MAGNETISM

Total number of Questions in this chapter are :

(i) In chapter Examples ....................... 23

(ii) Solved Examples ....................... 15

Total no. of questions ....................... 38

1. INTRODUCTION 3. MAGNETIC DIPOLE AND It’s MOMENT

In nature, first time iron ore was found which had It has two unlike poles of equal strength separated
a property to attack small pieces of iron, nickel by a definite small distance.
and cobalt etc. And this property of attracting Unit of pole strength is ampere meter or Newton/
small pieces of material such as iron, nickel and 
Tesla. Magnetic dipole moment ( M ) is defined
cobalt etc. by a piece of material is called
as the product of pole strength denoted by m
magnetism.
and distance between the two poles, called
There are two types of magnets. One which are 
found in nature are called natural magnets. These magnetic length, represented by 2 
are of distorted shape.
Second which are artificially manufactured are
called artificial magnets. These are of defined
shape and size i.e. bar magnets.  
M = m (2  )
2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS It is a vector quantity and its direction is from
south to north pole.
1. A magnet attracts magnetic substances such
Its unit is ampere meter2 or Joule/Tesla
as nickel, cobalt, iron etc.
2. When a magnet is suspended with the help 4. MAGNETIC FIELD
of unspum thread, its two end, which are
called poles come to rest in north south It is the space around magnet or a current
direction. carrying conductor, in which magnetic effects can
be felt.
3. Poles exists always in pair and having equal
strength i.e. magnetic monopoles do not Magnetic field strength at a point is defined as
exist. the force experience by a unit positive charge
mov ing with unit velocity in the direction
4. Like poles repel each other and unlike poles
perpendicular to magnetic field.
attract each other.
When the magnitude and direction of magnetic
5. North and south pole of magnet are a little
field in a region is same throughout, field is
inwards from geometrical end. The magnetic
uniform magnetic field. i.e. Earth’s magnetic field.
length of magnet is about 0.84 times the
Otherwise field is called non uniform field i.e.
geometrical length.
magnetic field of a bar magnet.
6. The force of attraction or repulsion between
two magnetic poles is directly proportional to
product of pole strengths (m 1, m 2 ) and
inversely proportional to square of distance
(r) between their centres
m1m2
F 
r2

 0 m1m2
F =
4 r 2

0
= 1 in CGS units
4
5. MAGNETIC LINE OF FORCES AND THEIR
= 107 wbA1m1
PROPERTIES
where 0 is absolute permeability of free
space. As electric field lines of forces we also have
imaginary magnetic field lines to represent
magnetic field in any region. These are closed
lines when electric field lines are open lines.
 Net magnetic field strength at P

B1 = BN  BS along NP

0 m 4 r 0 2Mr
= 4 2 2 2 = 4 along NP.
To draw magnetic lines we use a magnetic dipole (r   ) (r   2 )
2

i.e. small compose needle. For small magnet l < < r.

The direction of magnetic field at a point is same
as direction of tangent at the point.   0 2M
So BE = 4  3 along NP.
PROPERTIES r
1. No two magnetic lines can cut each other. (ii) Broad - side - on - position :
2. These are closed lines whose direction When point lies on equatorial line of magnet.
outside magnet is from north to south pole Magnetic field strength at point P.
and inside from south to north pole. Due to north pole
3. Tangent at a point of magnetic line give 0 m
direction of field at that point. BN = 4  × 2 along NP
(r   2 )
4. Crowding of magnetic lines of force represent
stronger magnetic field. Due to south pole
5. There is always tension in magnetic field line 0 m
and repulsion between two lines. BS = 4  × along PS
(  r 2 )
2

Magnetic Line of Forces N

P r 2l
Ex.1 The main difference between electriclines of  
force and magnetic lines of force is S
(A)Electric lines of force are closed curves
whereas magnetic lines of force are open Net magnetic field
curves.
(B)Electric lines of force are open curves 0 m
whereas magnetic lines of force are closed BB = 2 4  × (  2  r 2 ) cos  along PS
curves.
(C)Magnetic lines of force cut each other 0 m x 2 0 M
whereas electric lines of force do not cut. = 4 2 2 3 / 2 = 4
(r   ) (r   2 )3 / 2
2

