04 Energy 2017 MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
Energy and Potential

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. Transmission Lines
XIII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation
Engineering Electromagnetics - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Energy & Potential
1. Moving a Point Charge in an Electric Field
2. The Line Integral
3. Potential Difference & Potential
4. The Potential Field of a Point Charge
5. The Potential Field of a System of Charges
6. Potential Gradient
7. The Dipole
8. Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field
Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

Moving a Point Charge in an Electric Field (1)
• Moving a charge Q a distance dL in an E, the force on Q
arising from the electric field:
F E = QE
• The component in the direction dL:
FEL = F.aL = QE.aL
• aL: a unit vector in the direction of dL
• → the force must be applied:
Feff = – QE.aL
• The expenditure of energy:
dW = – QE.aLdL = – QE.dL
Moving a Point Charge in an Electric Field (2)
• The expenditure of energy required to move Q in E:
dW = – QE.dL
• dW = 0 if:
– Q = 0, E = 0, dL = 0, or
– E is perpendicular to dL
• The work needed to move the charge a finite distance:
final
W = −Q ∫ E.dL
init

Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

EL6 A
The Line Integral (1) ΔL6
EL5
EL4 ΔL5 E
E
EL3 ΔL4
ΔL3 E
EL2 E
ΔL2
E
ΔL1 final
EL1
E
W = −Q ∫ E LdL
W = dW1 + dW2 + ... + dW6 B init
= −QEL1.∆L1 − QEL 2 .∆L2 − ... − QEL 6 .∆L6 = −QE.L BA

= −QE1.∆L1 − QE2 .∆L2 − ... − QE6 .∆L 6 (uniform E)
E1 = E2 = ... = E6 = E
→ W = −QE.(∆L1 + ∆L 2 + ... + ∆L6 )
→ W = −QE.L BA
∆L1 + ∆L2 + ... + ∆L 6 = L BA
Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn (uniform E) 7
EL6 A
The Line Integral (2) ΔL6
EL5
final
W = −Q ∫ E L dL = −QE.L BA (uniform E) EL4 ΔL5 E
E
init EL3 ΔL4
ΔL3 E
EL2 E
final ΔL2
W = −Q ∫ E.dL E
init ΔL1
EL1
Uniform E B
E
A
→ W = −QE.∫ dL = −QE.L BA
B

Ex. 1 The Line Integral (3)
Given E = yax + xay + zaz V/m. Find the work needed in carrying 2 C from
B(1; 0; 1) to A(0.8; 0.6; 1) along:
a)the shorter arc of the circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 1; b)the straight-line path from B to A
A
W = −Q∫ E.dL
B
dL = dxa x + dya y + dza z
A
→ W = −2 ∫ ( ya x + xa y + za z ).( dxa x + dya y + dza z )
B
x =0.8 y =0.6 1
= −2 ∫ ydx − 2 ∫ xdy − 2 ∫ zdz
x =1 y =0 1
x = 0.8 y =0.6
= −2 ∫ 1 − x dx − 2 ∫
2
1 − y 2 dy − 0
x =1 y =0
0.8 0.6
= −  x 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x  −  y 1 − y 2 + sin −1 y  = −0.96 J
 1  0
Given E = yax + xay + zaz V/m. Find the work needed in carrying 2 C from
B(1; 0; 1) to A(0.8; 0.6; 1) along:
a)the shorter arc of the circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 1; b)the straight-line path from B to A
A
W = −Q ∫ E.dL
B
dL = dxa x + dya y + dza z
A
→ W = −2 ∫ ( ya x + xa y + za z ).( dxa x + dya y + dza z )
B
x =0.8 y =0.6 1
= −2 ∫ ydx − 2 ∫ xdy − 2 ∫ zdz
x =1 y =0 1
y A − yB
y − yB = ( x − xB ) → y = −3( x − 1)
xA − xB
x = 0.8 y =0.6  y
→ W = 6∫ ( x − 1)dx − 2 ∫  1 − 3  dy − 0 = −0.96 J
x =1 y =0
 
