1 - Function

General
Mathematics
Second Semester – 3rd Quarter
1
FUNCTIONS
Representing Real-Life
Situations Using Functions
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to
• recall the concepts of relations and functions;
• define and explain functional relationship as a mathematical model of

situation; and
• represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise

function.
Introduction
The idea of a function was developed
in the 17th century. The French philosopher and
mathematician, Rene Descartes (1596-1650),
in his book Geometry (1637), used the idea of a
function to describe many mathematical
relationships.
introduction
The term ‘function’ was introduced by the German mathematician,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leiniz (1646 – 1716), almost fifty years after the
publication of Geometry.
The concept of a function was further formalized by Leonhard Euler

(1707 – 1783) who introduced the notation of a function, that is,
y = f(x).
TYPES OF RELATIONS
One – to – one relation
1. Each element in the domain has only one image in the range and
each element in the range is linked to only one element in the domain
Many – to – one - relation

2. There are elements in the domain that have the same image in
the range.
One – to – many - relation
3. There are elements in the domain that have more than one
image in the range.
Many – to – many relation
4. There are elements in the domain that have more than one
image in the range
Relation It is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of
first coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates.
Domain/ Range/
Inputs Outputs
I
L 2
O
V
3
E 4 Function
M
A
5
T 6
H 8
Function It is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds
to exactly one element of the range.
Domain/ Range/
Inputs Outputs
I
L
2
O 3
V
E
4
M 5
A
T
6
H 8
Not Function
Relation H
Relation I
Domain/ Range/
Inputs Outputs Domain/ Range/
Inputs Outputs
4 G
3 E 4 I
F
8 T 3 U
2 C 8 B
5
A 2 A
K
K
5 E
RELATIONS FUNCTIONS
A relation is a rule that relates values A function is a relation where each
from a set of values (called the element in the domain is related to
domain) to a second set of values only one value in the range by some
(called the range) rule.
The elements of the domain can be The elements of the domain can be
imagines as input to a machine that imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to applies a rule so that each input
generate one or more outputs corresponds to only one output.
A relation is also a set of ordered A function is a set of ordered pairs
pairs (x, y) (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but different
y-values.
Given the following ordered pairs, which relations are
functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} The relations A and B are

functions because each
element in the domain
B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)} corresponds to a unique
element in the range.
Meanwhile, relations C
and D are not functions
C = {(1,0), (0, 1, (-1,0), (0,-1)} because they contain
ordered pairs with the
same domain [C = (0,1) and
D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)} (0,-1), D = (a,b) and (a,d)].
How about from the given table of values, which relation shows a
function?
REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTION
Functions can be describe in different ways:
1. Mapping Diagram
1 2
2 5
3 10
4 17
(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17) (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (-2,4)

2. Table of Values
Input/x/Domain 1 2 3 4 Input/x/Domain 0 1 2 -2
Output/y/Range 2 5 10 17 Output/y/Range 0 1 4 4
(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17) (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (-2,4)

3. Vertical Line Test A graph represents a function if and only if
no vertical line intersects the graph in more
than one point.
Function Function Not Function Function Not Function

4. Equation
y=x+3 y=x+3 y=x+3 y = x2 – 1 y = x2 – 1 y = x2 – 1
y=1+3 y=2+3 y=3+3 y = 22 – 1 y = 3 2 – 1 y = 42 – 1
y=4 y=5 y=6 y=3 y=8 y = 15
(1,4) , (2,5), (3,6)
(2,3) , (3,8), (4,15)
y = x + 3 Function y = x2 – 1 Function
Functions because every x-value produces a different y-value.

We said that for a relation to become
a function, the value of the domain
must correspond to a single value of
the range.
Let’s read some of the conversations

and determine if they can be
classified as function or no
1. From the conversations, which scenario/s do you think can be
classified as function?
______________________________________________________________
______
2. State the reason/s why or why not the above scenarios a function.
Scenario 1:
Scenario 2:
Scenario 3:
Functions as
representations
of real-life
situations
Monogamous marriage (e.g.
Christian countries) is an example of
function when there is faith and
loyalty. Let say, June is the domain
and Mae is the range, when there is
faithfulness in their marriage, there
will be one-to-one relationship - one
domain to one range.
We expect that at least a
person has one
nationality. Let say Kim is the
domain and her nationality is
the range, therefore there is a
one-to-one relationship. Since
Kim was born and live in the
Philippines, she can never
have multiple nationalities
except Filipino.
(Remember: Under RA 9225

only those naturally-born
Filipinos who have become
naturalized citizens of another
country can have dual
citizenship. This is not
applicable to Kim since she
was born in the Philippines
and never a citizen of other
country.)
Religion is also an example of function
because a person can never have two
religions. Inside the classroom, three
classmates said that they are Catholic.
This shows a many-to-one relationship.
Classmates being the domain and religion
being the range indicate that different
values of domain can have one value of
range. One-to-one relationship was also
illustrated by the classmates who said that
they are Born Again, Muslim and Iglesia ni
Cristo - one student to one religion.
Can you cite other real-life
situations that show
functions?
the function machine
Piecewise Functions
There are functions that requires more than one formula in order to
obtain the given output. There are instances when we need to describe
situations in which a rule or relationship changes as the input value crosses
certain boundaries.
In this case, we need to apply the piecewise function. A piecewise

function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the
output. Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of the function is
the union of all these smaller domains. We notate this idea like this:
formula 1 if x is in domain 1
𝑓(𝑥) = formula 2 if x is in domain 2
formula 3 if x is in domain 3

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General

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to

• recall the concepts of relations and functions;

• define and explain functional relationship as a mathematical model of

• represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise

The concept of a function was further formalized by Leonhard Euler

Many – to – one - relation

A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} The relations A and B are

(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17) (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (-2,4)

(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17) (0,0), (1,1), (2,4), (-2,4)

Function Function Not Function Function Not Function

Functions because every x-value produces a different y-value.

Let’s read some of the conversations

(Remember: Under RA 9225

In this case, we need to apply the piecewise function. A piecewise

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