(D)Electric lines of force cut each other

For small magnet l < < r
whereas magnetic lines of force do not
cut.  0 M
Sol. The magnetic lines of force are in the form of B B = 4  3 along PQ
r
closed curves whereas electric lines of force
are open curves. BE 2
Note =
Hence the correct answer will be (B). BB 1

6. MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO BAR Magnetic Field

MAGNET
Ex.2 A bar magnet with its poles 25 cm apart and
(i) End-on position : In this position point lies of pole strength 24.0 A-m rests with its centre
on the axis of magnet. on a frictionless pivot. A force F is applied on
Magnetic field strength due to south pole the magnet at a distance of 12 cm from the
m pivot. So that it is held in equilibrium at an

BS = 0 . along PS angle of 30º with respect to a magnetic field
4 (r   )2 of induction 0.25 T. The value of force F is
0 m (A) 65.62 N (B) 2.56 N
due to north pole. BN = along NP
4  (r   ) 2 (C) 6.52 (D) 6.25 N
Sol. MB sin30 = F ×  distance Sol. According to tangent law
(Torque due to external M.F. = Torque due to BA = BB tan 
to applied force)
1  0 2M 0 M
0.25 × 24 × 0.25 × = F × 0.12 or 3 = 3 tan
2 4  d1 4  d1
F = 6.25 N
d1
 = (2 cot )1/3
Ex.3 A small magnet of magnetic moment 4A-m 2 d2
is placed on a deflection magnetometer in Ex.6 The force experienced by a pole of strength
tan-B position at a distance of 20 cm from 100 A-m at a distance of 0.2 m from a short
the compass needle. At what distance from magnet of length 5cm and pole strength of
compass needle should another small magnet 200A-m on its axial line will be
of moment 0.5 A-m 2 be placed such that the
(A) 2.5 × 102 N (B) 2.5 × 103 N
deflection of the needle remains zero ?
(C) 5.0 × 102 N (D) 5.0 × 103 N
0 2M
Sol. B = 4  × 3 = constant 0 2m' 
x Sol. F = mB = m
4 x3
1/ 3 1/ 3
 M2   1 
 x 2 = x1   = 20 ×   = 10 cm 10 7  2  200  0 .05  100
 M1   2x 4  =
8  10 3
Ex.4 The ratio of intensities of magnetic field, at = 2.5 x 102 N
distance x and 2x from the centre of magnet
Ex.7 A magnet 10 cm long has a pole strength of
of length 2cm on its axis, will be
12 A.m. Find the magnitude of magnetic field
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 approx strength B at a point on its axis at a distance
(C) 8 : 1 (D) 8 : 1 approx of 20 cm from it. What would be the value of
0 0 B, if the point were to lie at the same
2M 2M
Sol. B = 4 = 2 2 3/2 = 4 distance on equatorial of magnet ?
(  x ) x3
(A) 3.4 × 105 T (B) 1.4 × 105 T
3 (C) 1.7 × 105 T (D) 0.85 × 105 T
B1  x2 
 B =   = 8 : 1 approximately. Ans. (C)
2  x1 
Ex.5 Two magnets A and B are identical and these 7. POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
are arranged as shown in the figure. Their Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in magnetic
length is negligible in comparison to the field is the energy possessed by the magnet due
separation between them. A magnetic needle to its particular position.
is placed between the magnets at point P If magnetic dipole is kept at an angle  with
which gets deflected through an angle  under magnetic field then
the influence of magnets. The ratio of
The workdone by an external agent in changing
distances d1 and d2 will be
angle  to  + d is dw = (MBsin) d.
The workdone in rotating the magnet from an
angle 0 to  is


W=  MB sin  d = MB (cos0 – cos)

