MAGNETISM

INTRODUCTION

In nature, first time iron ore was found which had a property to attack small pieces of iron, nickel and cobalt
etc. And this property of attracting small pieces of material such as iron, nickel and cobalt etc. by a piece
of material is called magnetism.
There are two types of magnets. One which are found in nature are called natural magnets. These are of
distorted shape.
Second which are artificially manufactured are called artificial magnets. These are of defined shape and size
i.e. bar magnets.

BAR MAGNET
A system composed of two poles, equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity, placed at a small displacement apart
is known as a bar magnet. It is also known as a magnetic dipole.

+mp –mp N S

N S

(a) (b)

BASIC PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

1. A magnet attracts magnetic substances such as nickel, cobalt, iron etc.

2. When a magnet is suspended with the help of unspum thread, its two end, which are called poles come
to rest in north south direction.
3. Poles exists always in pair and having equal strength i.e. magnetic monopoles do not exist.
4. Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.
5. North and south pole of magnet are a little inwards from geometrical end. The magnetic length of magnet
is about 0.84 times the geometrical length.
6. The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to product of pole
strengths (m1, m2) and inversely proportional to square of distance (r) between their centres

m1m2
F 
r2

 0 m1m2
F =
4 r 2

0
= 1 in CGS units
4

= 107 wbA1m1
where 0 is absolute permeability of free space.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 1 

 MAGNETIC DIPOLE AND It’s MOMENT
It has two unlike poles of equal strength separated by a definite small distance.

Unit of pole strength is ampere meter or Newton/Tesla. Magnetic dipole moment ( M ) is defined as the product

of pole strength denoted by m and distance between the two poles, called magnetic length, represented by 2 

 
M = m (2  )
It is a vector quantity and its direction is from south to north pole.
Its unit is ampere meter2 or Joule/Tesla
MAGNETIC FIELD
(a) The space around a magnet in which a torque acts on a magnetic needle is known as magnetic field.
(b) The space around a magnet in which a net force acts on a magnetic test pole is known as magnetic field.
(c) The space around a magnet in which its effect is experienced is known as magnetic field.
(d) There are four types of magnetic field :
(i) Uniform magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, in which the intensity of magnetic field is same at all points,
is known as uniform magnetic field.
(b) In such a magnetic field the magnetic lines of force are parallel and equidistant. e.g. the magnetic dines of force of
earth’s magnetic field.
(ii) Non-uniform magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, in which the intensity of magnetic field at different
points is different, is known as non-uniform magnetic field.
(b) It is represented by non-parallel lines of force.
(iii) Varying magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field, which keeps on changing with respect to time is known
as a variable magnetic field.
(b) Example :– B = B0 sin  t or B = B0 cos  t
(iv) Non-varying magnetic field: (a) The magnetic field which does not change with time is known as a con-
stant magnetic field.
(b) The direction of magnetic field is that in which a force acts on a unit test pole.
(c) It can be produced by moving charges, current carrying loops, and variations in electric currents.

F F
N S

B B

MAGNETIC LINE OF FORCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

As electric field lines of forces we also have imaginary magnetic field lines to represent magnetic field in any
region. These are closed lines when electric field lines are open lines.

To draw magnetic lines we use a magnetic dipole i.e. small compose needle.
The direction of magnetic field at a point is same as direction of tangent at the point.
PROPERTIES :
1. No two magnetic lines can cut each other.
2. These are closed lines whose direction outside magnet is from north to south pole and inside from south
to north pole.
3. Tangent at a point of magnetic line give direction of field at that point.
4. Crowding of magnetic lines of force represent stronger magnetic field.
5. There is always tension in magnetic field line and repulsion between two lines.
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 2 
 MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO BAR MAGNET
(i) End-on position : In this position point lies on the axis of magnet.
Magnetic field strength due to south pole
0 m
BS = . along PS
4 (r   )2
0 m
due to north pole. BN = along NP
4  (r   ) 2
Net magnetic field strength at P

B1 = BN  B S along NP

0 m 4 r 0 2Mr
= 4 2 2 2 = 4 along NP.
(r   ) (r   2 )
2

For small magnet l < < r.