The Line Integral (5)
dL = dxa x + dya y + dza z (Descartes)
dL = d ρ a ρ + ρ dϕ aϕ + dza z (Cylindrical)
dL = dra r + rdθ aθ + r sin θ dϕ aϕ (Spherical)

z
Find the work needed in carrying the charge Q about a dL
circular path centered at the line charged.
ρL y
final
x
W = −Q ∫ E.dL
ρL
init
E= aρ
2πε 0 ρ final ρL
→ W = −Q ∫ a ρ . ρ dϕ aϕ
dL = d ρ a ρ + ρ dϕ aϕ + dza z init 2πε 0 ρ
dρ = 0 2π ρL
= −Q ∫ dϕa ρ .aϕ
0 2πε
dz = 0 0
a ρ .aϕ = 1 × 1 × cos 90o
ρL 2π
→ W = −Q ∫ cos90o dϕ = 0
2πε 0 0
z
Ex. 3 The Line Integral (7) ρL
Find the work done in carrying a charge Q from ρ = a
to ρ = b.
a y
final
x dL
b
W = −Q ∫ E.dL
ρL
init
E= aρ
2πε 0 ρ final ρL
→ W = −Q ∫ aρ .d ρ aρ
dL = d ρ a ρ + ρ dϕ aϕ + dza z init 2πε 0 ρ
dϕ = 0 b ρL d ρ
dz = 0 = −Q ∫
a 2πε 0 ρ
Q ρL b
=− ln
2πε 0 a
Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

Potential Difference & Potential (1)
final
W = −Q ∫ E.dL
init
• Potential difference V: work done in moving a unit

positive charge from one point to another in an electric
field: final
Potential difference = V = − ∫ E.dL
init
• Potential difference between points A & B:

A
VAB = −∫ E.dL
B
• Unit: volt (V, J/C)

z
Ex. Potential Difference & Potential (2) ρL
Find the potential difference between ρ = a & ρ = b.
Work done in carrying Q from a to b: a y

x
Q ρL b b
W =− ln
2πε 0 a
→ work done in carrying Q from b to a:

Qρ L b
W= ln
2πε 0 a ρL b
→ Vab = ln
W 2πε 0 a
Vab =
Q
Potential Difference & Potential (3)
A
• Potential difference between points A & B: V AB = −∫ E. dL
B
• No B?
• → potential (absolute potential) at A
• → still need a reference point:
– “ground”
– Infinity
• If the potential at A is VA & that at B is VB, then:
VAB = VA – VB
• (provided VA & VB have the same zero reference point)

Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

The Potential Field of a Point Charge (1)
A B
A
V AB = −∫ E.dL
B rA rB
Q rA Q
E= ar → VAB = − ∫ dr
4πε 0 r 2 rB 4πε 0 r 2
Q
dL = dra r Q 1 1
=  −  Q
4πε 0  rA rB  → VA =
4πε 0 rA
rB → ∞
Q
V=
4πε 0 r
(Potential field of a point charge)
Q
V=
4πε 0 r
• The potential at any point distant r from a point charge Q
• The zero reference is the potential at infinite radius
• Q/4πε0r (J) must be done in carrying a 1-C charge from
infinity to any point r meters from the charge Q
Q Q
• If = C1 → V = + C1
4πε 0 rB 4πε 0 r
• The potential difference does not depend on C1

Q
V =
4πε 0r
• The potential field of a point charge

• A scalar field, & no unit vector
• Equipotential surface: a surface composed of all those
points having the same value of potential
• No work is required in moving a charge around on an
equipotential surface
• The equipotential surfaces in the potential field of a
point charge are spheres centered at the point charge
Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

The Potential Field of a System of Charges (1)
Q1 Q2 r – r2
V (r ) =
4πε 0 r − r1 r2
r – r1
Q1
Q1 Q2
V (r ) = + r
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2 r1
Origin
n
Q1 Q2 Qn Qm
V (r ) = + + ... + =∑
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2 4πε 0 r − rn m =1 4πε 0 r − rm
Qm = ρv ∆vm
ρv (r1 )∆v1 ρv (r2 )∆v2 ρ v (rn )∆vn

