ANCIENT TIMES data available to Babylonian astronomers, their

a. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION --- Group results were pretty accurate. Using these data,
1 astronomers were able to predict lunar eclipse
b. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION --- and later, solar eclipse.
Group 2
c. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION --- Group 3 3. How was it used and how did it affected the
d. GREEK CIVILIZATION --- Group people or change the society during those times?
4
e. ROMAN CIVILIZATION --- Group 5 -The Babylonian astronomers had been
f. CHINESE CIVILIZATION --- Group 6 observing the skies for centuries and had
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES --- Group recorded their observations in astronomical
7 diaries, astronomical almanacs, catalogs of stars
MODERN TIMES --- Group and other texts. The exploration of the Sun,
8 Moon and other celestial bodies affected the
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS (from ancient to development of Mesopotamian culture. The
modern times) --- Group 9 study of the sky led to the development of a
calendar and advanced mathematics in these

ANCIENT TIMES:
societies. It helps people understand where we
came from, where we are going, and how physics
works under conditions which are impossible to
recreate on Earth. Computers, satellites and the
NAME: BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMY
smartphones they service, GPS, MRI scanners
INVENTOR: NABU-RIMMANI
are few of technological advances that are the
legacy of astronomy.
Babylonian astronomy was the study or
NAME: CODE OF HAMMURABI
recording of celestial objects during the early
INVENTOR: KING HAMMURABI
history if Mesopotamia during the 7th century
BC.
CODE OF HAMMURABI is a set or collection of 282
laws written by Hammurabi, the sixth king of the first
One such priest, Nabu-rimmani, is the first
Babylonian dynasty, during his reign 1792-1750 BCE. It
documented Babylonian astronomer.
is one of the earliest extent set of laws and one of the
best-preserved examples of this type of document from
1. What led to its development or invention?
ancient Mesopotamia.
They began studying and recording their belief
Hammurabi created the codes to protect his citizens. He
system and philosophies dealing with an ideal
states that he wants to make justice visible in the land, to
nature of the universe and began employing an
destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, that the
internal logic within their predictive planetary
strong might not injure the weak. At that time, it was
systems. Astronomers predicted where planets
very important because his kingdom needed order so
would be, using arithmetic methods. This was an
that everyone could live together. Because before the
important contribution to astronomy and the
codes were created, each case was judged separately and
philosophy of science.
in a chaotic way. Hammurabi’s code relates to criminal
law, civil law, and family law.
2. Describe the science behind.
The Code of Hammurabi utilizes the concept of order,
-Tablets dating back to the Old Babylonian
organization, and systems. As this is meant to judge the
period document the application of mathematics
unfair, it involves analysis in order to understand,
to the variation in the length of daylight over a
explain events, and why such things happened. It is
solar year. The ancient scientists who lived in
known that within systems, interactions between
Babylon made important discoveries in
components can involve forces and changes acting in
mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among
opposing directions and that for a system to be in a
their many accomplishments, they developed
steady state, these factors need to be in a state of balance
trigonometry, used mathematical models to
or equilibrium.
track Jupiter and developed methods of tracking
time that are still used today. There was a lot of
 MEDIEVAL AGES:
The Code of Hammurabi includes many harsh
punishments, sometimes demanding removal of the
guilty party’s tongue, hands, breasts, eye, or ear. It is also
one of the earliest example of an accused person being
considered innocent until proven guilty. The code also
addressed civil cases about agriculture, particularly relief
from creditors. It greatly impacted the Babylonians
during Hammurabi’s reign. With the help of these laws,
it regulated almost all aspects of everyday life. Because
these were the largest set of laws at the time, the codes
regulated trade, business, and social relationships in
Babylon. It served justice to people during the
Babylonian civilization.

Name: Positional Numeral System

First appeared around 1800’s BCE, the

positional numeral system is used to represent numbers
by an ordered set of numeral symbols (called digits) in
which the value of a numeral symbol depends on its Notes:

position. For each position, a unique symbol or a limited

· Gunpowder was invented during the Chinese civilization
symbol is used. Many other numeral systems but it led to the inventions of firearms like cannons and guns.
emerged before this such as the Sumerian and One example is the arquebus. Below are just some notes of
the backstory why guns were invented in the first place, and
Arkadian system but the Positional Numeral it’s through gunpowder. It is believed that the silk road could
System of the Babylonian civilization was have been some of the factors why gunpowder was
introduced to the Europeans but some source also points it
credited as being the first known positional to the Mongols invading different areas of Europe resulting
numeral system. in the discovery of fire weapons by Europeans.
Only two symbols were used to notate the 59
· Knights were highly relevant during the medieval period
non-zero digits. These symbols and their values were but because of guns, they slowly dissolved and were no
combined to form a digit in a sign-value notation, quite longer needed by the people. The fall of the knightclass
similar to Roman Numerals. ended feudalism leading to the transitional change of eras
from medieval to the renaissance.
Babylonian civilization is known for its
development of trigonometry, use of mathematical · Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages primarily
models, and astronomy; hence this system of them consisted of the introduction of the cannon, large tubular
firearms designed to fire a heavy projectile over a long
contributed so much for the advancements of those.
distance. Guns, bombs, rockets and cannons were first
The use of this in the everyday life of the invented in China during the Han and Song dynasties and
Babylonians is that it is usually used when they are then later spread to Europe and the Middle East during the
period.
trading and used as a price for a certain product. From
this system, we derive the modern-day usage of 60 · Although gunpowder was known in Europe
seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 360 during the High Middle Ages due to the usage of
degrees of a circle. guns and explosives by the Mongols and the
Chinese firearms experts employed by them as
mercenaries during the Mongol conquests of Europe,
it was not until the Late Middle Ages that European
versions of cannons were widely developed.