  0 2M
So BE = 4  3 along NP.
r
(ii) Broad - side - on - position :
When point lies on equatorial line of magnet.
Magnetic field strength at point P.
Due to north pole
0 m
BN = 4  × 2 along NP
(r   2 )
Due to south pole

0 m
BS = 4 × along PS
(  r 2 )
2

N
P r 2l
 
S
Net magnetic field

0 m
BB = 2 4  × (  2  r 2 ) cos  along PS

0 m x 2 0 M
= 4 2 2 3 / 2 = 4
(r   ) (r   2 )3 / 2
2

For small magnet l < < r

 0 M
BB = 4  3 along PQ
r
BE 2
Note =
BB 1

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 3 

 MAGNETIC FLUX

(a) The number of lines of force passing through a given area is defined as magnetic flux.
(b) The magnetic flux passing through unit normal area is defined as magnetic induction (B).
(c) When the magnetic field is normal to the plane then  = BA, when A = 1m2 then  = B.

B
n̂
A Normal to
surface

Vibrative lines
Of force
Surface

(d) When magnetic field makes an angle  with the normal to the plane :
(i) Magnetic flux linked with the plane = Area of the plane
(A) × Component of magnetic field normal to the plane (B cos )
i.e.  = AB cos  If the number of turns in the coil is N. then  = NAB cos 

B


Bc
os

A B
 n̂
Bcos or

A
(ii)  = magnetic field normal to the plane (B) × component of A in the direction of magnetic field (A cos )
i.e.  = BA cos 

A

Ac
os


B

In both cases q is the angle between B and nˆ .
 
(iii) When B and A are mutually parallel then  = 0o and  = BA.
 
(iv) When B and A are mutually perpendicular,  = 90o and  = 0.
 
(v) When B and A are antiparallel, then  = 180o and  = BA.
(e) When the angle between B and the plane of coil is  then  = BA sin .
If the number of turns in the coil is N then  = NBA sin .

O B sin
n̂ 180o
A

B

B cos

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 4 

 
(i) When the plane of coil is parallel to B then  = 0o and  = 0.

(ii) When B and the plane of coil are mutually perpendicular i.e.  = 90, then  = BA.

(iii) When B and the plane of coil are mutually antiparallel i.e.  = 180o, then  = 0.
 
(f) Magnetic flux linked with a small surface element dA d  B.d A  B dA cos 

where d A = area of small element.

n̂ = unit normal vector..


DA B


n̂

(g) The flux linked with total area of the surface A

 
   d   B.dA   B dA cos 

(h) Positive magnetic flux: When the magnetic induction B and the unit normal vector n̂ are in the same direc-
tion then  is called the positive magnetic flux.

B

A
 = BA

(i) Negative magnetic flux: When the magnetic induction B and unit normal vector are mutually in opposite
directions then  is called negative magnetic flux

 = – BA
(j) The flux emanating out of a surface is positive and the flux entering the surface is negative.
(k)  is a scalar quantity.
(l) The net magnetic flux coming out of a closed surface is always zero, i.e.

  B.dA  0
A

 
or .B  0

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 5 

 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY OR MAGNETIC INDUCTION
(a) The magnetic lines of force passing through unit normal area in a magnetic field is defined as magnetic induction.


(b) B when A  1m.2 then B  
A


F

B


L
i

(c) Direction of magnetic induction: The direction in the magnetic field in which if a current carrying conductor is
placed then no force acts on it, is known as the direction of magnetic induction.
(d) Magnetic induction is a vector quantity.
(e) The magnetic induction due to a bar magnet

2KM
(i) In axial position B 
r3

KM
(ii) In equatorial position B 
r3

0
Here K   107 Weber / A.m
4

MAGNETISING FIELD OR INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD H

(a) The ratio of magnetic induction produced in vacum (Bo) and magnetic permeability of vacuum is defined as
Bo
magnetising field (H), i.e. H 
o

mp
(b) The intensity of magnetic field due to a pole of strength mp at a distance r from it is H 
r 2

M
(c) Due to a small magnet H = 3
1  3 cos2 
r

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 6 

 MAGNETIC MOMENT (M)
(a) If a magnet of length l and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a semicircular are then its new magnetic
2M
moment will be M’ =


mp mp l = r

N S

N S N 2r S

M = mpI

B
(b) The magnetic moment of an electron due to its orbital motion is 1B whereas that due to its spin motion it is .
2
 eh   eh 
i.e. Morbital = l   
 4ml   2ml 
 eh   eh  B
and Mspin = s    s   sB 
 4ms   2ms  2
Here B = Bohr magneton
eh
(i) The value of Bohr magneton B =
4m
(ii) B = 0.93 × 10–23 Amp-m2

(c) Other formulae of M:

(i) M = nir2
eVr er 2  er 2 2f er 2 
(ii) M   
2 2 2 T
e
(iii)
2mJ
(iv) M = nB

(d) Resultant magnetic moment :