→ V (r ) = + + ... +
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2 4πε 0 r − rn
ρ v (r1 )∆v1 ρ v (r2 )∆v2 ρv (rn )∆vn
V (r ) = + + ... +
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2 4πε 0 r − rn
n→∞
ρv (r ')dv '
→ V (r ) = ∫
V 4πε 0 r − r '
ρ L (r ')dL '
V (r ) = ∫
4πε 0 r − r '
ρ S (r ')dS '
V (r) = ∫
S 4πε r − r '
0

Ex. 1
z
Find the potential on the z axis.
(0, 0, z)
ρ L (r ')dL '
V (r ) = ∫ r r − r ' = a2 + z 2
4πε 0 r − r ' ρ=a
dL ' = adϕ ' y
ϕ ' r’
r = za z dL ' = adϕ '
→ r − r ' = a2 + z 2 x ρL
r ' = aa ρ
2π ρ L adϕ ' ρLa

→ V (r ) = ∫ =
0
4πε 0 a + z
2 2
2ε 0 a 2 + z 2
For a zero reference at infinity, then:
• The potential due to a single point charge: the work done in carrying a
unit positive charge from infinity to the point at which we desire the
potential, this work does not depend on the path chosen between these
two points
• The potential field due to a number of point charges is the sum of the
individual potential fields due to each charge
A
• The expression for potential: VA = − ∫ E.dL
∞
A
• The potential difference: VAB = VA − VB = −∫ E.dL
B
• For a static field: ∫ E.dL = 0

Ex. 2 z
Investigate the uniform line charge density ρL of finite L
length 2L centered on the z axis. z ' dQ = ρ Ldz '
R
Q
V point charge = P ( ρ ,ϕ , z )
4πε 0 r y
ρ
dQ ρ L dz ' ϕ
→ dV = =
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 ρ 2 + ( z − z ') 2 x
−L
L
ρ L dz '
→V = ∫ 4πε
−L ρ 2 + ( z − z ') 2
0
ρ L  z − L + ρ 2 + ( z − L)2 
=− ln  
4πε 0  z + L + ρ 2 + ( z − L ) 2 

The Potential Field of a System of Charges (6) P
Ex. 3 r
Investigate a sphere of radius R has a uniform surface rQP
charge density ρS.
ρS dQ
dQ = ρ SdS = ρ S R2 sin θ dθ dϕ R
dQ ρ S R 2 sin θ dθ dϕ
→ dV = =
4πε 0 rQP 4πε 0 rQP
z
= R 2 + r 2 − 2rR cosϕ
2 dS = rsinθdrdφaθ
rQP
dS = r2 sinθdθdφar
dr
dS = rdrdθaφ
y
rdθ
x
rsinθdφ
The Potential Field of a System of Charges (6) P
Ex. 3 r
Investigate a sphere of radius R has a uniform surface rQP
charge density ρS.
ρS dQ
dQ = ρ SdS = ρ S R2 sin θ dθ dϕ R
dQ ρ S R 2 sin θ dθ dϕ
→ dV = =
4πε 0 rQP 4πε 0 rQP
Rr sin θ dθ
r = R + r − 2rR cosθ → 2rQPdrQP = 2 rR sin θ dθ → rQP
2
QP
2 2 =
drQP
ρ S RdrQPdϕ
→ dV =
4πε 0 r  ρ S R2
 ,r > R
r+R 2π ρ S RdrQP dϕ ε 0r
→V = ∫ 
rQP = r− R ∫ϕ =0
=
4πε 0 r  ρS R
 ε ,r < R
 0
Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

Potential Gradient (1)
• 2 methods to find potential: from electric field intensity
& from charge distribution
• however E & ρv, S, L are often not given
• → problem: finding EFI from potential
• solution: potential gradient

∆L
θ E
V = − ∫ E.dL
∆V ≐ −E.∆L
∆V ≐ − E ∆L cos θ
dV
= − E cos θ
dL
dV
E= (cos θ = −1)
dL max