0

This work is stored as the potential energy of the

field magnet system. Thus
(A) (2 tan )1/3 (B) (2 tan )1/3 U ()  U (0) = MB (cos0  cos)
(C) (2 cot )1/3 (D) (2 cot )1/3
 If U (90º) = 0 8. TORQUE ON A MAGNET IN MAGNETIC FIELD
U () – 0 = MB (cos90  cos) = - MBcos
  When a bar magnet of pole strength m and
U() =  M . B magnetic length 2l is placed at an angle  with

a uniform magnetic field B .
Potential Energy of dipole

Ex.8 A magnet of moment M is lying in a magnetic

field of induction B. W 1 is the work done in
turning it from 0º to 60º and W 2 is the work
done in turning it from 30º to 90º. Then -
W1 
(A) W 2 = W 1 (B) W 2 = Force on N-pole = mB along B
2

(C) W 2 = 2W 1 (D) W 2 = 3 W2 Force on S-pole = mB opposite B
These forces are equal in magnitude and opposite
Sol. W = MB (cos1  cos2 )
in since
MB so they will form couple.
 W 1 = MB (cos 0º – cos 60º) =
2 Torque  = mB x ON = MB 2l sin  = MB sin
 
3 MB  = M x B
W 2 = MB (cos 30º – cos 90º) =
2 The direction  is perpendicular to plane
 
 W2 = 3 W 1. containing M and B , and is given by right hand
screw rule
Ex.9 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 4.0 A-m 2
is free to rotate about a vertical axis through Torque on Magnet
its centre. The magnet is released from rest
from east-west position. Kinetic energy of the Ex.11 The length of a bar magnet is 10 cm and its
magnet in north-south position will be pole strength is 103 Weber. It is placed in
(H = 25T) a magnetic field of induction 4  x 103 Tesla
(A) 102 J (B) 104 J in a direction making an angle of 30º with the
6 field direction. The value of torque acting on
(C) 10 J (D) 0
the magnet will be
Sol. Loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
(A) 2 × 107 N-m (B) 2 × 105 N-m
 Ek = Ui  Uj =  MB cos 90º  (MB cos 0º)
(C) 0.5 × 102 N-m (D) None of these
= 4 x 25 x 106 Sol.  = MB sin  = m  B sin 
= 104 J = 103 x 0.1 x 4 x 103 x 0.5
Potential Energy of Magnetic Dipole = 2 x 107 N-m

9. CURRENT LOOP AS MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Ex.10 A magnet having a magnetic moment of
1.0 × 104 J/T is free to rotate in a horizontal Consider a current loop in adjacent figure. Looking
from left we find anticlockwise current so it has
plane where a magnetic field 4 × 105 T
north polarity.
exists. Find the work done in rotating the
Similarly looking from right, current is clockwise
magnet slowly from a direction parallel to the
hence it has south polarity. So a current loop
field to a direction 60º from the field
work as magnetic dipole.
(A) 0.4 J (B) 2J
The magnetic dipole moment (M) of current loop
(C) 0.2J (D) 1J
is directly proportional to current (I) through the
Ans. (C)
loop and area (A) enclosed by the loop.
  M = I A