(i) When two bar magnets are lying mutually perpendicular to each other, then
M  M12  M22  2mpl

–mp S
l
mp N

S l N
M1
–mp mp

M2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 7 

(ii) When two coils, each of radius r and carrying current i, are lying concentrically with their planes at right angles to
each other, then

M  M12  M22  2ir 2 if M1 = M2

M2

O M1
r

INTENSITY OF MAGNETISATION (I)

M
(a) The magnetic moment per unit volume of a material is defined as intensity of magnetisation (I). i.e. I = , when
V
V = 1m3 then I = M.
(b) The unit of intensity of magnetisation is ampere/meter and its dimensions are M0L–1T0A1
mp
(c) The pole strength per unit area of cross-section is defined as intensity of magnetisation. i.e. I  when A = 1m2
A
then A=1m2 then I = mp
(d) It is a vector quantity whose direction is along the magnetic field.
(e) In para- and ferro-magnetic materials its direction is in the direction of H and in dia-magnetic materials it is
opposite to that of H.
(f) I is produced in materials due to spin motion of electrons.
(g) The value of I and its direction in a material depend on the nature of that material.
(h) I - M curve
(i) For para magnetic materials

I
Para

(ii) For diamagnetic materials

dia

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 8 

 (iii) For ferromagnetic materials

Ferro

(i) I - H curve

Ferromagnetic
I

Diamagnetic

(j) Its value depends on temperature.

(k) It is produced on account of induction in a material.

(l) For low magnetising field I  H. i.e. I  H or I = Ht

(m)  is a dimensionless constant i.e. it carries no unit.

(n) Other types of intensity of magnetisation:

(i) Mass intensity of magnetisation (Imass)-
Intensity of magnetisation 1
Imass orIm  
density of magnetic material 
(ii) Molar intensity of magnetisation-
Imolar = IMW = Mo. Wt.× mass intensity of magnetisation = MW × Im
(iii) Molecular intensity of magnetisation-

Molar int ensity of magnetisation IMW

Imolecular  IM  
Avogadro No. N

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 9 

 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR ( OR K)
(a) The ratio intensity of magnetisation (I) in a material and the magnetising field (H) is defined as magnetic susceptibil-
ity ().
I
i.e.  
H
When H = 1 Oersted then  = I.
(b) The intensity of magnetisation induced in a material by unit magnetising field is defined as magnetic susceptibility.
(c) It has no unit and no dimensions.
(d) It is a measure of ease with which a material can be magnetised by a magnetised by a magnetising field (H).
(e) Magnetic susceptibility of various materials-
(i) For diamagnetic materials –  = low and negative
(ii) For paramagnetic materials –  = low but positive
(iii) For ferromagnetic materials –  = high and positive
I
(f) For paramagnetic substances it is inversely proportional to temperature i.e.  
T
(g) For low magnetising field the value of  is constant.
(h) Different types of magnetic susceptibility-
(i) Volume susceptibility
I
V  X
H
(ii) Mass or specific susceptibility m

 v Volume susceptibility
m  
 density of meterial
(iii) Molar susceptibility MW
MW = m × MW
 = Specific susceptibility × Mol. Wt.
(iv) Molecular susceptibility m
m = Atomic wt. × specific susceptibility
AI
= A m 
H
(i) –T curve
1
(j) – :
T

 

(a) T (b) T– 1

For paramagnetic substances For paramagnetic substances

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 10 
 ABSOLUTE MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY ()

(a) The ratio of magnetic induction (B) to magnetising field (H) is defined as magnetic permeability ().
(b) The extent to which magnetic permeability of that medium.
(c) It is the characteristic property of a magnetic material because it represents the amplification of magnetising field in
that material.
(d) Its value is always positive and is different for different materials.
(e) For materials its value can be greater or less than 0.
(f) Its value depends on H and T.
(h)  = 0 [1 + ]
(i)  = 0r
(j) (i) For feeromagnetic materials  = high
(ii) For paramagnetic materials  = low
(iii) For diamagnetic materials  = very low
(k) The unit of magnetic permeability is Weber per ammere-meter or Henry per meter and its dimensions are M1L0T–2A–2.

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY ( R)
(a) The ratio of magnetic permeability of medium () to the magnetic permeabiliy of free space (0) is defined as

relative permeability (r). i.e. r 
0
Number of lines of force passin g throughunit area in medium
(b) r 
Number of lines of force pas sin g throughunit area in vacuum
magnetic flux density in medium
(c) r 
Magnetic flux density in vacuum
(d) The limit unto which a magnetic field penetrates matter, is known as relative permeability of that material.
(e) It has no unit and no dimensions.
(f) r = 1 + 
(g) Relative permeability of various substances-
(i) For diamagnetic substances the value of r is slightly less than one i.e. r < 1.
(ii) For paramagnetic substances the value of r is slightly greater than one i.e. r > 1.
(iii) For ferromagnetic substance the value of r is much greater than one i.e. r >> 1.