· Gunpowder is considered the

most important military invention of
the medieval period. With the advent of
gunpowder in Europe, the nature of
warfare changed radically and this had
a deep impact on the social and
political outlook of late medieval
Europe.
· In many ways, the arrival of
gunpowder also contributed to the
 transition of Europe from the medieval MRI of Deerfield proudly provides their patients with
to the Renaissance periods. their newest, most "patient-friendly" MRI, the upright
open MRI.
●

Throughout the years, FONAR has introduced new,

innovative ways of making their MRI more patient-
friendly and more capable of capturing numerous body
parts, which led to their introduction of upright MRI.

Damadian called his imaging process " field-focused

NMR or FONAR, which is what the company is named
after. Also, MRI was originally called NMRI (nuclear
magnetic resonance imaging), but the nuclear was
dropped to avoid negative associations.

FONAR was incorporated in 1978, making it the first

MR manufacturer in the industry. They introduced a
whole-body scanner in 1980 and went public in 1981. In
1984, FONAR invented Oblique Imaging, which
provided-medical technology with the means to produce
multiple images at any angle. This was never possible
before in medical imaging. The following year, they
invented and patented Oblique Imaging, which
MODERN TIMES: eventually led to the FONAR Upright Multi-Position
MRI.

NAME: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MRI has had a significant impact in many areas of
INVENTOR: RAYMOND DAMADIAN modern medicine. Because of its good image resolution,
PERIOD: MODERN tissue characterization, and functional assessment of
various organs and systems, MR imaging has become an
essential modern technology in clinical practice and
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) medical research. MR imaging has excellent flexibility in
viewing anatomic structures in arbitrary image planes.
Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical technique that With ultrafast MR imaging techniques, images of areas
uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio of interest can be obtained quickly, with the elimination
waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues of physiologic motion artifacts.
in our body. MRI scans diagnose a variety of conditions,
from torn ligaments to tumors. It helps examine the Today, FONAR is working on a new MRI called the OR-
brain and spinal cord. 360°, a new-sized MRI designed to help surgeons
operate more efficiently on patients and provide patients
Magnetic resonance imaging was invented by Raymond with a visual experience.
Damadian, a physician who performed the first whole- With their futuristic design capabilities, they are
body scan of a human being in 1977. continuously working on the Open Sky MRI, allowing
them to feel like they are in a scenic landscape. The
In 1970, Damadian, M. D made the seminal discovery walls, floor, ceiling, and magnetic poles, are decorated
that led to the invention of the MRI, which was that with a landscape mural of flowers, beaches, and many
abnormal cancer cells had longer relaxation time lengths more options. There are even options specifically for
than normal cells. The discovery made him realize the children.
possibility of diagnosing diseases with a human-sized
scanner he had envisioned. This is the foundation of
MRI history.

FONAR is the company that invented magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and is the industry's
oldest and most experienced MR manufacturer. Upright
 company hired by the United States Defense Department
to build the network ARPANET(Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network – a government-funded
network and a forerunner of the internet). Working on
the Email was just Tomlinson’s side project. Mails were
used by scientists or researchers only if they were using
the same computer. Tomlinson decided to modify and
apply for the existing programs because he wanted to
send messages to people and not only to mailboxes. Ray
Tomlinson was the one who also decided to use the
symbol “@” to separate the recipient’s name from the
location so that the system would know where the email
should be sent.

1973, the first standard email was proposed in Darpa and

finalized within ARPANET in 1977. Given the
opportunity, the first head of state, Queen Elizabeth II,
sent an email on ARPANET.
Derived from the word Electronic Mail, the abbreviation
E-mail was created. Scientific concepts behind Email
include computer science, programming, critical
thinking, encoding, and many more.

Email in the modern day is used for communicating.