For N turns
M = NIA

In vector from we can write M = NIA n̂
Where n̂ in a unit vector perpendicular to the
plane of loop in the direction give by right hand
screw rule. TERMS RELATED TO EARTH'S MAGNETIC
FIELD
Current Loop (a) Geographical Meridian : Planes passing
Ex.12 A current of 1 ampere is flowing in a coil of through geographical north and south pole is
called geographical meridian and they are
10 turns and with radius 10 cm. Its magnetic
infinite in numbers.
moment will be
(b) Magnetic Meridian : Planes passing
(A) 0.314 A-m 2 (B) 3140 A-m 2 through magnetic south and north pole is
(C) 100 A-m 2 (D) 0 A-m 2 called magnetic meridian.
Sol. M = iA = R2Ni (c) Angle of Declination () : The angle
between geographical meridian and magnetic
= 3.14 x 0.01 x 10 x 1 = 0.314 Am 2 meridian is called the angle of declination
and its value lies between 15º to 18º As the
10. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO EARTH north-south axis of earth's magnet and earth's
Due to earth’s magnetic dipole, magnetic field is geographical poles do not coincide, a freely
present everywhere on earth’s surface. The axis suspended magnetic needle makes an angle
of dipole makes an angle of 11.5º with the earth’s with geographical axis. This angle between
axis of rotation. The dipole axis cuts the earth’s the axis of magnetic needle and geographical
surface at two points, one near the geographical axis is called the angle of declination.
north pole and the other near the geographical
south pole. These are called geomagnetic
northpole and geomagnetic south pole.
Earth’s is magnetic field change in magnitude
and direction both. But this change is appreciable
for longtime interval say 20 years.
The exact cause of earth’s magnetism is not yet
known. At present it seems that the field results
mainly due to circulating electric currents induced
in the molten liquid and other conducting material
inside earth.
11.ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC
FIELD
Our earth behaves in such a way that we can (d) Angle of Dip () : If a magnetic needle is
assume the existence of a powerful magnet inside pivoted on a horizontal axis through its centre
it. This magnet is so oriented that its south pole of gravity so that it is free to rotate in a
is towards earth's north pole while the north pole vertical plane only, then such a needle is
of the magnet is towards earth's south pole. known as dip needle. If dip needle is so
adjusted that its vertical plane (in which it is
 free to rotate) coincides with the magnetic Generally we consider two cases.
meridian (which is also a vertical plane), the
needle then aligns itself along the direction

of B (total magnetic field intensity of earth).

(A) When magnet is placed with its N-pole

Fig.5 towards north of earth. We get two neutral
points P and Q lying on the equatorial line of
The angle which the axis of the needle the magnet. If 2  = magnetic length,
makes with horizontal is called angle of dip. M = magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.
Thus, angle of dip at a place is defined as d = distance of each neutral point from the
the angle between the direction of the earth's centre of magnet.
magnetic field and the horizontal in the Due to magnet, magnetic field at neutral point B
magnetic meridian at that place. Angle of dip
at magnetic poles is 90º as the needle rests 0 M
=
vertically at that places and at magnetic 4  (d   2 )3 / 2
2

equator angle of dip is 0º. Let horizontal component of earth’s field = H

At neutral point B = H
(e) Horizontal component of Earth's Magnetic
field : Earth's magnetic field is not horizontal 0
 M = H (d2 + l2 )3/2
except at magnetic equator, i.e., at any 4
place, the earth's magnetic field 'B' in the (B) W hen magnet is placed its south pole
magnetic meridian can be resolved into a towards north of earth. We get two neutral
horizontal component, B H, and a vertical points P and Q lying on the axis of magnet.
component, Bv. In fig. (4) , AE represents the
total intensity of earth magnetic field &
PAE = . The resultant intensity B is N GEOG. NORTH
resolved into two rectangular components. W E H
Horizontal component, BH = AK = B cos S P
and Vertical component, Bv = AL = B sin B1
.(It is v ertically upward in southern S
hemisphere and vertically downward in
northern hemisphere)
H
Q
 B = BH2  B v 2 and tan = Bv/BH
(i) At poles, BH = 0 EARTH'S B1
FIELD GEOG. SOUTH
(ii) At equator, Bv = 0

12. NEUTRAL POINT At neutral point B = H

The point at which the horizontal component of 0 2md
magnetic field due to a magnet is equal and = H
4  ( d2   2 )
opposite to the earth’s horizontal magnetic field
is called neutral point because net horizontal
4H (d2   2 )
component of magnetic field is zero at that point. m =
2 0 d
 As we see when we rotate magnet by 180º,
Bv Bv
neutral point is rotated by 90º. Similarly if we Sol. tan = B =
rotate magnet by angle , neutral point will H 3 Bv
rotate by an angle /2.
1
Neutral Point = = tan 30º  = 30º (4)
3
Ex.13 A short bar magnet is placed with its north
pole pointing south. The neutral point is 10 14.TANGENT GALVANOMETER (Moving Magnet
cm away from the centre of the magnet. If
Type Galvanometer)
H = 0.4 gauss, calculate magnetic moment
of the magnet. This is based on tangent law. It is used for
(A) 2 Am 2 (B) 1A m 2 detention and measurement of low electric
(C) 0.1 A m2 (D) 0.2 Am 2 currents.
Sol. Here, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m , If galvanometer has coil in which, n is the number
H = 0.4 gauss = 0.4 x 104 T of turns, r is radius of soild and 0 magnetic
M = ? permittivity of free space.
Neutral points in this case, lie on axial line
of magnet, such that
 0 2M
= H
4  d3
2M
 107 x = 0.4 x 104
(0.1)3
M = 0.2 A m2
13. TANGENT LAW
When a magnet (e.g. a compass needle) is
placed under the combination of two perpendicular
magnetic fields of intensities V and H. Let the
magnet make an angle  with H at equilibrium
position then
V = H tan 

