CHAPTER 6 SKELETAL TISSUE

Skeletal System
• Bones
–
Axial Skeleton (central)
–
Appendicular Skeleton (extremities)
• Cartilage
–
joints ; discs
–
growth plates
• joints
• fibrous connective tissue
–
ligaments
–
periosteum
Bone Functions
• Support weight bearing
attach muscles
support organs
• Protection brain, spinal cord, heart, liver, kidney,
uterus, eye,ear
Why not digestive organs?
• Movement joints , muscles
• Storage minerals
adipose
• Hemopoiesis WBC, RBC, Platelets

Classification of Bone Structure

• Long bones
• arms, legs, fingers, thumb, toes
• Short bones
• carpals, tarsals
• Flat bones
• scapula, cranium, pelvis, ribs
• Irregular Bones
• facial, vertebral, calcaneus
Bone Tissue = osseous tissue
• connective tissue - cells + matrix
• cells =
–
osteocytes - adult bone cells maintain matrix and mineral content
–
osteoblasts – cells that build bone tissue secrete protein and deposit minerals
–
osteoclasts – cells that destroy bone tissue return minerals to blood

• where do osteoblasts get the Calcium ?

bone matrix
• osteoid = proteins 1/3 matrix

• minerals = inorganic 2/3

• Ca Mg PO4 F
• hydroxyapatites
 • mostly calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

bone tissue types

• 2 types of bone tissue :
–
Compact dense, solid
outer layers

–
Spongy loose network of bony tissue
inner layers

• all bone has both types of tissue

–
varying amounts

compact bone
• compact bone = cortical bone
–
solid tissue
–
thickest in long bones
• Haversian system = Osteon
–
lamellae - layers of matrix
–
haversian canal = central canal
–
lacunae –
–
Volkmann’s canal

bone tissue – spongy bone

• Spongy = Trabecular
• many branches (trabeculae) + spaces
• inner layers of all bones
–
most in flat, irregular bones , epiphyses
• no osteons
• resists stresses in several directions
• red bone marrow in spaces between trabeculae
c.t. membranes
• periosteum covers bone
– fibrous (irreg) c.t connects tendons, ligaments
–
stem cells bone growth and repair
–
Sharpey’s fibers connect periosteum to bone

anatomy of long bone

• diaphysis

• epiphysis

• epiphyseal plate

• medullary cavity

• periosteum
• articular cartilage

Osteogenesis
• ossification = replacing tissue with bone
–
embryonic
–
childhood
–
adult
• calcification = depositing calcium into any tissue
• intramembranous ossification fibrous c.t.  bone

• endochondral ossification cartilage  bone

intramembranous ossification
• Skull flat bones of clavarium
–
fibrous c.t.  bone
–
ossification - starts at center of tissue ; grows outward
–
not complete at birth ends about age 2.
–
Fontaneles – spaces between bones
allow compression during birth
• anterior
• posterior
• sphenoid = anterolateral
• mastoid = posterolateral
–
sutures

endochondral ossification
• cartilage model froms first
• bone replaces cartilage :
• primary ossification center diaphysis
• secondary ossification center epiphysis
•
• later: trabeculae form ; spongy bone
blood vessels invade and form red bone marrow
medullary cavity forms
• epiphyseal plate cartilage left betw ossification centers
• articular cartilage remnant of cartilage model

long bone growth - Childhood

• interstitial growth length
• epiphyseal plate = cartilage
–
growth zone - mitosis of chondrocytes
grows toward epiphysis
–
osteogenic zone - bone replaces cartilage
near diaphysis
• epiphyseal closure - complete ossification ends growth

bones get wider

appositional growth width

hormones – bone metabolism

• bone growth:
• growth hormone increase mitosis epiphyseal plates
• testosterone testes
• estrogen ovaries
• calcium:
• calcitonin
• parathyroid hormone
• estrogen

Calcium functions
• nerve impulses
• muscle contraction
• blood clotting
• mitosis
• bone matrix
• least important - bone

bone remodeling
• constant process
• bone deposition
–
osteoblasts
–
adds matrix and Ca++
• bone resorption
–
osteoclasts
–
remove Ca++ from bone
• Wolff’s law

fracture repair
• hematoma blood clot
• soft callus formation
–
cartilage and collagen unite broken ends
• bony callus bone replaces cartilage
• bone remodeling osteoclasts
–
return to original shape

bone fractures
• simple nondisplaced ; skin intact
• compound breaks skin = open fracture
• comminuted > 1 break
• compression crushed
• greenstick bending ; pediatric
• epiphyseal epiphseal plate ; epiphysis slips
• spiral twisting injury

what else could go wrong ?

• osteomalacia soft bone
•  calcium in bone
• osteoporosis bone with holes
•  matrix ( % Ca may be normal !)
• causes:  estrogen ; diet ; exercise
drugs - corticosteroids
• osteopenia any decrease of bone tissue
• arthritis inflammation of joint
• osteoarthritis inflammation of joint and bone
• atrophy decreased bone mass