HOMEWORK

From Dieter
2-7

Module #4

Fundamentals of strain
The strain deviator
Mohr’s circle for strain

READING LIST
DIETER: Ch. 2, Pages 38-46

Pages 11-12 in Hosford

Ch. 6 in Nye
 Strain
• When a solid is subjected to a load, parts of the solid are
displaced from their original positions.
• Think of it like this; the atoms making up the solid are displaced
from their original positions.
C´

B´ C
B
Load

A´
A

O´
O

Load

• This displacement of points or particles under an applied stress

is termed strain.
 y

Total
Displacement

=
y y y
-v u


+ +
 v v
x x x

Translation Rotation Pure Shear

 Where to begin
• Consider a point A in a solid located at position x,y,z.

w A (x,y,z)

A′ (x+u,y+v,z+w)
uA
v
y
u

• Apply force to the body and point A (x,y,z) is displaced to

A′ (x+u,y+v,z+w).
 Displacement of points
• Displacement vector:
uA = f(u,v,w)
where u, v, and w are units of translation along the x, y, z
axes.

• Solids are composed of z

many particles. A (x,y,z)
A′ (x+u,y+v,z+w)
uA
• If uA is constant for all y
particles, no deformation
occurs (only translation). x
Displacement = Translation + Rotation + Shear

• If uA varies from particle to

particle, i.e., ui = f(xi), the
solid deforms.
 1-D Linear Strain
A B

dx

A´ B´
F
x

0 1 2 3 4 5

• Points A and B are displaced from their original positions

• The amount of displacement is a function of x. Point B
moves farther than Point A.
• Let distance A  A = u.
• Thus, distance B  B = u+(Δu/Δx)dx = u+(u/x)dx.
 1-D Linear Strain – cont’d.
A B

dx

A´ B´
F
x

• Strain is defined by the following relationship:

u
dx  dx  dx
L AB   AB x u  u 
exx      
L AB dx x  x 
• Integrating yields the displacement.
u  uo  exx x
• uo ≈ rigid body translation, which we can subtract, yielding:
u  exx x
 Generalization to 3-D
• Displacement is related to the initial coordinates of the
point.
z
u  exx x  exy y  exz z 
 w
v  eyx x  eyy y  eyz z  ui  eij x j A (x,y,z)
 uA A′ (x+u,y+v,z+w)
w  ezx x  ezy y  ezz z  v
y
u
• Normal / Linear Strains:

u v w x
exx  , eyy  , ezz 
x y z If we orient the system such that the load
 u v w  is applied parallel to the x-axis. The
e  , e  , e
 xx x yy y zz z   variables u, v, and w are displacements
  parallel to the x, y, and z axes.
 Shear Strains in 2-D and 3-D
• Consider a square or cubic element that is distorted by shear.

y
C´

D´
D C

B´
v x
A
B

Incremental displacement in x-direction = u.

Incremental displacement in y-direction = v.
Incremental displacement in z-direction = w.
 2D
• Displacement of AD increases with distance along the
y-axis resulting in an angular distortion of y-axis.
y
C´

 DD u  u  D´
exy    or y  D C
h DA y   u
shear distortion of the
B´
y-axis in the x-direction
v x
A
B

BB v
  v 
• An analogous event eyx    or x 
h AB x
occurs along the
shear distortion of the
x-axis.
x-axis in the y-direction
 Strain in 3-D
• The displacement strain is defined by nine strain components:
– exx, exy, exz, eyy, eyx, eyz, ezz, ezx, ezy
– The strains on the negative faces are equal to satisfy the requirements
for equilibrium.
z
• Notation is similar to stress;
ezz

eyz
subscripts reversed:
exz
ezy – eij: i = direction of displacement
ezx eyy j = plane on which strain acts
eyx exy
exx
y • Convention
– (+)ive when both i & j are (+)ive
x
– (+)ive when both i & j are (-)ive
– (-)ive when both i & j are opposite

• Tension: eij = positive

• Compression: eij = negative
 3D Displacement Strain Matrix

u u u u u u
x y z x y z
exx exy exz
v v v v v v
eij  eyx eyy eyz  
x y z x y z
ezx ezy ezz
w w w w w w
x y z x y z

• The displacement strain matrix.

• Can produce pure shear strain and rigid-body rotation.

 y exy = eyx y exy = -eyx y exy = u/y
eyx = 0
u u u

 
y

v

x x  -v x x
(1) (2) (3)
Pure Shear Rotation Simple Shear
w/o Rotation

• We need to break the displacement matrix into strain

and rotational components.

• We can decompose the total strain matrix into

symmetric and anti-symmetric components.
Decomposition of Strain
eij   ij  ij

1 1

2
 eij  e ji  
2
 eij  e ji 

1  ui u j  1  ui u j 
      
2  x j xi  2  x j xi 
Symmetric Anti-symmetric

Shear Rotation
  exx exy exz 
 
Displacement strain eyx eyy eyz 
[matrix]  ezx ezy ezz 

=
=

 1 1 
 e xx
2
 e xy  e yx  2
 e xz  e zx  
 xx  xy  xz   
  1 1
Shear strain ε ij   yx  yy  yz    exy  eyx  eyy  eyz  ezy  
2 2 
[tensor]  zx  zy  zz   
1 1
  exz  ezx 
2 2
 eyz  ezy  ezz 