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in magnetic field is the energy possessed by the magnet due to
its particular position.
If magnetic dipole is kept at an angle  with magnetic field then
The workdone by an external agent in changing angle  to  + d is dw = (MBsin) d.
The workdone in rotating the magnet from an angle 0 to  is


W =  MB sin  d = MB (cos0 – cos)

0

This work is stored as the potential energy of the field magnet system. Thus
U ()  U (0) = MB (cos0  cos)
If U (90º) = 0
U () – 0 = MB (cos90  cos) = - MBcos
 
U() =  M . B

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 11 
 TORQUE ON A MAGNET IN MAGNETIC FIELD
When a bar magnet of pole strength m and magnetic length 2l is placed at an angle  with a uniform

magnetic field B .


Force on N-pole = mB along B

Force on S-pole = mB opposite B
These forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in since
so they will form couple.
Torque  = mB x ON = MB 2l sin  = MB sin
 
= M x B
 
The direction  is perpendicular to plane containing M and B , and is given by right hand screw rule

CURRENT LOOP AS MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Consider a current loop in adjacent figure. Looking from left we find anticlockwise current so it has north
polarity.
Similarly looking from right, current is clockwise hence it has south polarity. So a current loop work as
magnetic dipole.
The magnetic dipole moment (M) of current loop is directly proportional to current (I) through the loop and
area (A) enclosed by the loop.
 M = I A

For N turns
M = NIA

In vector from we can write M = NIA n̂
Where n̂ in a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of loop in the direction give by right hand screw rule.

MAGNETIC BEHAVIOUR OF ATOM

If an electron having charge e is revoling in an orbit of radius r having uniform angular velocity . Then
1
Magnetic moment of atom contributed by the electron M = e  r2 and magnetic field
2
eh
B= = 9.27 x 1024 . ampere meter 2
4m
If source as the unit of atomic magnetic dipole moment. Where h is plank’s constant.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 12 
 MOLECULAR / ATOMIC THEORY OF MAGNETIZATION
According to this theory
(i) Every molecule/atom of a magnetic substance has north pole as well as south pole of equal strength, so
it is a magnetic dipole.
(ii) In unmagnetized condition, atomic dipoles are randomly oriented and they cancel dipole moment of one another.
(iii) After applying magnetic field, atomic dipoles align in its direction.
(iv) Extent of magnetization depends on extent of realignment of the molecular dipoles.
(v) On heating magnetization reduces or vanish completely.
On the basis of this theory magnetic materials are classified into three categories
(a) Paramagnetic substances : Every molecules / atoms of these substances has its own dipole moment.
When we place such substances in magnetic field tries to align every individual molecule / atom in its direction
e.g. chromium, CuSO4 , crown glass, aluminimium, platinum, manganese, solution of salts of iron and nickel
are paramagnetic substances.
Permeability of paramagnetic substance is greater than unity. Susceptibility of paramagnetic substances varies
inversely to the temperature of substance.
(b) Diamagnetic substances : Molecules / atoms of this type of substances do not have dipole moment
individually. When they are kept in any magnetic field, magnetic moment induces but it is in opposite direction
to the applied magnetic field. e.g. copper, gold, mercury , quart, antimony and Bismoth etc.
Permeability of diamagnetic substances is always less than unity.
Susceptibility of diamagnetic substances does not change with temperature.
(c) Ferromagnetic substances : In these substance each individual atom/molecule has magnetic moment.
They have strong tendency to align themselves so they make domain. In a domain, a large no. of atoms/
molecules align in same direction.
Different domains have different directions of magnetic moment hence, the material remains un magnetized.
When a magnetic field is applied, the domains which are aligned along the direction of the field grown in size
and those opposite to it get reduced. iron nickel and cobalt etc. are examples of such materials.

B B

Unmagnetized Domain-growing Domain-alignment

HYSTERESIS :
As shown in adjacent curve, as we change field intensity, magnetization changes.
In the beginning , the field is zero and sample has no magnetization, this is corresponding to point O.