Everybody has already been using email, even small
establishments in rural areas. We are greatly affected by
the invention of email. This has impacted our lives as it
is part of our daily duty, whether at work, school, or
home. It has a different way of binding society even
without getting to see or interact with each other in
person. All companies use emails today to create
proposals, submit work outputs, track sales, conduct
meetings, etc. Not only did it affect people in the work
field, but it also impacted students. Students use email to
communicate with their teachers or supervisors
regarding school matters. Important information is also
done through emails by establishments. To sum it up,
electronic mailing interconnects a society in a way
NAME: ELECTRONIC MAIL without actual social interaction.
INVENTOR: RAY TOMLINSON
PERIOD: MODERN NAME: CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
ELECTRONIC MAIL INVENTOR:
PERIOD: MODERN
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
Electronic mail is messages distributed by electronic
means from one computer user to one or more recipients Capsule endoscopy, also known as video capsule
via a network. This allows you to be interconnected with endoscopy is a minimally invasive technology that has
anyone worldwide seconds after clicking send. It is a made a great impact on the approach to small intestinal
two-way communication because it allows you to send disease examination and management.
and receive information from multiple recipients. It is a
blast technology that we have benefited from until now. Going back, in the mid-1990s, Gavriel Iddan who is an
Israeli inventor launched a transformation in the field of
The first email was sent in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, an gastroenterology by pioneering the idea of wireless
American computer programmer who worked as a capsule endoscopy. Advancements in light-emitting
computer engineer for Bolt, Beranik, and Newman (a electrodes, image sensors, and optical design in the '90s
led to the emergence of capsule endoscopy. Mr. Iddan in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site
then co-founded Given Imaging in 1998 to market his of the computer or have a magnetic computer or have
new prototype. In 2001, his invention was approved by magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional
the FDA and was first used on patients. postal system. The computers could only perform a
limited number of tasks. For an experiment to take place
The technology uses a tiny wireless camera with the that required multiple tasks, it would require more than
shape and size of a vitamin pill that the patient would one computer. But that meant buying more expensive
swallow. When the capsule is swallowed, it carries a data hardware.
recorder for eight hours and as it transits to the digestive The solution to that?
system, doctors can examine the gastrointestinal system Connecting multiple computers to the same network and
in a far less intrusive manner. The capsule is built with getting those different systems to speak the same
lights to illuminate your digestive system, a camera to language in order to communicate with one another.
take images, and an antenna that sends those images to a This idea of "Networking" is what makes the Internet we
recorder you wear on a belt. use today. It's essentially the need for common
standards for different systems to communicate. The
Since its introduction into clinical use in 2001, capsule interconnected global network of networks was finally
endoscopy has been a game changer. It can examine starting to happen.
parts of the small intestine that standard scopes can't President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced
reach for identifying the cause of internal bleeding or Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing
any abnormalities. Currently, capsule endoscopy is together some of the best scientific minds in the country.
useful in diagnosing occult Gastrointestinal bleeding in Their aim was to help American military technology stay
the small bowel, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, small- ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the
bowel tumors, and cancerous tumors. launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, from happening again.
Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility
Furthermore, capsule endoscopy is mostly a safe of a large-scale computer network. J.C.R. Licklider, one
procedure with few complications or risks. Clinically of ARPA’s directors at the time, popularized the idea of
significant complications including symptomatic capsule an “Intergalactic Network” of computers.
retention and aspiration occur in less than 2% of Shortly thereafter, in 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two
examinations. There is currently no accepted means of separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other
accurately predicting or preventing capsule retent for the first time. This experimental link used a
telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and
transferred digital data using packets.
NAME: INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INVENTORS: Envisioned By: J.C.R Licklider When the first packet-switching network was developed,
Developed by: Ray Tomlinson of BBN ( First e-mail) Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a
Tim Berners Lee message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a
PERIOD: MODERN message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to
type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’
and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT The Internet is something we all use everyday, and many
of us can't imagine our lives without it. The internet and
The Internet, an ever-changing technology, wasn't the all the technological advances it offers has changed our
work of just one person or institution. Many people society. It has changed our jobs, the way we consume
contributed to its growth by developing new features. It news and share information, and the way we
has developed over time. It was at least 40 years in the communicate with one another. It has also created so
making and still keeps evolving. The internet is a many opportunities and has helped humanity progress
network of networks. It's a fully distributed system of and has shaped our human experience.
computing devices and it ensures end-to-end
connectivity through every part of the network. The aim
is for every device to be able to communicate with any
other device.
The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for
government researchers to share information.
As we all know, computers in the ‘60s were large and
immobile and in order to make use of information stored
 EGYPTIAN
The papyrus of Egypt is most closely associated with
writing. Papyrus also served as a political symbol
through its use in the Sma-Tawy, the insignia of the
INVENTION unity of Upper and Lower Egypt. This symbol is a
bouquet of papyrus (associated with the Delta of Lower
Egypt) bound with a lotus (the symbol of Upper Egypt).
1.TOOTHPASTE
Another on our list of great Ancient Egyptian inventions What is the science concept behind Egyptian
that changed the world is something we use in our day to papyrus?
day lives; toothpaste. Egyptians started cleaning their Papyrus sheets are made by arranging two layers of
teeth around 5000 BC. They cleaned their teeth using a papyrus, one atop the other, at right angles. The layers
paste made of mint, dried flowers, pepper, rock salt and are then pressed together, and the gum released by the
water. They even used eggshells and ox hooves to clean breakdown of the plant's cellular structure acts as a glue
their teeth, even though it often resulted in bleeding which bonds the sheet together. In ancient times, several
gums. Egyptian toothpaste was made by grinding and sheets of papyrus were joined end to end to form a roll.
mixing up a variety of salt, dried flowers, pepper, ashes,
and even eggshells. Explain how the invention works?
Although papyrus is closely associated with writing in
What led the Egyptians to make the toothpaste? general, it was actually mostly used only for religious and
Toothpaste was created because ancient Egyptians had a government texts because manufacturing costs were
lot of problems with their teeth. The main reason was fairly expensive.
because the bread that they ate was filled with sand and
grit which wears out the enamel. Even with this problem How does this invention help the people?
they tried keeping their mouths clean. The Egyptians found many uses for the plant other than
a writing surface for documents and texts. Papyrus was
What is the science concept behind Egyptian used as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, for
toothpaste? boxes and baskets and mats, as window shades, material
They used a powdered rock and vinegar, which created a for toys such as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat
chemical reaction that dissolves the plaque on teeth. diseases, and even to make small fishing boats.