Potential Gradient (3) V = +90
+80
+70
dV +60
E= aN
+50
dL max ΔL +40
P
• The magnitude of E is given by the E
maximum value of the rate of change
of potential with distance +30
• This maximum value is obtained when +20
the direction of the distance increment +10
is opposite to E, or, in other words, the
direction of E is opposite to the  dV 
direction in which the potential is E = −  aN
increasing the most rapidly  dL max 

Potential Gradient (4) V = +90
 dV  +80
+70
E = − a N +60
 dL max  aN
+50
+40
dV dV dV ΔL
= →E=−
P
aN
dL max dN dN E
+30
dT +20
Gradient of T = grad T = aN +10
dN
E = − grad V

E = − grad V
 ∂V
E
 x = −
∂V ∂V ∂V  ∂x
V = V ( x, y , z) → dV = dx + dy + dz  ∂V
∂x ∂y ∂z →  Ey = −
 ∂y
dV = −E.d L = − Ex dx − E y dy − Ez dz  ∂V
 Ez = −
 ∂z
 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
→ E = − ax + ay + az 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
∂V ∂V ∂V
→ grad V = a x + a y + a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
grad V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂T ∂T ∂T
∇ = a x + a y + a z → ∇T = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
→ ∇T = grad T
E = − grad V
→ E = −∇V
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + a z (Descartes)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
∇V = aρ + aϕ + a z (Cylindrical)
∂ρ ρ ∂ϕ ∂z
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇V = ar + aθ + aϕ ( Spherical)
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

∂V ∂V ∂V
Gradient: ∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Dx ∂D y ∂Dz
Divergence: ∇.D = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

Ex. 1 Potential Gradient (9)
Find the gradient of each of the following functions:
a ) f1 = 2 a 2 y − 5 y 3 z
b) f 2 = 6ρ sin ϕ + 4ρ z cos 3ϕ
1
c ) f 3 = + 2r sin θ cos ϕ
r

Given a potential field V = x2 – 10yz (V) & a point P(1, 3, 1). Find
several values at P: VP, EP , the direction of EP , DP , & ρv .
VP = 12 − 10 × 3 × 1 = −29 V
 ∂V ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V = −  ax + ay + a z  = −2 xa x + 10 za y + 10 ya z V/m
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
→ E p = −2 × 1a x + 10 × 1a y + 10 × 3a z = −2a x + 10a y + 30a z V/m
Ep −2a x + 10a y + 30a z

a E,P = = = −0.063a x + 0.32a y + 0.95a z
Ep ( −2) + 10 + 30
2 2 2

Given a potential field V = x2 – 10yz (V) & a point P(1, 3, 1). Find
several values at P: VP, EP , the direction of EP , DP , & ρv .
D = ε 0 E = 8.854 × 10−12 ( −2 xa x + 10 za y + 10 ya z )
= −17.71xa x + 88.54za y + 88.54 y az pC/m2
ρv = ∇.D
∂Dx ∂D y ∂Dz
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ( −17.71x ) ∂ (88.84 z ) ∂ (88.84 y )
= + + = −17.71 pC/m 3
∂x ∂y ∂z
Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

z P
The Dipole (1) R1
θ
Q  1 1  Q R2 − R1 +Q
V =  −  = r
4πε 0  R1 R2  4πε 0 R1 R2 R2
R1 ≐ R2 d
y
R2 − R1 ≐ d cosθ
x –Q
Qd cos θ
→V=
4πε 0r 2 z R1
E = −∇ V θ
+Q r
 ∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V  R2
= − ar + aθ + aϕ 
 ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ 
d
Qd y
E= (2 cos θ a r + sin θ aθ )
4πε 0 r 3
–Q R2 − R1 ≐ d cos θ
x
The Dipole (2)
Qd z
E= (2cos θ a r + sin θ aθ )
4πε 0 r 3 0.4
Qd cos θ 0.6
V =
4πε 0 r 2 0.8
1

The Dipole (3) z P
θ R1
+Q
The dipole moment p = Qd r
ar R2
d.ar = d cos θ d d
y
Qd cos θ
V = –Q
4πε 0 r 2 x
p.a r 1 r −r'
→V = = p.
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 r − r '
2
r −r'
r : locates P
r’: locates the dipole center