As we increase field intensity, magnetization point A corresponds to saturation magnetization. As value of and
direction of field intensity varies, magnetization along path ACDEFGA is followed.
Hence as field intensity increased or decreased, magnetization does not return to its initial value. This fact is called
hysteresis. The curve ACDEFGA is called hysteresis loop. This are of the hysteresis loop is proportional to the
thermal energy developed per unit volume of the material as it goes through the hysteresis cycle.
Hysteresis loop for soft iron is narrow and large, whereas hysteresis loop for steel is wide and short.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 13 
BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 14 
 CURIE LAW
According to this law, intensity of magnetization (I) of a magnetic material is directly proportional to magnetic
induction (B) and inversely proportional to the temperature of magnetic material.
B
I 
T
we know B  H
I 1 I C
So  ; =  =
H T H T
where  is susceptibility of material and C is a constant called curie constant.
The variation of I with graph it is clear that saturation is reached when H/T exceeds a certain limit. Magnetic
thermometers are based on curie law and filled with paramagnetism substance (e).

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 15 
 CURIE TEMPERATURE (TC)

(i) The temperature above which a ferromagnetic material behaves like a paramagnetic material is defined as curie
temperature (TC).

(ii) The minimum temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance is converted into paramagnetic substance is
defined as curie temperature.

(iii) For various ferromagnetic materials its values are different. e.g. for Ni TCNi  358C

for Fe TCFe  770C

for CO TCCO  1120C

(iv) At this temperature the ferromagnetism of the substances suddenly vanishes.

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO EARTH

Due to earth’s magnetic dipole, magnetic field is present everywhere on earth’s surface. The axis of dipole
makes an angle of 11.5º with the earth’s axis of rotation. The dipole axis cuts the earth’s surface at two
points, one near the geographical north pole and the other near the geographical south pole. These are called
geomagnetic northpole and geomagnetic south pole.

Earth’s is magnetic field change in magnitude and direction both. But this change is appreciable for longtime
interval say 20 years.

The exact cause of earth’s magnetism is not yet known. At present it seems that the field results mainly due
to circulating electric currents induced in the molten liquid and other conducting material inside earth.

ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD

Our earth behaves in such a way that we can assume the existence of a powerful magnet inside it. This magnet
is so oriented that its south pole is towards earth's north pole while the north pole of the magnet is towards
earth's south pole.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 16 
 TERMS RELATED TO EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD

(a) Geographical Meridian : Planes passing through geographical north and south pole is called geographical
meridian and they are infinite in numbers.
(b) Magnetic Meridian : Planes passing through magnetic south and north pole is called magnetic meridian.
(c) Angle of Declination () : The angle between geographical meridian and magnetic meridian is called
the angle of declination and its value lies between 15º to 18º As the north-south axis of earth's magnet and
earth's geographical poles do not coincide, a freely suspended magnetic needle makes an angle with geographical
axis. This angle between the axis of magnetic needle and geographical axis is called the angle of declination.

(d) Angle of Dip () : If a magnetic needle is pivoted on a horizontal axis through its centre of gravity so
that it is free to rotate in a vertical plane only, then such a needle is known as dip needle. If dip needle
is so adjusted that its vertical plane (in which it is free to rotate) coincides with the magnetic meridian (which

is also a vertical plane), the needle then aligns itself along the direction of B (total magnetic field intensity
of earth).

The angle which the axis of the needle makes with horizontal is called angle of dip.
Thus, angle of dip at a place is defined as the angle between the direction of the earth's magnetic field and
the horizontal in the magnetic meridian at that place. Angle of dip at magnetic poles is 90º as the needle
rests vertically at that places and at magnetic equator angle of dip is 0º.

(e) Horizontal component of Earth's Magnetic field : Earth's magnetic field is not horizontal except at
magnetic equator, i.e., at any place, the earth's magnetic field 'B' in the magnetic meridian can be resolved
into a horizontal component, BH, and a vertical component, Bv.In fig. (4) , AE represents the total intensity
of earth magnetic field & PAE = . The resultant intensity B is resolved into two rectangular components.
Horizontal component, BH = AK = B cos and Vertical component, Bv = AL = B sin .(It is vertically
upward in southern hemisphere and vertically downward in northern hemisphere)

 B = BH2  B v 2 and tan = Bv/B H

(i) At poles, BH = 0
(ii) At equator, Bv = 0

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 17 
 NEUTRAL POINT
The point at which the horizontal component of magnetic field due to a magnet is equal and opposite to the
earth’s horizontal magnetic field is called neutral point because net horizontal component of magnetic field
is zero at that point.
Generally we consider two cases

(A) When magnet is placed with its N-pole towards north of earth. We get two neutral points P and Q lying
on the equatorial line of the magnet. If 2 = magnetic length, M = magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.
d = distance of each neutral point from the centre of magnet.