Explain how the invention works?

They cleaned their teeth using a paste made of mint,
dried flowers, pepper, rock salt and water. They even
used eggshells and ox hooves to clean their teeth, even
though it often resulted in bleeding gums. 3. WIG

How does this invention help the people? What lead to the invention? (Date, when, why, how,
Ancient kinds of toothpaste were used to treat some of where)
the same concerns that we have today – keeping teeth
· The art of wig-making can be dated back to Ancient
and gums clean, whitening teeth and freshening breath. Egypt. [1] The earliest specimen was found in a female
burial at Hierakonpolis dating from c. 3400 BC.
2.PAPYRUS SHEET
It was the Ancient Egyptians who invented writing on · Egyptologists believe that the Nubian wig was
Papyrus sheets. As the papyrus plant was found adopted by Queen Nefertiti after witnessing the hairstyle
abundantly across the Nile Delta, it gained widespread being worn by Nubians in the Pharaoh's army.
use as a writing material. It subsequently became an
· ancient Egyptians (c. 2700 BCE)
important writing material that was used throughout the
Mediterranean and in the Kingdom of Kush. Ancient What is the science concept behind?
Egyptians also used papyrus to make mats, baskets and
reed boats. Additionally, Europe used papyrus sheets as · The ancient Egyptians created the wig to shield
a writing material as well. Until an embargo on exporting shaved, hairless heads from the sun. They also wore the
forced Europeans to use parchment. wigs on top of their hair using beeswax and resin to keep
the wigs in place.
What led the Egyptians to make the papyrus?
· Unfortunately, syphilis was also on the rise in
Europe, ultimately affecting more Europeans than the
Black Plague. This happened well before the discovery of time. The sundial is made of a flattened piece of
antibiotics, so people afflicted with syphilis suffered all limestone, called an ostracon, with a black semicircle
the effects, including sores and patchy hair loss. As good divided into 12 sections drawn on top. Small dots in the
hair was associated with status and style, baldness and middle of each of the 12 sections, which are about 15
hair loss compounded the shame of having syphilis. degrees apart, likely served to give more precise times.

Explain how the invention works?

· Wigs were composed of various materials such as Explain how the Sundial was used; how the
human hair, wool, plant fibers, and horsehair. The most Sundial affected the people or change the society
expensive wigs were made of human hair or black sheep during those times
wool, or both.
– A Sundial is also known as a shadow clock. As the day
How does the invention help the people? progresses, the sun moves across the sky, causing the
shadow of the object to move and indicating the passage
· In Early Egypt, long hair and thick beards were of time. Sundials have been used to visualize the length
hugely favored by men, not just because they depicted of hours. The device have been also used to measure
the gods and kings, but they also represented levels of work hours as it was found in the Valley of the Kings
'manliness'. A man's thick beard and long hair was often which is the burial place of pharaohs and nobility. The
seen as a representation of maturity, fertility, and workers made a small sundial using a chip of discarded
capability, so obviously the bigger the better! limestones to mark their days. Before the invention of
the clock, the sundial was the only source of time. After
· Wealthy Egyptians would wear elaborate wigs and the invention of the clock, the sundial maintained its
scented head cones of animal fat on top of their wigs. importance, as clocks needed to be reset regularly from a
sundial, because the accuracy of early clocks was poor. A
clock and a sundial were used together to measure
longitude.

Although wigs have seen a revival in the modern day,

they no longer carry a weight in social hierarchy. Types
of wigs commonly used today include those for fun and
dress-up, legal wigs, and finally wigs to cover hair loss.

Predominantly worn by the elite of Egyptian society,

wigs served a dual purpose: they signaled high rank in
Egypt's strict social hierarchy and helped protect shaven
scalps (a sign of nobility) from the sun. Wigs also helped
maintain hygiene levels by reducing the incidence of
head lice.

The earliest specimen was found in a female burial at

Hierakonpolis dating from c.3400 BC.

4. SUNDIAL — 1500 BCE

Explain what led to the Sundial's development or

invention

– The Ancient Egyptians invented the sundials.

Historically, it is believed that sundials' origins came
from the early human civilizations noticing the changes
in their shadow throughout the day.

Describe the science concept behind the Sundial

– Sundial, the earliest type of timekeeping device. It

indicates the time of day, commonly known as solar
 to study and got to study abroad. He returned to the
Philippines in the latter years to fulfill some projects.

