Prehistoric Art and Egyptian Art Reindeer

Bear horse
● Prehistoric
● term used to mark the time when Sympathetic magic
there was no written records or -belief there is a strange relationship
verbal accounts of man’ activity between a living thing and its image
● -the images were hurt with weapons,
● Prehistoric Ar believing that the wounding could result
● -paintings,engravings,sculpture in the power to kill the live animals.
and other forms of art which were -paintings
done in the earlier stage of man’s
cultural development when there Petroglyphs
were no written records.
● began in 30,000 BC and ended in
5,000 BC Pictographs
-written character symbolizing the idea
The Stone Age of a thing without indicating the sounds
● -paleolithic period
30,000 -10,000 Prehistoric sculpture
Humans Began making durable -used mammoth bone and ivory in their
products carving
Self expression
Paintings and engravings on cave Megalithic Art
walls - Use large stones as an artistic
● -Mesolithic period medium
cave paintings and portable ar-
form of art “miniature” Materials
● -Neolithic period -used pigments available in the vicinity
Earliest time when humans -earth pigments (minerals limonite,
discover pottery, sculpture and hematite, red ochre, yellow ochre, and
architecture umber)
Prehistoric men lived in caves and -charcoal from the fire
natural shelters -burnt bones
-white from grounded calcite (lime white)
Women gathered wild crops and men -used mammoth bone and ivory in their
gathered wild honey and hunted large carving
animals

Used flesh animals for food, the skin,

and furs for clothing and fat for fuel in
lamps made of stone or clay.

Some of the animals they hunted were:

Elephant
Egyptian Art Symbolism
-refers to art produced in ancient egypt -pervaded egyptian art
-spanning from prehistoric egypt until -played an important role in establishing
the christianization of roman egypt a sense of order
-paintings, sculptures, drawings on Eg, pharaohs regalia
papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories,
architecture

Art of pre - dynastic egypt

-corresponds to neolithic period of the
prehistory of egypt

Early dynastic period

-follows the unification of upper and
lower egypt.
-it is generally taken to include the first Paintings
and second dynasties

eg.
Narmer Palette

Characteristics of Ancient Egyptian Art Sculptures

- Distinctive figure convention used -
for the main figures in both relief
and painting, with parted legs (
where not seated) and head
shown as seen from the side, but
the torso sees as from the art
- Gods or the divine pharaoh are Pottery
usually larger than other figures -jars used to store internal organs of the
while the figures of high officials dead
of the tomb are smaller.

Anonymity
-artists rarely leave us their names. Papyrus
-most of the time it was collective -the book of the dead was written in
papyrus
Cairo -made from the stem of papyrus plant
-Alkahira -pigment used was burning organic
materials such as wood or oil
Giza
-royal cemetery Architecture
-used sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks, ● Also, emphasizes the importance
fine sandstone, limestone and granite and accomplishments of human
-found used hieroglyphics and pictorial beings
carvings and paintings in brilliant colors ● Meant to honor the gods, those
to decorate them. gods are created in the image of
humans because they possess
Formal critiques on the book of the dead human qualities such as being
flawed and irrational.
Book of the dead
-an ancient egyptian funerary text Much artworks were government
-consists of a number of magic spells sponsored and intended for public
intended to assist a dead person’s display.
journey through the duat or underworld.
There are three greek art period
Ancient Greek and Roman Art 1. Archaic (600-480 BC)
2. Classical (480-323 BC)
Greek Art 3. Hellenistic (323-30 BC)

Characteristics But in the report, we based the sculpture

● Devotion to numerous greek according to the Greek period in order to
deities understand the evolution of it.
● Artworks are sculpture,
Architecture, and Pottery. Archaic Sculptures

How to Identify? - Most ancient and stood the best

of time
● Abundant usage of symbolisms,
as it relates to the deities that are Kouros
meant to worship. -Takes the form of a young male warrior
Eg. -has idealistic features of perfect
symmetry, It stands with its left foot
Athena = shield forward, arms on its side and looking
● Her birth story straight ahead.
● Goddess of war because she is - originally painted with bright colors and
the female counterpart of her archaic smile
brother, Ares. Centers on -it has a female counterpart- “peplos
peacemaking. kore”.
Nike= wings
● Personifies victory, strength & Purpose
speed. -dedication to the gods in sanctuaries
● Goddess of Victory and as a grave monument.
Classical Sculptures defeat, anguished, and injured from the
-uses contrapposto or the asymmetrical fight.
balance of hips and shoulders and the Copper- is used to highlight different
shift of weight to a particular style parts of figures.