0 M
Due to magnet, magnetic field at neutral point B =
4  ( d2   2 ) 3 / 2
Let horizontal component of earth’s field = H
At neutral point B = H
0
M = H (d2 + l2)3/2
4
(B) When magnet is placed its south pole towards north of earth. We get two neutral points P and Q lying
on the axis of magnet.

N GEOG. NORTH
W E H
S P
B1
S

H
Q

EARTH'S B1
FIELD GEOG. SOUTH

At neutral point B = H

0 2md
= H
4  ( d2   2 )

4H (d2   2 )
m =
2 0 d
As we see when we rotate magnet by 180º, neutral point is rotated by 90º. Similarly if we rotate magnet by
angle , neutral point will rotate by an angle /2.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 18 
 TANGENT LAW
When a magnet (e.g. a compass needle) is placed under the combination of two perpendicular magnetic fields
of intensities V and H. Let the magnet make an angle  with H at equilibrium position then
V = H tan 

TANGENT GALVANOMETER (Moving Magnet Type Galvanometer)

This is based on tangent law. It is used for detention and measurement of low electric currents.
If galvanometer has coil in which, n is the number of turns, r is radius of soild and 0 magnetic permittivity
of free space.

Then magnetic field intensity due to coil

0 2n
B =
4 r
This field will be perpendicular to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field so B = H tan 
0 2n
= H tan 
4 r
 = K tan 

2rH
K= is a constant for a galvanometer. It is called reduction factor of galvanometer.
 0n

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 19 
 OSCILLATION MAGNETOMETER
When a magnet is suspended freely in a uniform magnetic field, using an unspun thread, it comes to rest in
a direction NS parallel to the direction of the field. If this magnet is slightly deflected from its equilibrium position
and left, magnet begins to vibrate simple harmonically about the direction of field and its mean position.
The time period of T of vibration is given by
H
T

reference
line

mirror

I
T = 2
MH
where, I = moment of inertia of magnetic about the suspension fibre as the axis of rotation,
M = magnetic moment of the magnet,
H = intensity of uniform magnetic field
Uses : (A) To compare of horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at two places, horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field be H1 and H2 and time perior of oscillation T1 andT2 respectively.

H2 T12
Then H = 2
1 T2
(B) To compare magnetic moments of two magnets of same size and same mass

M2 T12
=
M1 T22
(C) To determine the magnetic moment of a magnet
I
T = 2
MH
m ( 2  b 2 )
If mass, length and breadth of magnet are m1l and b respectively then I = . If H is known, M
12
can be calculated
(D) To compare the magnetic moments of two magnets of unequal size and masses. When north pole of two
magnets are in same direction, Then
I1  I 2
Time period T1 = 2 (M1  M2 )H ................(1)

and when they are in opposite direction.

I1  I 2
Time period T2 = 2 (M1  M2 ) H ................(2)

M1 T22  T12
By equation (1) and (2) = 2
M2 T2  T12

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 20 
 SOLVED EXAMPLE

1. The main difference between electriclines of force and magnetic lines of force is

(A) Electric lines of force are closed curves whereas magnetic lines of force are open curves.

(B) Electric lines of force are open curves whereas magnetic lines of force are closed curves.

(C) Magnetic lines of force cut each other whereas electric lines of force do not cut.

(D) Electric lines of force cut each other whereas magnetic lines of force do not cut.

Sol. The magnetic lines of force are in the form of closed curves whereas electric lines of force are open curves.
Hence the correct answer will be (B).

2. A bar magnet with its poles 25 cm apart and of pole strength 24.0 A-m rests with its centre on a frictionless
pivot. A force F is applied on the magnet at a distance of 12 cm from the pivot. So that it is held in
equilibrium at an angle of 30º with respect to a magnetic field of induction 0.25 T. The value of force F is
(A) 65.62 N (B) 2.56 N (C) 6.52 (D) 6.25 N
Sol. MB sin30 = F ×  distance
(Torque due to external M.F. = Torque due to to applied force)
1
0.25 × 24 × 0.25 × = F × 0.12
2
F = 6.25 N

3. A small magnet of magnetic moment 4A-m 2 is placed on a deflection magnetometer in tan-B position at
a distance of 20 cm from the compass needle. At what distance from compass needle should another
small magnet of moment 0.5 A-m 2 be placed such that the deflection of the needle remains zero ?