The videophone was first released to the public in the

1960s at the New York World's Fair, but it didn't succeed
at that time because people thought it was impractical
and expensive. Both the Americans and Filipinos
discriminated his work and failed to see the beauty of

PHILIPPINE
Gregorio's invention. However, it started to rise in
popularity in the 1990s when the digital age began and
finally in the 2010s, getting the recognition he deserved

INVENTIONS in the Philippines when a picture of Gregorio went viral.

It was a picture of him demonstrating his invention in
1954.
(ANCIENT TO To think that the videophone invented by a Filipino has

MODERN) paved many paths for long distance video calling and
video conferences, it is truly something to be proud of.
Zara died in 1978 but his legacy lives on everytime a
1. “Bamboo Incubator” - Dr. Fe Del Muno (1941) Filipino Overseas Worker connects with his or her family
in the Philippines using an internet videophone or
modern software applications like video chatting in
This is a bamboo incubator and it was made by Dr. Fe
Messenger or Skype.
Del Mundo. The reason for its invention is to help
families in rural communities. Like any other incubators,
this is used to provide a safe controlled space for a 3. Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) Lamp -
premature baby to live while its vital organs develop. The Aissa Minejo (2012)
baby is placed on a flat surface with a radiant heat
element either positioned above or offering heat from Sustainable Alternative Lighting or SALt lamp is an
below. The heat output is automatically controlled by the environmental friendly source that uses salt water and is
temperature of the baby's skin. Although it is an open run using salt water. So it is marketed as a saltwater-
incubator, it can still monitor a baby's vital functions and powered lamp which makes it safe and emits no toxic
warm them. The reason why premature babies need such gases. Electricity is one of the major needs in the
medical care is because a baby who is born too early, can Philippines especially in the rural areas which has a very
have problems such as low birth weight, irregular limited source of electricity or light. Aissa Mineio
temperature and unstable vital signs. With this invented the SALt lamp in 2012 with focus in replacing
incubator their temperature is controlled. Moreover, this kerosene lamps as the main source of lighting for rural
invention is inexpensive, thus it can be reproduced by areas in the Philippines. Instead of pouring kerosene,
people who have limited access to medical advancements you are pouring salt water, instead of lighting up a
and electricity. With that being said, it is clear that it match, you are switching a button on and off. The lamp
benefited society in that time by saving premature babies uses the science behind the galvanic cell which is the
from long term intellectual and developmental basis for battery-making and change the electrolytes to a
disabilities. non-toxic saline solution. It made the entire process safe
and harmless. This lamp provides a more efficient source
2. Videophone "Video Telephone" - Gregorio Y. of light for people who used kerosene lamps and candles.
Zara (1954) It also leaves a small amount of carbon footprint which
makes it environmental friendly
The world's first videophone or a two-way television-
telephone was invented by Filipino engineer and 4. Salamander Amphibious Tricycle - Victor
physicist, Gregorio Y. Zara. His invention enabled the Llave and H2O Technologies Inc. - 2015
caller & recipient to see each other on a screen while
communicating. The Salamander or Salamander Amphibious Tricycle is
the First Filipino-made amphibious multi-utility trike.
Gregorio graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of It’s an alternative mode of transport that can maneuver
Technology with Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering in on both lands and in floodwaters. H2O technologies
1926. He also took his master's degree in aeronautical launched it at the capital Commons Center in Pasig City
engineering in 1927 and graduated summa cum laude at in 2015. Victor “Atoy” Llave invented the Salamander
the University of Michigan and earned a doctorate in
with H2O technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and
Physics at Sorbonne University, Paris France, where he
also graduated as suma cum laude. He earned a Tres Lamberto Armanda. This vehicle can be used as a cost-
Honorable award which is only given to the highest effective, fuel-efficient, and environment-friendly
student graduate honor. Zara grew up living in poverty solution to transportation as a security patrol,
in his early childhood years, that's why he worked hard distributing relief goods, responding to emergencies and
disasters, and more importantly, bringing people to a Gunpowder or otherwise known as ‘black
safer place in flood-prone towns. In water, it is buoyant powder’ or ‘smokeless powder’ was created from
and very stable, is GPS ready, has a proprietary gearbox, a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium
nitrate otherwise known as saltpetre. With this
a multi-compartmentalized hull, and has a type of
mixture the sulfur and charcoal act as a fuel for
propeller that can penetrate even in garbage-invested the powder with the sulfur also lowering the
floodwaters. It has two power-plant choices, powered by energy required for the explosive reaction to
a 5-kilowatt electric motor that runs on electricity and a occur while the saltpetre acts as an oxidizer, but
300 cc internal combustion type gasoline engine which instead of creating an elixir of life, they
both can sit up to 4 to 6 people, and comes with 6 accidentally invented a black powder that could
Emergency Life Vests and 2 Retractable Aluminum Oars. actually generate large amounts of heat and gas
in an instant. Ironically, instead of prolonging
life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets
from guns and cannons which cause countless

CHINESE deaths.

It has an ironic relationship between life and

CIVILIZATION death due to its accidental existence.

How is gunpowder used?