Then magnetic field intensity due to coil

0 2n
B =
4 r
This field will be perpendicular to the horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field so B = H
tan 
 0 2n
= H tan 
4 r
Tangent Law  = K tan 

2rH
Ex.14 At any place on earth, the horizontal K= is a constant for a galvanometer.
component of earth’s magnetic field is  0n

3 times the vertical component. The angle It is called reduction factor of galvanometer.
of dip at that place will be
(A) 60º (B) 45º
(C) 90º (D) 30º
 Uses :
Tangent Galvanometer
(A) To compare of horizontal component of
Ex.15 The radius of the coil of a tangent earth’s magnetic field at two places, horizontal
galvanometer is 16 cm. How many turns of component of earth’s magnetic field be H1
the wire should be used if a current of 40 m
and H2 and time perior of oscillation T1 andT2
A is to produced a deflection of 45º. given,
respectively.
horizontal component of earth’s field is
0.36 × 104 T. H2 T12
(A) 458 (B) 229 Then = 2
H1 T2
(C) 200 (D) 115
Sol. Here , r = 16 cm = 0.16 m , n ? (B) To compare magnetic moments of two
magnets of same size and same mass
I = 40 mA = 40 × 103 A,
 = 45º H = 0.36 × 104 T M2 T12
M1
= 2
 0nI T2
As = H tan 
2r
(C) To determine the magnetic moment of a
2r H tan magnet
 n =  0I
I
2 x 0.16 x 0.36 x 10 4 tan 45º T = 2
= , MH
4 x 10 7 x ( 40 x 10 3 )
n = 229 If mass, length and breadth of magnet are
m ( 2  b 2 )
m1l and b respectively then I = .
12
15. OSCILLATION MAGNETOMETER If H is known, M can be calculated
When a magnet is suspended freely in a uniform (D) To compare the magnetic moments of two
magnetic field, using an unspun thread, it comes magnets of unequal size and masses. When
to rest in a direction NS parallel to the direction north pole of two magnets are in same
of the field. If this magnet is slightly deflected direction, Then
from its equilibrium position and left, magnet
begins to vibrate simple harmonically about the I1  I 2
direction of field and its mean position. Time period T1 = 2 (M1  M2 )H ................(1)
The time period of T of vibration is given by
H
T

reference and when they are in opposite direction.

line
I1  I 2
mirror Time period T2 = 2 (M1  M2 ) H ................(2)

I
T = 2
MH
where, I = moment of inertia of magnetic about
the suspension fibre as the axis of rotation,
M = magnetic moment of the magnet,
H = intensity of uniform magnetic field M1 T22  T12
By equation (1) and (2) M = 2
2 T2  T12
 Oscillation Magnetometer I m  2 / 12
Sol. T = 2 = 2 mp  B
MB
Ex.16 The period of oscillation of a freely suspended or T ml
bar magnet is 4 second. If it is cut into two 1/ 2
m
equal parts length wise then the time period  
T'  n n
of each part will be =  
T  m 
(A) 4 sec. (B) 2 sec.  
(C) 0.5 sec (D) 0.25 sec T
or T’ =
n
I m 2
Sol. T = 2 = 2 12  m p B
= 4 sec
MB 16. SOME TERMS RELATED TO MAGNETISM
(A) Magnetic permeability : It is the ability of
material to permit the passage of magnetic
m 2 lines through it. If it denoted by . Its unit is

