.

Human Skin
Observe under the microscope the human scalp and brown and palm skin. Study in detail the
epidermis and dermis of the three specimens. Provide illustrations or photographs and label all the
necessary structures.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the main component of the epidermis? Describe the structures that can be found in this layer.
2. What is the main component of the dermis? Describe the structures that can be found in this layer.
3. Enumerate and describe all the derivatives of the human skin.
4. What is/are the similarities and differences of the three slides? Why is this so?
5. How is human skin similar and different from reptilian and/or avian integument?

Zoology 102 qr First Semester 2016-2017 3

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