0 2M
Sol. B = 4  × 3 = constant
x
1/ 3 1/ 3
 M2   1 
 x 2 = x1   = 20 ×   = 10 cm
 M1   2x 4 

4. The ratio of intensities of magnetic field, at distance x and 2x from the centre of magnet of length 2cm
on its axis, will be
(A) 4 : 1 (B) 4 : 1 approx (C) 8 : 1 (D) 8 : 1 approx

0 2M 0 2M
Sol. B = 4 = 2 2 3/2 = 4
(  x ) x3

3
B1  x2 
 =   = 8 : 1 approximately.
B2  x1 

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 21 
5. Two magnets A and B are identical and these are arranged as shown in the figure. Their length is
negligible in comparison to the separation between them. A magnetic needle is placed between the
magnets at point P which gets deflected through an angle  under the influence of magnets. The ratio
of distances d1 and d2 will be

(A) (2 tan )1/3 (B) (2 tan )1/3 (C) (2 cot )1/3 (D) (2 cot )1/3
Sol. According to tangent law
BA = BB tan 

 0 2M 0 M
or 3 = 3 tan
4  d1 4  d1

d1
 = (2 cot )1/3
d2

6. The force experienced by a pole of strength 100 A-m at a distance of 0.2 m from a short magnet of length
5cm and pole strength of 200A-m on its axial line will be
(A) 2.5 × 102 N (B) 2.5 × 103 N (C) 5.0 × 102 N (D) 5.0 × 103 N
0 2m' 
Sol. F = mB = m
4 x3

10 7  2  200  0 .05  100

= = 2.5 x 102 N
8  10 3

7. A magnet 10 cm long has a pole strength of 12 A.m. Find the magnitude of magnetic field strength B
at a point on its axis at a distance of 20 cm from it. What would be the value of B, if the point were to
lie at the same distance on equatorial of magnet ?
(A) 3.4 × 105 T (B) 1.4 × 105 T
5
(C) 1.7 × 10 T (D) 0.85 × 105 T
Ans. (C)

8. A magnet of moment M is lying in a magnetic field of induction B. W 1 is the work done in turning it from
0º to 60º and W 2 is the work done in turning it from 30º to 90º. Then -
W1
(A) W 2 = W 1 (B) W 2 = (C) W 2 = 2W 1
2
(D) W 2 = 3 W 2
Sol. W = MB (cos1  cos2 )
MB
 W 1 = MB (cos 0º – cos 60º) =
2

3 MB
W 2 = MB (cos 30º – cos 90º) =
2
 W2 = 3 W 1.

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 22 
9. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 4.0 A-m 2 is free to rotate about a vertical axis through its centre. The
magnet is released from rest from east-west position. Kinetic energy of the magnet in north-south position
will be (H = 25T)
(A) 102 J (B) 104 J (C) 106 J (D) 0
Sol. Loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
 Ek = Ui  Uj =  MB cos 90º  (MB cos 0º)
= 4 x 25 x 106
= 104 J

10. A magnet having a magnetic moment of 1.0 × 104 J/T is free to rotate in a horizontal plane where a
magnetic field 4 × 105 T exists. Find the work done in rotating the magnet slowly from a direction parallel
to the field to a direction 60º from the field
(A) 0.4 J (B) 2J (C) 0.2J (D) 1J
Ans. (C)

11. The length of a bar magnet is 10 cm and its pole strength is 103 Weber. It is placed in a magnetic field
of induction 4  x 103 Tesla in a direction making an angle of 30º with the field direction. The value of
torque acting on the magnet will be
(A) 2 × 107 N-m (B) 2 × 105 N-m (C) 0.5 × 102 N-m (D) None of these
Sol.  = MB sin  = m  B sin 
= 103 x 0.1 x 4 x 103 x 0.5
= 2 x 107 N-m

12. A current of 1 ampere is flowing in a coil of 10 turns and with radius 10 cm. Its magnetic moment will be :
(A) 0.314 A-m 2 (B) 3140 A-m 2 (C) 100 A-m 2 (D) 0 A-m 2
Sol. M = iA = R2Ni
= 3.14 x 0.01 x 10 x 1 = 0.314 Am 2

13. A short bar magnet is placed with its north pole pointing south. The neutral point is 10 cm away from
the centre of the magnet. If H = 0.4 gauss, calculate magnetic moment of the magnet.
(A) 2 Am 2 (B) 1A m 2 (C) 0.1 A m2 (D) 0.2 Am 2
Sol. Here, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m ,
H = 0.4 gauss = 0.4 x 104 T
M = ?
Neutral points in this case, lie on axial line of magnet, such that
 0 2M
= H
4  d3