China is a vast country with a huge range of
terrains and climates within it: mountains, deserts and Chinese alchemists found gunpowder to be
coast lands and above all, the great river systems of helpful in siege warfare, leading to the
China, the Yellow River to the north and the Yangtze to development of early types of rockets, cannons,
the south.The civilization of ancient China first bombs, and mines. One of the advantages of
developed in the Yellow River region of northern China, using gunpowder is that Gunpowder-propelled
in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. This region is weapons are preferred by raiders who plan to
regarded as the Cradle of China’s Civilization. It was here attack at a distance.
that the earliest Chinese dynasties were based.
How did gunpowder invention bring changes to the lives
The Chinese civilization is considered to be the of people?
oldest civilization in Asia. It also known as the middle
kingdom, because China is located on the far east of Technologically, gunpowder bridged the
Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations gap between the medieval and modern eras. It
because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written served as a backdrop for many technological
about ancient China partly due to its distance from the developments. The so-called “gunpowder
other civilizations. But despite its less popular status revolution” supposedly destroyed feudalism and
among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the brought about the emergence of the centralized
significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the state. Gunpowder permanently revolutionized
world. European life. It hastened the decline of
feudalism by changing the emphasis of battle
from the cavalry to that of siege and field
artillery.
1. Gunpowder (9th Century CE) - Chinese Monks
The course of human history would be
What leads to the development of gunpowder invention? vastly different had there been no gunpowder.
The invention of gunpowder, was a quest for
Did you know that the invention of gunpowder immortality that led to the invention of the
was likely an accidental byproduct? Based on deadliest weapon before the arrival of the atomic
these Taoist texts the discovery of gunpowder is bomb
an accident from experiments seeking to create
the elixir of life. Originally, gunpowder was Sources:
developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to http://www.highburygrove.cola.org.uk/filedownload/0E
achieve immortality. This experimental D55BF6-BEED-13C7-7E498D90322F0F65.pdf/yusuf-
medicine origin is reflected in its Chinese name epc.pdf
huoyao , which means "fire medicine".

2. Great Wall of China - 3rd century

Chinese monks discovered the technology in the
9th century CE. Science behind the technology

What is the science concept of the gunpowder invention?

 - they use the rammed earth method that utilizes And because ancient Chinese developed tea production,
the abundant resources of china, which is the fire kiln it resulted in making tea as one of the most popular
bricks and mud bricks. beverages in the world today and China tops the list as
the largest producer of tea in the world followed by India
How it affected the society in ancient times as the second largest tea producer.

- it served as a protection from nomads

invasions.

How it affected the society on recent times 4. Silk Production (1600-1046 BCE)- Empress

Leizu
- it became one of the tourist spots of china
which gives a boost to china’s economic value.
What leads to the development or invention of silk?