Energy & Potential
7. The Dipole

Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field (1)
• Carrying a positive charge (1) from infinity into the field
of another fixed positive charge (2) needs work
• If the charge 1 is held near the charge 2, it has a potential
energy
• If then the charge 1 is released, it will accelerate away
from the charge 2, acquiring kinetic energy
• Problem: find the potential energy present in a system of
charges

• (Work to position Q2) = Q2V2, 1
• V2, 1: the potential at Q2 due to Q1
• An additional charge Q3:
• (Work to position Q3) = Q3V3, 1 + Q3V3, 2
• (Work to position Q4) = Q4V4, 1 + Q4V4, 2 + Q4V4, 3
• Total positioning work = potential energy of field =
= WE = Q2V2, 1 + Q3V3, 1 + Q3V3, 2 + Q4V4, 1 + Q4V4, 2 + +
Q4V4, 3 + …

WE = Q2V2, 1 + Q3V3, 1 + Q3V3, 2 + Q4V4, 1+ Q4V4, 2 + Q4V4, 3 + …
Q1
Q3V3,1 = Q3 Q3
4πε 0 R13 → Q3V3,1 = Q1 = Q1V1,3
4πε 0 R31
R13 = R31
WE = Q1V1, 2 + Q1V1, 3 + Q2V2, 3 + Q1V1, 4+ Q2V2, 4 + Q3V3, 4 +…
+W E = Q2V2, 1 + Q3V3, 1 + Q3V3, 2 + Q4V4, 1+ Q4V4, 2 + Q4V4, 3 + …
2WE = Q1 (V1,2 + V1,3 + V1,4 + ...) +

+ Q2 (V2,1 + V2,3 + V2,4 + ...) +
+ Q3 (V3,1 + V3,2 + V3,4 + ...) +
+ ...
2WE = Q1 (V1,2 + V1,3 + V1,4 + ...) + Q2 (V2,1 + V2,3 + V2,4 + ...) +
+ Q2 (V3,1 + V3,2 + V3,4 + ...) + ...
V1,2 + V1,3 + V1,4 + ... = V1
V2,1 + V2,3 + V2,4 + ... = V2
V3,1 + V3,2 + V3,4 + ... = V3
1 1 N
→ WE = (Q1V1 + Q2V2 + Q3V3 + ...) = ∑ QkVk 1
2 2 k =1 → WE = ∫ ρ vVdv
2 V
Qk = ρv dv
1
WE = ∫ ρ vVdv
2 V
Maxwell’s 1st equation: ∇.D = ρ v
1
→ WE = ∫ (∇.D)Vdv
2 V
∇.(VD) ≡ V (∇.D) + D.(∇V )
1
→ WE = ∫ [∇.(VD) − D.(∇V ) ] dv
2 V

1
WE = ∫ [∇.(VD) − D.(∇V ) ] dv
2 V
1 1
= ∫ ∇.(VD)dv − ∫ D.(∇V ) dv
2 V 2 V
1
∫
2 V
∇.(VD) dv
Div. theorem: ∫ D.dS = ∫ ∇.Ddv