-statue's measure proportions or canons Greek Pottery

= serves as rules for the perfect body. -it included innovations in pottery such
as, red and black figure
-this period depicted elderly rulers as Amphora crates
young warriors with strong muscular -or vases-type of vase meant to hold
bodies. wine or oil.
-each design contains a classical and
Doryphoros / the spear bearer hellenistic style. As well as, stories.
-created by Polykleitos
-marble structure of young athlete with Red figure pottery
alternating elements of tense and -consists of red images against the black
relaxed appendages -a perfect model for background.
contrapposto.

-found in Pompeii,Italy-a gym-like center.

-It was not originally crafted in Italy.
-original design did not survive because
when the Romans invaded Greece, they
made marble copies of Greek bronze
sculpture using lost-wax casting to the
bronze that can be melted down for
weapons.
Black-figure
Hellenistic sculpture -consists of black pictures against the
-great use of movement and realistic naturally red color of the vase.
modelling.
-creates a heightened sense of drama.
-clear expressions by the figures of joy
and misery
-invokes more emotional reactions
compared to former styles of sculptures.
-negative spaces are utilized cleverly and
creatively. Allowing it to be fully viewed,
from all sides and different angles.

The Seated Boxer

-rare hellenistic bronze depicts an
elderly athlete. slouching= showing
Greek Architecture Roman art
-designed mainly as temples to honor What makes roman art roman?
the pagan gods. -the quality of absorbing and adapting,
-structures were not meant to be converting, and combining different
accessed by the public elements over different influences (even
-because, front and back temples were adding a hint of humor).
nearly identical.
-the difference there is statuary -Romans imported and commissioned
decorations. Greek works to make their own version.

1. Pediment Timeframe
2. Cornic Roman Republic
3. Architrave -began in 509 BCE, when tarquinius
4. Metopes superbus (the last etruscan king) was
5. Triglyphs ousted.
6. columns
-back then art was produced for
propaganda, which were monuments of
Three different types of columns political figures and outstanding
1. Doric- most simplistic soldiers.
2. Corinthian- with scroll-like feature
3. Ionic-made up of leaves -style was extremely naturalistic,
surrounding the columns features like wrinkles denoted wisdom
and hardwork in serving the empire.
Parthenon
-most notable work of greek architecture Imperial Rome
-constructed at the top of the acropolis -roman republic befell, Augustus sat in
in Athens power.
-Its columns are Doric with Ionic
elements -Art is now used to patronize the ruler
-they use algebra and geometry, to and his family.
create the portions of parthenon. -Imperial art periods are named after
-the temple was meant to honor goddess different rulers, such as:
Athena and throughout antiquity, a 1. Augustan
gigantic statue of the goddess stod 2. Julio-Claudian
inside decorated with gold and ivory. 3. Flavian
-it also reverted to classical style, which
Grecian influence consists of greek art influences from
-holistically it is an extremely influential classical and hellenistic periods.
period for future artistic movements. -Art showed smooth lines, elegant
-completely inspired the Italian drapery, nudity, hyper-realistic forms and
renaissance, a rebirth of the classical era equal proportions.
inspired by the ancient masters.
 Key art forms
-Subjects were commonly from
Sculptures mythology, architecture (trompe-l'oeil),
-roman sculptures preserve history in and flora and fauna.
stone as a way to demonstrate their
spiritual, social, cultural, and political -By 3rd Century, paintings of both old
life. and new testament within christian
-spiritual aspect was heavily influenced catacombs became one of the key
by Etruscan art, thus they beautified sources of wall paintings.
funerary and burial monuments which
was supposed to send them off to their Mosaic
next external life. -initially used in decorating floors, walls
and ceilings but later then used for
Relief Sculptures pavements.
-a combination of 2-dimensional and
3-dimensional arts, were usually done in -designs feature geometry and scenic
honor of military and political events. decorations which were made from
square tiles of marble glass, pottery,
-In sculpting, romans are very particular stone, or shells (in at least 2 colors or
in that they carefully calculated details polychrome).
such as gesture, position, and size.
-showed themes of agriculture, erotic
-They favored naturalism as opposed to themes, heroic legends hunting,
Greek art’s idealism mythology, marine, and military affairs.