3. Tea Production (2737 BC) - Emperor Shen - Due to an unexpected and unusual occurrence,
Nung the silk was developed and invented when the
wife of the Yellow Emperor Huangdi discovered
Tea production or tea processing is the method in which that a cocoon is made up of long threads that are
the leaves from the tea plant Camellia sinensis are
strong and soft. It was later on realized that it
transformed into dried leaves for brewing tea beverages.
Tea was invented way back in 2737 BC, according to can compose a fabric which is a silk. And that
legends. silk became a prized export for the Chinese that
nobles and kings of foreign lands desired silk
Shen Nung, a Chinese emperor and the Chinese father of and will gladly pay a large amount of prices for
Agriculture was once sitting under a Camellia Sinensis the cloth. It was developed to the point that the
tree while his servant was boiling water when some emperors of China wanted to keep the process
leaves fell from the tree and landed on the boiling water.
for making silk a secret.
Shen Nung is a renowned or well-known herbalist, so he
decided to try the infusion that his servant accidentally
created. What is the science concept behind the silk invention?
(How it was built, what it’s made of and how it works)
Tea production was developed when an unknown
- Silk was first produced in Neolithic China within
Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips. Because of this invention, the Yangshao culture (4th millennium BCE)
the Chinese were able to increase their production of tea from the filaments of the cocoon of the silk
and other nations. After tea was introduced to other worm. According to the legend and the writings
countries it became a popular beverage worldwide. For of Confucius, the Chinese Empress Leizu (also
millennia after it was invented, it was originally a known as Xi Ling Shi), discovered silk by
medical beverage because it does have beneficial effects accident when a silkworm cocoon dropped into
like boosting your immune system, ward off cancer and her cup of tea. She innovated the production of
heart diseases but around the 3rd century CE, it became a silk called sericulture where a mulberry leave are
daily drink and that’s when tea cultivation and tea cultivated as a way of tending the silkworms in
production/processing began. order to gather the threads from the cocoons.
People usually boil cocoons, draw silk from them
The steps of tea processing or tea production start with and later spin it into thread.
considering the quality of leaves to harvest. “Flush” is the
term that they used to define a harvest of tea leaves. How is silk used in ancient China?
Selecting a fresh flush of young leaves because they are
the perfect ones for tea making. The next process is - Silk was extremely valuable in Ancient China. It
steaming. They have a steamer that utilizes a colander is used to make clothing (especially long robes,
over a pan of boiling water. When the leaves turn to gowns, and jackets). At first, only members of
olive-green color, it is ready for shaping. The shaping the royal family were allowed to wear silk that
process gives the tea leaves their flavour. After the merchants and peasants were not allowed to
shaping process is oxidation. It is a chemical process that wear silk until the Qing Dynasty which rules
is easiest to observe by looking at a dried leaf’s color. The
from 1644-1911. It was not only for clothing but
greener the leaf, the less oxidized it is. The last part is
drying and it can be done in 2 ways: drying by pan frying also used as a valuable commodity as a form of
and drying by oven baking. After that, the leaves are currency or money. Traders used it is a payment,
ready for brewing. people paid their tax with it, and even armies
were sometimes paid in silk. Other than that, it
 serves other purposes such as being used as a animal allowed the plow to break the soil
paper, fishing lines, bowstrings, and canvas for successively. Plowing aerates and stirs up the soil,
painting. o How did silk invention affected the
removing and compacting soil layers. It also helps
people or change the society during the ancient
times? to mix in organic material and bring more nutrients
to the soil. Plowing has been used for thousands of
years to prepare and improve the soil, making it
- Silk invention affected the people and even more conducive to growing crops
change the society for the better as it became a
staple source of income for small farmers. The How were they put to use?
reputation of Chinese silk spread so fast that it ● The Sumerians created the plow in order to
became highly desired across the empires of the
ancient world. As China's most important export make the process of breaking up their soil
for much of its history, the material gave its easier and more efficient.
name to the great trading network, the Silk ● It also enabled them to create larger and
Road which was essential in Chinese culture more complex irrigation systems, bringing
because economically, it helped China in trading water to the fields and allowing them to
with the west, east and Europe. And because of
produce much more.
that, completely different technologies were
introduced like gun powder, paper making and ● Plows became an important tool for the
lots. It was the main reason that China was able ancient Sumerian civilization, not just for
to connect with the world as it bridged the gap tilling their soil but also as a symbol of social
between the Western world and the middle standing and power.
kingdom.
How did it affect the lives of the people?
● The workload of the farmers has
https://www.worldhistory.org/Silk/ dramatically decreased.
● They were able to increase their agricultural
output, leading to greater food security and
a larger population.
● The invention of the plow has helped them
sustain relatively large cities.
SUMMERIAN CIVILIZATION
● All these impacts greatly changed the
Sumerian Plow course of Sumerian civilization, pushing it
What led to the development of the invention? from a nomadic society to an urban society
How did they come up with it? with a huge population.
Prior to the invention of the plow, the Sumerians
used hoes and digging sticks to break up the hard
ground, which was both labor-intensive and time-
consuming. As their society grew and demanded
more food, the Sumerians had to find a way to
make their work more efficient, which led to the
invention of the plow.

What's the scientific concept behind it?

A plow is made of wood and stone, and it consists
of a curved blade held in a wooden shaft or handle
that is pushed down into the soil while being pulled
by a domesticated animal. It can be adjusted to Cuneiform
different depths, allowing farmers to customize the What led to the development of the invention?
level of soil disturbance according to their needs. How did they come up with it?
The force of the pull coming from the domesticated
Around 6000 years ago, the temple officials of the reliable, not dependent on an individual's
Sumerian civilization needed to keep records of the memory or judgment.
grain, sheep, and cattle in their stores and farms.
Because humans have limitations, it became Negative effects:
impossible for these officials to rely on memory to ● Since it was not an alphabetic system, there
keep track of the records as their population grew. were a large number of signs—1500 at one
So, an alternative method was required and they point. Such a complex system obviously
used pictures of the items on the scribes that would required a long period of study to master.
symbolize an object or piece of information, and For this reason, literacy, which is the ability
that was the birth of cuneiform. to read and write, was only limited to priests
or trained government officials, while
What's the scientific concept behind it? commoners such as farmers and merchants
Cuneiforms were primarily utilized for storage and were left with fewer opportunities because
communication purposes. It is used as a storage they couldn’t afford to study such complex
method because ancient administrators rely on it as systems and were actually better off just
a record-keeping method to keep track of rations settling on their current occupations or
and information. This was very useful since it was status.
impossible for the Sumerians to keep track of all
the information, especially if it was already on such
a large scale. Cuneiform was also made as a
method to communicate because it serves as a WHEEL (3500 B.C.)
channel in the communication process wherein a
channel is a way or tool for transmitting a message. What led to the development of the
A channel is also known as a medium of invention? How did they come up with
communication that conveys the message from it?
sender to receiver.
I believe we all have seen how a wheel
How were they put to use?
looks like right? Its main purpose is to allow
● Cuneiform writing was used to record things to roll; in other words, the wheel
various information, such as temple spins, and objects on the wheels move
activities, business, and trade. more easily along the ground.
● It was also used to write stories, myths, and
The concept of the wheel originated from a
personal letters.
● During its 3,000-year history, cuneiform was
mechanical device that the Sumerians had
used to write around 15 different languages invented shortly after 3500 B.C. —the
● Not only was Cuneiform the first written potter’s wheel, a heavy flat disk made of
language, but it also served as the main hardened clay. The Sumerians then
foundation for the languages that have hooked his wheel to a chariot.
popped up since its creation.
The Sumerians invented irrigation, which
How did it affect the lives of the people? made it possible to build the first cities by
Positive effects: creating a food surplus and a regular
● Cuneiform has enabled people to keep dependable food supply. They invented the
more accurate records, especially tax wheel which took a role in facilitating the
receipts, which has enabled the expansion movement of goods and trade during that
of state power. time.
● It enabled government decrees to be
published so that the law was fixed and
What’s the scientific concept behind it? volume of commerce and trade in the
region. This stimulated a demand for
The wheel started out as a man-made log. uniformity in weights and measures in order
The Sumerians figured out that if they could to reduce the confusion caused by using
prop the edge of a heavy crate up onto a many different local systems.
long log-shaped object, they would be able
to roll the load over the object and move it
forward. What’s the scientific concept behind it?