S V
1 1
→ ∫ ∇.(VD)dv = ∫ (VD).dS
2 V 2 S
1 1
→ WE = ∫ (VD).dS − ∫ D.(∇V )dv
2 S 2 V
1 1
WE =
2 ∫ S (VD).dS − 2 ∫V D.(∇V )dv
Q
V= : 0 with 1/r
4πε 0 r 1
D=
Q
a : 0 with 1/r2
→
2 ∫ S
(VD).dS = 0
4π r 2 r
dS : increases with r2
1
→ WE = − ∫ D.(∇V ) dv 1 1
2 V → WE = ∫ D.Edv = ∫ ε 0 E 2 dv
2 V 2 V
E = −∇V (pot. grad)
Ex. 1 Energy Density in the Electrostatic Field (8)
Given a coaxial cable, the surface charge density of the outer ρ=a ρ=b
surface of the inner cylinder is ρS . Find its potential energy?
1
Method 1: WE = ∫ ε 0 E 2 dv
2 V
aρ S aρS
Dρ = (a < ρ < b) → E =
ρ ε0ρ
2
1 z = L ϕ = 2π ρ =b  a ρ S 
→ WE = ∫ ∫ ∫ ε0   dv
 ε0ρ 
2 z = 0 ϕ = 0 ρ = a
dv = ρ d ρ dϕ dz
1 z = L ϕ = 2π ρ = b a 2 ρ S2 π La 2 ρ S2 b
→ WE = ∫ ∫ ∫ ε 0 2 2 ρ d ρ dϕ dz = ln
2 z = 0 ϕ = 0 ρ = a ε0 ρ ε0 a
1
Method 2: WE = ∫ ρvVdv
2 V
final
V AB = − ∫ E.dL a
init → Va = − ∫ Eρ d ρ
a ρS
b
Vb = 0
Eρ =
ε0ρ
a aρ aρ S b
→ Va = − ∫ S
dρ = ln 1 a ρS b
b ε ρ
0
ε 0 a → WE = ∫ ρ v ln dv
1 2 V ε0 a
WE = ∫ ρ vVdv
2 V
1
Method 2: WE = ∫ ρvVdv
2 V
1 a ρS b
= ∫ ρv ln dv
2 v ε0 a
ρS t t
ρv = , a − ≤ ρ ≤ a + , t ≪ a
t 2 2
1 z = L ϕ = 2π ρ =a +t / 2 ρS ρ S b
→ WE = ∫ ∫ ∫ a ln ρ d ρ d ϕ dz
2 z =0 ϕ =0 ρ = a −t / 2 t ε 0 a
π La 2 ρ S2 b
= ln
ε0 a
A metallic sphere of radius 10cm has a surface charge density of 10nC/m2. Calculate
the electric energy stored in the system.
1
Method 1: WE = ∫ ε 0 E 2 dv
2 V
ρ R 2
ρ R 2
∫S D.dS = Q total → D (4π r 2

) = ρ S (4π R 2
) → D = S
r2
→ E = S
ε 0r 2
2
1  ρS R  2
→ WE = ∫ ε 0   dv
2 V  ε 0r  2
1 ∞ π 2π (0.1)2 × 10−18 2
= ∫ ∫ ∫ r sin θ drdθ dϕ
2 r =0.1 θ = 0 ϕ = 0 ε 0r 4
= 71.06 nJ
A metallic sphere of radius 10cm has a surface charge density of 10nC/m2. Calculate
the electric energy stored in the system.
Method 2: ?

04 Energy 2017 MK

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Nguyễn Công Phương

Energy and Potential

Engineering Electromagnetics - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 5

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 6

= −QEL1.∆L1 − QEL 2 .∆L2 − ... − QEL 6 .∆L6 = −QE.L BA

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 8

dL = dxa x + dya y + dza z (Descartes)

dL = dra r + rdθ aθ + r sin θ dϕ aϕ (Spherical)

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 11

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 14

• Potential difference V: work done in moving a unit

• Potential difference between points A & B:

• Unit: volt (V, J/C)

Work done in carrying Q from a to b: a y

→ work done in carrying Q from b to a:

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 17

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 18

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 20

• The potential field of a point charge

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 22

ρv (r1 )∆v1 ρv (r2 )∆v2 ρ v (rn )∆vn

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24

2π ρ L adϕ ' ρLa

• For a static field: ∫ E.dL = 0

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 30

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 32

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 33

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 34

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 38

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 39

→ E p = −2 × 1a x + 10 × 1a y + 10 × 3a z = −2a x + 10a y + 30a z V/m

Ep −2a x + 10a y + 30a z

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 40

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 42

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 45

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 46

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 47

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 48

2WE = Q1 (V1,2 + V1,3 + V1,4 + ...) +

V3,1 + V3,2 + V3,4 + ... = V3

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 51

Div. theorem: ∫ D.dS = ∫ ∇.Ddv

∫S D.dS = Q total → D (4π r 2

Energy & Potential - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 58

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