Portrait busts Fun fact:

-combined with the tradition of wax If you were a powerful person in Rome,
funeral masks (deceased family in the you can issue a coin inscribed with your
ancestral home). abbreviated name and title. In it, a ruler
or noble person’s profile was displayed
Painting in great detail. It was used as a currency
-bold colors and designs characterized and for imposing authority on a
Rome’s buildings, homes,temples, conquered land.
tombs and military structures in 1st
Century BCE. Legacy
-approximately 49 art movements in the
-wall paintings, fresco, and stucco were entire history of roman art
amongst common techniques in
painting. Other art forms-music, jewelry

-Natural earthy colors like dark,red, Music

yellow, and brown are generally referred -was a part of ancient Roman culture
to but a paint shop in Pompeii proved from the earliest times. The same
that more colors were available. situation was occurring in Greece. Most
pieces of their culture were taken exactly -by the end of the period , the arts
from Greeks. There was no difference in industry had broadened considerably
the case of music. from its original monastic base.

Jewelry in Ancient Rome -600 years Europe was a cultural

-fashion developed more than in Greece. backwater. Only one institution survived:
The main reason for this was the the christian church-centered in rome
difference in the perception of the role of and constantinople
women. Roman women had other
privileges, rights, and above all, they had -art evolved together with human
many more freedoms and could experiences, especially topics such as
participate in public life. traditional and new biblical concepts,
christian dogma and mythology
- Leading a rich social life, the
perception of the external image of those
interested changed, therefore fashion -while during the 11th century,
began to play an increasingly important romanesque architecture symbolizes
role in their lives, and jewelry became a Wealth and Power of the church and
fantastic complement to the image of a European countries, while Gothic Art
fashionable Roman woman. -developed in the 12th century and
named after Goths who ruled in france
Medieval and Renaissance Art
Medieval period
Medieval Art
-began at the time of the fall of the
-history covers almost 10 centuries Roman Empire in 300 CE and continued
between the sack of rome and early until the beginning of the Renaissance in
italian renaissance 1400 CE.

History of Medieval Art Three major periods of medieval art:

-developed during the classical 1. Early Christian -the Catholic
antiquity, roman empire, and Church was gaining power.
christian iconography -by 350 CE, the church had two
main centers of power: Rome and
Constantinople
-the start was nearly all arts were
-medieval art was popular in
commissioned by religious
houses of worship and was used
authorities or secular leaders as decoration for the public’s
appreciation.
-church financed projects
-medieval artists decorated churches 2. Romanesque-wealth began
as well as created public works throughout Europe at the
dedicated to catholic beliefs beginning of the eleventh
century, as did churches and
 affluent families and this sparked Medieval Art in Paintings
an interest in Romanesque -also called illuminations since there
architecture. were no portrait paintings during this
-semi-circular arches, heavy time.
stone walls, and stable -the term was inspired by the gleaming
construction in monasteries and effect of a gold leaf, which was often
churches marked the growth of applied to the pages of the manuscript
the European city. together with ink and paint.

3. Gothic- style was developed as a Types of Medieval Art

result of the French Monarchy as
medieval art continued its Illuminated manuscripts
expansion in 12th century -religious texts covered with different
-menacing gargoyles and flying colors but mostly with gold and silver.
buttresses were commonplace
throughout a Gothic Cathedral. Metalwork
-some did not understand their -jewelry, church’s doors: often made in
beauty, these cathedrals are bronze
timeless and stunning landmarks
from the era. Example: Notre Paintings
Dame -most of the themes revolve around God
and saints or catholicism
Characteristics of Medieval Art
Fresco
-vivid colour, also did not make use of -type of painting used in plaster on walls
perspective and the figures therefore or ceiling
conveyed clear emotions.
-most art pieces, important figures were Ceramics
shown and appear to be larger than the -used for cooking and storage, and were
other figures surrounding them. undecorated or decorated simply with
incised lines
Medieval Art in England
-adorned stone buildings across the Mosaics
country. -popular art form that enlivened both
-cultural traditions along with the steady Christian churches and Islamic mosques
growth of the natives creativity during the Middle Ages.
established the Early english style -images made from little pieces of
colored stone or glass.
Medieval Art in Europe
-known as Western Art. Sculpture
.influenced the world since the 3rd -early medieval art shared some defining
millennium up to this date. characteristics including iconography,
Christian subject matter, elaborate
patterns and decoration, bright colors,
the use of precious metals, gems, and cathedrals were built in the
other luxurious materials, stylized Romanesque style, which had
figures, and social status. solid and substantial designs.