2 weber/ammeter.
T’ = 2 mp = 4 sec Relative magnetic permeability (r), is a factor
12  B
2 by which the magnetic field B is increased
when a material is brought in the field. r is
Ex.17 The length , breadth and mass of two bar unitless.
magnets are same but their magnetic moments 
are 3M and 2M respectively. These are joined r =  = 1 + 
0
pole to pole and are suspended by a string.
where 0 is permeability of vaccum and  is
When oscillated in a magnetic field of strength
susceptibly of material.
B, the time period obtained is 5s. If the poles
(B) Intensity of magnetization (I) : It is defined
of either of the magnets are reverse then the
as magnetic moment per unit volume.
time period of the combination in the same 
magnetic field will be –  magnetic moment m
I = volume
=
V
(A) 3 3 s (B) 2 2 s
m 2m  m
(C) 5 5 s (D) 1s I = = A (2 ) =
V A

1 For bar magnet of pole strength m, length x

I
Sol. T = 2 or T  and area of cross-section A.
MB M
(C) Magnetic susceptibility : For paramagnetic
and diamagnetic substances, the intensity of
T1 3M  2M 
= or T2 = 5 5 s magnetization ( I ) of a material is directly
T2 3M  2M 
proportional to magnetic in intensity ( H )
Ex.18 A thin magnetic needle oscillates in a
 
Thus I =  H
horizontal plane with a period T. It is broken The proportionality content  is called
into n equals parts. The time period of each susceptibility. It is a dimensionless quantity.
part will be For vaccum  = 0.
T Note : r = 1 +  (in M.K.S. system)
(A) T (B) 2
n r = 1 + 4 (in C.G.S system)
(D) Magnetic Intensity : The actual magnetic
T
(C) Tn2 (D) field inside the material is the sum of the
n applied magnetic field and magnetic field due
to magnetization.
  
 B B Magnetization
Hence H = 0  I = 
Ex.22 A bar magnet made of steel has a magnetic

where B is the resultant magnetic field, and moment of 2.5 A-m 2 and a mass of

 permeability of the material and I intensity 6.6 × 103 kg. If the density of steel is
 7.9 × 10 9 kg/m 3 , find the intensity of
of magnetization. The quantity H is called
magnetization of the magnet.
magnetic field intensity or magnetizing field
Sol. The volume of the bar magnet is
intensity. Unit of it is ampere/meter.
mass 6 .6 10 3 kg
Magnetic Susceptibility V = =
density 7.9  10 3 kg / m 3

Ex.19 The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic = 8.3 x 107 m 3 .

substance is 3 × 104 . It is placed in a The intensity of magnetization is
magnetising field of 4 × 104 amp/m. The
M 2.5 A  m 2
intensity of magnetisation will be I= = = 3.0 × 106 A/m
V 8 .3  10 7 m 2
(A) 3 × 108 A/m (B) 12 × 108 A/m
(C) 12 A/m (D) 24 A/m 17. MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF ATOM
Sol. I = XH = 3 × 10-4 × 4 x 103 = 12 A/m
If an electron having charge e is revoling in an
orbit of radius r having uniform angular velocity .
Magnetic Intensity Then
Magnetic moment of atom contributed by the
Ex.20 The horizontal component of flux density of 1
earth’s magnetic field is 1.7 × 105 tesla. electron M = e  r2 and magnetic f ield
2
The value of horizontal component of intensity
of earth’s magnetic field will be ? eh
B = = 9.27 x 1024 . ampere meter2
4m
(A) 24.5 A/m (B) 13.5 A/m
(C) 0.135 a/m (D) 1.35 A/m If source as the unit of atomic magnetic dipole
moment. Where h is plank’s constant.
B 1.7 x 10 5 Wb / m 2
Sol. H=  = = 13.5 A/m
0 4 x 10 7 Wb / A  m 18. MOLECULAR / AT OMIC T HEORY OF
Hence the correct answer will be (B). MAGNETIZATION
According to this theory
Magnetic Permeability (i) Every molecule/atom of a magnetic substance
has north pole as well as south pole of equal
Ex.21 A magnetising field of 2 × 103 amp/m strength, so it is a magnetic dipole.
produces a magnetic flux density of 8 Tesla (ii) In unmagnetized condition, atomic dipoles are
in an iron rod. The relative permeability of the randomly oriented and they cancel dipole
rod will be moment of one another.
(A) 102 (B) 100 (iii) After applying magnetic field, atomic dipoles
(C) 104 (D) 101 align in its direction.