+ +
 1 1 
 0
2
 e xy  e yx  2
 e xz  e zx  
 xx  xy  xz   
  1 1
Rotation ij   xy  yy  yz    eyx  exy  0  e yz  ezy  
2 2 
[tensor]  xz  yz  zz   
1 1
  ezx  exz 
 2 2
 ezy  eyz  0 

 Shear Strain
• Total angular change from a right angle.
  exy  eyx  2 xy (ij  0)
y exy = eyx

u
 ij  2 ij (engineering shear strain)

u v
 xy  
v y x
x
w u
 xz  
(1)
Pure Shear
x z
w/o Rotation w v
 yz  
y z
 Transformation of Strains
• Equations for strain, analogous to those for stress, can be
written by substituting  for  and /2 for .

   normal   xx l 2   yy m 2   zz n 2   xy 2lm   yz 2mn   zx 2nl

   normal   xx l 2   yy m 2   zz n 2   xy lm   yz mn   zx nl

• We can also define a coordinate system where there will

be no shear strains. These will be principal axes
  3 -   xx   yy   zz   2    xx yy   yy zz   xx zz -  xy -  yz2 -  xz2   
1 2
 4
 
 1 1 
-   xx yy zz   xy yz xz -   xx yz2   yy xz2   zz xy2    0
 4 4 
or
 3 - I1 2  I 2 - I 3  0

• The directions in which the principal strains act are determined by

substituting 1, 2, and 3, each for  in:
( xx -  )2l   yx m   zx n  0
 xy l  ( yy -  )2m   zy n  0
 xz l   yz m  ( zz -  )2n  0

and then solving the resulting equations simultaneously for l, m, and n

(using the relationship l2 + m2 + n2 = 1).
(a) Substitute 1 for  in & solve; (b) Substitute 2 for  in & solve; (c)
Substitute 3 for  in & solve.
Equations for Principal Shearing Strains
1   2  3
 max   2  1   3
 3  1   2

• Deformation of a solid involves a combination of volume

change and shape change.

• We can separate strain into hydrostatic (volume change)

and deviatoric (shape change) components.
 Hydrostatic Component
• Volume = dxdydz
z dz

y
• Volume of strained element
x dx = 1   xx  1   yy  1   zz  dxdydz
dy

• The volume strain is:

1   xx  1   yy  1   zz  dxdydz  dxdydz

dxdydz

 1   xx  1   yy  1   zz   1

• If we neglect the products of strains (i.e., εii×εjj), this becomes:

   xx   yy   zz
which is equal to the first invariant of the strain tensor
• The hydrostatic component of strain, i.e., the mean strain, is:
 xx   yy   zz  ii 
 mean   
3 3 3
The mean strain does not induce shape change. It causes volume
change. It is the hydrostatic component.

• The part that causes shape change is called the strain deviator.
We get the strain deviator by subtracting the mean strain from the
normal strain components.

 xx   mean  xy  xz
 ij   yx  yy   mean  yz
 zx  zy  zz   mean
 The Strain Deviator
 xx   mean  xy  xz
 ij   yx  yy   mean  yz
 zx  zy  zz   mean

2 xx   yy   zz
 xy  xz
3
2 yy   zz   xx
  yx  yz
3
2 zz   xx   yy
 zx  zy
3

 
 ij   ij   m    ij   ij    ij
 3  3
 Mohr’s Circle for Strain
CW
Allows us to determine the
magnitude and directions of the
principal strains.
+γ/2

max/2
H(yy, yx/2)

Intersection with
the -axis is min=2
C(average, 0)
(1, ) ε

(2, ) 2

V(xx, -xy/2)

Intersection with
the -axis is
CCW
max = 1
MAXIMUM & MINUMUM PRINCIPAL STRAINS IN 2-D STATE

2 2
 max 1  xx   yy   xx   yy    xy 
      
 min  2 2  2   2 

   yy     xy 
2 2
 max   3  xx

 xy
tan 2 normal 
 xx   yy

 xx   yy
tan 2 shear 
 xy
 Strain Measurement
• Strain can be measured using a strain gauge.

• When an object is deformed, the wires in the strain

gate are strained which changes their electrical
resistance, which is proportional to strain.

• Strain gauges make only direct readings of linear

strain. Shear strain must be determined indirectly.

45°
60°
y
 60 120
 45 45°

x
60° 60°
x
Rectangular Delta
 State of stress at a point:
  xx  xy  xz    11  12  13 
  
  yx  yy  yz     21  22  23 

      32  33 
 zx zy zz   31
  11  12  13 
   12  22  23 
 
  23  33 
 13

State of strain at a point:

 11 12 13   11 12 13 
  22  23    12  22  23 
 21
  
  33   13  23  33 
 
 31  32

There are many different systems of notation.

BE WARY!
 Matrix Notation
• We often replace the indices with matrix notation for
simplicity

xx  11  1 yy  11  2 zz  33  3
yz  23  4 xz  13  5 xy  12  6

11 12 13   1 6 5 
 22 23    2 4
   
 33   3 


• This will be particularly important when we discuss higher

order tensors and tensor relationships (i.e., elastic properties)
General forms for stress and strain in matrix notation

 6 5 
 1 2 2
 1  6  5   
     6 2
4 
 6 2 4
 2 2
   
 5 4 3  5 
 5 3 
2 2 

NOTE
1  11;  2   22 ;  3   33
 4  2 23   23
Special definitions  5  213   13
 6  212   12