Stained Glass – During medieval times, ● Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in

stained glass windows were made from a France and the rebuilt Canterbury
combination of sand and potash (wood Cathedral in England had Gothic
ash). These two ingredients were heated structures.
to the point where they’d liquify and
become glass when cooled. In order to ● Books were considered works of
color the glass, powdered metals were art before printing press were
added into the molten (heated) mixture invented in the 15th century.
before it cooled ● Smaller illuminated manuscripts
like books of hours, psalters and
Tessara – it is an individual life in other prayer books were sold in
mosaics. the 12th century, but were only
Gothic art – Gothic art, the painting, sold to wealthy individuals.
sculpture, and architecture characteristic
of the second of two great international Renaissance Art Period
eras that flourished in western and
central Europe during the Middle Ages. ● Renaissance- is a period
Gothic art evolved from Romanesque art in European history
and lasted from the mid-12th century to marking the transition from
as late as the end of the 16th century in the Middle Ages to
some areas. While the Gothic style can modernity and covering
vary according to location, age, and type the 15th and 16th
of building, it is often characterized by 5 centuries, characterized by
key architectural elements: large stained an effort to revive and
glass windows, pointed arches, ribbed surpass ideas and
vaults, flying buttresses, and ornate achievements of classical
decoration. antiquity.
● >the development of new
Medieval Art facts: technologies including the
printing press
● One way to show devotion to the ● >a new system of
Church was to build grand astronomy and the
cathedrals and other discovery and exploration
ecclesiastical structures. of new continents
● Cathedrals were the largest ● >In the late 14th century-
buildings in medieval Europe and the style of painting,
were commonly found at the sculpture and decorative
centre arts identified with the
● Between the 10th and 13th Renaissance emerged
centuries, most European
 ● >In the late 15th and early
16th centuries- it reached ● > (1267?-1337)- The Florentine
its zenith painter Giotto the most famous
● >in the work of Italian artist of the proto-Renaissance
masters such as Leonardo
da Vinci, Michelangelo and ● >His frescoes were said to have
Raphael. decorated cathedrals at Assisi,
● >In addition to its Rome, Padua, Florence and
expression of classical Naples.
Greco-Roman traditions
● >Renaissance art- sought Early Renaissance Art
to capture the experience ● >In the later 14th century- the
of the individual and the proto-Renaissance was stifled by
beauty and mystery of the plague and war
natural world. ● >In 1401- the sculptor Lorenzo
Ghiberti (c. 1378-1455) won a
Origins major competition to design a
new set of bronze doors for the
● >In the late 13th and early 14th Baptistery of the cathedral of
centuries – The origins of Florence
Renaissance art can be traced to
Italy ● >beating out contemporaries such
as the architect Filippo
● > (1280-1400)- During this Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and the
so-called “proto-Renaissance” young Donatello (c. 1386- 1466)
period, Italian scholars and artists
saw themselves as reawakening ● >Masaccio (1401-1428)- The other
to the ideals and achievements of major artist working during this
classical Roman culture. period known for his frescoes of
the Trinity in the Church of Santa
● >Writers such as Petrarch Maria Novella (c. 1426) and in the
(1304-1374) and Giovanni Brancacci Chapel of the Church
Boccaccio (1313-1375) looked of Santa Maria del Carmine (c.
back to ancient Greece and Rome 1427), both in Florence.

● >Did you know? Leonardo da ● >Masaccio painted for less than

Vinci, the ultimate “Renaissance six years
man,”
● >It was highly influential in the
● >His formidable reputation is early Renaissance for the
based on relatively few completed intellectual nature of his work, as
paintings, including “Mona Lisa,” well as its degree of naturalism.
“The Virgin of the Rocks” and
“The Last Supper.
Florence in the Renaissance
● >Much of the art produced during
the early Renaissance was
commissioned by the wealthy
merchant families of Florence,
most notably the Medici family.
● >The Medici family, also known as
the House of Medici, first attained
wealth and political power in
Florence in the 13th century
through its success in commerce
and banking.
● >Beginning in 1434 with the rise
to power of Cosimo de’ Medici (or
Cosimo the Elder)
● >The Medicis produced four
popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV
and Leo XI),
● >From 1434 until 1492- Lorenzo
de’ Medici–known as “the
Magnificent”
● >1494- Pushed from power by a
republican coalition
● >1512- Medici family returned
after spending years in exile and
they presided over another
flowering of Florentine art,
including the array of sculptures
that now decorates the city’s
Piazza della Signoria.

High Renaissance Art

-High Renaissance art, which flourished
for about 35 years, from the early 1490s
to 1527, when Rome was sacked by
imperial troops, revolves around three
towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci
(1452–1519), Michelangelo (1475–1564),
and Raphael (1483–1520).