 B (iv) Extent of magnetization depends on extent

Sol.   r = = of realignment of the molecular dipoles.
0 H 0
(v) On heating magnetization reduces or vanish
8 completely.
or r = = 104
2 x 10 x 4 x 10 7
3
On the basis of this theory magnetic
materials are classified into three categories
(a) Paramagnetic substances : Ev ery 19. HYSTERESIS
molecules / atoms of these substances has
As shown in adjacent curve, as we change field
its own dipole moment. When we place such
intensity, magnetization changes.
substances in magnetic field tries to align
In the beginning , the field is zero and sample
every individual molecule / atom in its direction
has no magnetization, this is corresponding to
e.g. chromium, CuSO4 , crown glass, point O.
aluminimium, platinum, manganese, solution
of salts of iron and nickel are paramagnetic
substances.
Permeability of paramagnetic substance is
greater than unity. Susceptibility of
paramagnetic substances varies inversely to
the temperature of substance.
(b) Diamagnetic substances : Molecules /
atoms of this type of substances do not have
dipole moment individually. When they are As we increase field intensity, magnetization point
A corresponds to saturation magnetization. As
kept in any magnetic field, magnetic moment
value of and direction of field intensity varies,
induces but it is in opposite direction to the
magnetization along path ACDEFGA is followed.
applied magnetic field. e.g. copper, gold,
Hence as field intensity increased or decreased,
mercury , quart, antimony and Bismoth etc. magnetization does not return to its initial value.
Permeability of diamagnetic substances is This fact is called hysteresis. The curve ACDEFGA
always less than unity. is called hysteresis loop. This are of the hysteresis
Susceptibility of diamagnetic substances loop is proportional to the thermal energy developed
does not change with temperature. per unit volume of the material as it goes through
the hysteresis cycle.
(c) Ferromagnetic substances : In these
Hysteresis loop for soft iron is narrow and large,
substance each individual atom/molecule has
whereas hysteresis loop for steel is wide and short.
magnetic moment. They hav e strong
tendency to align themselves so they make Hysteresis
domain. In a domain, a large no. of atoms/
molecules align in same direction. Ex.23 The mass of a speciment of a ferromagnetic
Different domains have different directions of material is 0.6 kg. and its density is
magnetic moment hence, the material 7.8 x 103 kg/m 3. If the area of hysteresis
remains un magnetized. loop of alternating magnetising field of
frequency 50Hz is 0.722 MKS units then the
W hen a magnetic field is applied, the hysteresis loss per second will be –
domains which are aligned along the direction
(A) 277.7 × 105 Joule
of the field grown in size and those opposite
to it get reduced. iron nickel and cobalt etc. (B) 277.7 × 106 Joule
are examples of such materials. (C) 277.7 × 104 Joule
(D) 277.7 × 104 Joule
B

Unmagnetized Domain-growing

Domain-alignment
Sol. W H = VAft

m
= Aft
d

0.6
or W H = x 0.722 x 50
7.8  10 3
= 277.7 x 105 Joule

20. CURIE LAW

According to this law, intensity of magnetization
(I) of a magnetic material is directly proportional
to magnetic induction (B) and inv ersely
proportional to the temperature of magnetic
material.

B
I
T
we know B  H

I 1
So 
H T

I C
=  =
H T
where  is susceptibility of material and C is a
constant called curie constant.

The variation of I with graph it is clear that

saturation is reached when H/T exceeds a certain
limit. Magnetic thermometers are based on curie
law and filled with paramagnetism substance (e).