2M
 107 x = 0.4 x 104
(0.1)3
M = 0.2 A m2

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 23 
14. At any place on earth, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is 3 times the vertical
component. The angle of dip at that place will be :
(A) 60º (B) 45º (C) 90º (D) 30º

Bv Bv
Sol. tan = =
BH 3 Bv

1
= = tan 30º   = 30º (4)
3

15. The radius of the coil of a tangent galvanometer is 16 cm. How many turns of the wire should be used
if a current of 40 m A is to produced a deflection of 45º. given, horizontal component of earth’s field is
0.36 × 104 T.
(A) 458 (B) 229 (C) 200 (D) 115
Sol. Here , r = 16 cm = 0.16 m , n ?
I = 40 mA = 40 × 103 A,
 = 45º H = 0.36 × 104 T
 0nI
As = H tan 
2r
2r H tan
 n =  0I
2 x 0.16 x 0.36 x 10 4 tan 45º
= = n = 229
4 x 10 7 x ( 40 x 10 3 )

16. The period of oscillation of a freely suspended bar magnet is 4 second. If it is cut into two equal parts
length wise then the time period of each part will be :
(A) 4 sec. (B) 2 sec. (C) 0.5 sec (D) 0.25 sec

I m 2
Sol. T = 2 = 2 = 4 sec
MB 12  m p B

m 2

2
T’ = 2 mp = 4 sec
12  B
2
17. The length , breadth and mass of two bar magnets are same but their magnetic moments are 3M and 2M
respectively. These are joined pole to pole and are suspended by a string. When oscillated in a magnetic
field of strength B, the time period obtained is 5s. If the poles of either of the magnets are reverse then the
time period of the combination in the same magnetic field will be –

(A) 3 3 s (B) 2 2 s (C) 5 5 s (D) 1s

I 1
Sol. T = 2 or T 
MB M

T1 3M  2M
= or T2 = 5 5 s
T2 3M  2M

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 24 
18. A thin magnetic needle oscillates in a horizontal plane with a period T. It is broken into n equals parts.
The time period of each part will be

T T
(A) T (B) 2 (C) Tn2 (D)
n n

I m  2 / 12
Sol. T = 2 = 2 mp  B
MB
or T m l
1/ 2
m
 
T'  
=  n n
T  m  
 
or

T
T’ =
n

19. The magnetic susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is 3 × 104 . It is placed in a magnetising field
of 4 × 104 amp/m. The intensity of magnetisation will be

(A) 3 × 108 A/m (B) 12 × 108 A/m (C) 12 A/m (D) 24 A/m

Sol. I = XH = 3 × 10-4 × 4 x 103 = 12 A/m

20. The horizontal component of flux density of earth’s magnetic field is 1.7 × 105 tesla. The value of
horizontal component of intensity of earth’s magnetic field will be ?
(A) 24.5 A/m (B) 13.5 A/m (C) 0.135 a/m (D) 1.35 A/m

B 1.7 x 10 5 Wb / m 2
Sol. H =  = = 13.5 A/m
0 4 x 10 7 Wb / A  m

Hence the correct answer will be (B).

21. A magnetising field of 2 × 103 amp/m produces a magnetic flux density of 8 Tesla in an iron rod. The
relative permeability of the rod will be

(A) 102 (B) 100 (C) 104 (D) 101

 B
Sol.   r = = H
0 0

8
or r = = 104
2 x 10 3 x 4 x 10 7

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 25 
22. A bar magnet made of steel has a magnetic moment of 2.5 A-m 2 and a mass of 6.6 × 103 kg. If the
density of steel is 7.9 × 109 kg/m3, find the intensity of magnetization of the magnet.
Sol. The volume of the bar magnet is

mass 6 .6 10 3 kg
V = density =
7.9  10 3 kg / m 3

= 8.3 x 107 m 3 .
The intensity of magnetization is

M 2.5 A  m 2
I= = = 3.0 × 106 A/m
V 8 .3  10 7 m 2

23. The mass of a speciment of a f erromagnetic material is 0.6 kg. and its density is
7.8 x 103 kg/m3. If the area of hysteresis loop of alternating magnetising field of frequency 50Hz is 0.722
MKS units then the hysteresis loss per second will be –

(A) 277.7 × 105 Joule (B) 277.7 × 106 Joule

(C) 277.7 × 104 Joule (D) 277.7 × 104 Joule
Sol. W H = VAft

m
= Aft
d

0.6
or WH = x 0.722 x 50
7.8  10 3
= 277.7 x 105 Joule

BKM CLASSES 1-E-30, Near Global Public School, Talwandi, Kota-324005 26