Sumerians were the first to use a place

value numeral system. The ancient
The wheel is a cylinder shaped object that sumerians living in now what we call
rolls fairly easily. The first wheel was made Southern Iraq, use a numerical system with
from clay, rock and mud which slowly 60 as its base. It is believed to have been
developed to the making of wheels by derived from their astronomical
joining together of wooden planks. They observations. This highly sophisticated
connected it to vehicles called chariots. mathematical system with a sexagesimal
How were they put to use? place-notation (a base of 60 whereas the
present-day base is 10). This sexagesimal
The Sumerians used the wheel to carry system included addition, subtraction,
heavy loads over long distances. The multiplication, division, algebra, geometry,
wheel was also used for chariots for battle. reciprocals, squares, and quadratic
The wheel helped them get into battle equations
quicker. They also used something called
the potter’s wheel which when the How were they put to use?
Sumerians used this it made them pots The Sumerians developed a complex
How did it affect the lives of the people? system of metrology also known as
Sexagesimal Numerical System. This
The wheel was used for wheeled wagons metrology advanced resulting in the
so they could take their crops to market creation of arithmetic, geometry, and
more easily and quickly. They also used algebra. From 2600 BC onwards, the
the potter’s wheel to make pottery faster. Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on
The Sumerians used their fertile land and clay tablets and dealt with geometrical
exercises and division problems.
the rivers surrounding to grow crops and
grain surpluses in order to trade. Through the sexagesimal numerical
system, Sumerians were able to reduce
confusion and was able to ease trade. They
were also able to measure grain harvest
METROLOGY (3000 B.C.)
through the standard measurement of
What led to the development of the weight used during that time. This system
invention? How did they come up with was also important to keep track of records
it? as well as in some of their large building
projects.
The creation of the world’s first cities and
large farming estates in the fourth and early How did it affect the lives of the people?
third millennia significantly increased the
Because the Sumerians were the first • The original odometer counts wheel rotations
calculating the number of rotations multiplied by the tire
people to employ farming on a large scale
circumference. It is a measuring system attached to a
in Mesopotamia, the units they developed two-wheeled cart. When it was pushed along the ground,
for measuring the areas of plots of land it automatically dropped a pebble into a container at
became universal in the region. Just as in each revolution.
our old weight and measure systems, • Present day odometers can be found on a vehicle's
dashboard.
Sumerian metrology featured all sorts of
conversion factors, although it is notable Cartography- 611-610 BCE by Anixamander
that they were all simple fractions of 60.
• The practice of making maps
• The earliest known evidence of its existence are traced
Greek Civilization back to Ancient Babylon, however, it was the Greeks who
brough cartography into new light and discovered its
Thermometer- 1st Century B.C. possibilities.
• It appeared as a tablet with Iona as the center then
• Developed by Philo of Byzantium locations were pinpointed one by one in order to map
• Was originally used to raise the temperature in temples out the entire location. It started out as sections then was
to keep the Greeks warm (Central heating also by the spread into wider regions until it covered Middle
Greeks) Europe.
• The first thermometer was a simple device consisting of
a tube filled with air and water. As the air grew heated, it
would expand and cause the water to rise. There was no
system of measurement applied to these crude devices,
and they were used primarily to observe changes in
temperature.
• 1592- Galileo Galilei modified the thermometer and
invented the world's first clinical thermometer.
• The Ancient Greek Civilization is the cradle of western
civilization due to its large contributions to science,
politics, philosophy, and ethics. They were the firsts in
Western history to develop technologies, gizmos, and
systems that we still use up to the present times.

Alarm Clock- 3rd century B.C. by Ctesibus

• Originally called a "water clock, was created by

Ctesibus in order to wake up on time. He managed to fit
his clepsydras or water clock with a dial and pointer to
indicate the time, and added an elaborate alarm system
which involved water dropping on to a gong, or the
blowing of a trumpet by forcing bell jars down into water
and taking the compressed air through a beating reed at
pre-set times.
• Plato was known for possessing a huge water clock and
then modified it since he thought that the invention was
not effective enough because he often caught his
students oversleeping and late for class.

Odometer- 27 BCE by Vitruvius and Heron

• A tool used to measure distance travelled by vehicles

such as automobiles and bicycles.