JE MONDEJAR COMPUTER COLLEGE

BRGY. 71 NAGA-NAGA TACLOBAN CITY

2nd Semester | A.Y. 2022 - 2023

Art Appreciation

Module 2
Part 1: Art History and Development. Prehistoric, Egyptian,
Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition,
Roman, Medieval, and Renaissance Art

FREDERICKN.LIPON
Instructor
 MODULE 2

INTRODUCTION: This Module deals with the history and development arts. It depicts to the students how the ancient
people attached their beliefs and way of life to arts. Likewise, it aims to improve students’ appreciation and aestheticskill in
analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating various works of arts. Similarly, this module intends to familiarize the students on the
historical background of arts and the development of various art movements with the prevalent artists.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this module, the students will be able to do the following:
 Understand and identify the underlying history, philosophy, psychology, and cultural impact of the different art
movements;
 Understand the various art movements by classifying their distinct characteristics such as subject of art, style,
elements, medium, design, historical background, influential persons, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists;
Create a timeline about the history of art and the art movements; and
Cite the significant characteristics of artworks based on the history or art movements.

TOPIC OUTLINE:
Part 1. Art History and Development
1. Prehistoric Art
2. Egyptian Art
3. Classicism and Greco – Roman Tradition
4. Roman Art
5. Medieval and Renaissance Art

Discussion Arts History and Development: Prehistoric; Egyptian;

Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition; Roman; Medieval;
and Renaissance,

The geographical conditions and the limitation of resources contribute on the civilization and advancement of the ancient’s

culture. The limitation of resources compels the ancient people to migrate from one place to other places to search for food
for their survival. Ancient people are nomads, no permanent abode who travel from place to place to find abundant
vegetation and for successful hunting.
The ancient people find their habitation on the riverbanks: the Mesopotamians on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates river;

the Egyptians on the bank of Nile river; the Chinese on the bank ofYangtze river; and the Indians on the banks of Indus and
Ganges river. Civilization in the ancient time are historically rooted on the banks of rivers. This river civilizations gives birth to
the Ancient Arts.
Ancient Arts are associated with religious functions (sculpture of Horus, Ra, and Osiris) and evident on the building of

palaces and temples. The ancient Egyptian arts originate from the building of tombs (pyramids and mastaba) and preserving
the remain of dead (mummification).
The ancient arts of Mesopotamia are reflected on their civilization in the riverbanks. As early as 8000 B.C., they craft

figurines and potteries.
Chinese ancient art begins as early as 4500-3000 B.C. The oldest known depiction of dragon was found in the jade figurine

of the Hongshan culture and the most famous 8,000 terracotta army buried as guard to Emperor Shi Huangtion 206 B.C.
was discovered in 1974 in Lintong District, Xi’an.
The earliest evident of the India ancient art reflected on the Rock Shelter of Bhimbetka existed in 9000 B.C. The Indus

Valley Civilization (3300 B.C.-1700 B.C.) is likewise considered as the foundation of Indian ancient art which depicts the
early form of Indus script during the early Harapan phase.

Prehistoric Arts

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Western ancient art is attached to the belief and way of life of the primitive people. The early primitive people
paint animals on the wall of cave to have a successful hunting. Their sculptures are associated with magical
belief and usually small animal statues are their first subject.
Sculptures like the fertility statues are some of the sculptures during the ancient Western period and these
sculptures are made because of the belief that these statues bring many offspring (survival of human species).
The gravestones are the first architectural design and they learned architecture when they discover burying their
death. These gravestones like the Menhirs, Dolmens, and the Cromlech are considered as the first architectural
design.

Prehistoric Arts

Seated Female Bhimbetka rock painting (3300-

(5600-5000 1700 BC). This India animal cave
BC). This painting was located at
Mesopotamian Bhimbetka rock
ancient art was shelter.The Bhimbetka rock
believed to shelters compose
exist in the an archaeological site and World
Halaf culture. Heritage Site located in
Retrieved from the Indian state of Madhya
https://www.metmu
seum.org/art/collec Pradesh. Retrieved from
tion/search/327066 https://www.newworldencyclopedia.o
rg/entry/bhimbetka_rock_shelters

Venus of Willendorf (28,000-25,000 BC). This fertility

statue was discovered in 1908 by Johann Veran, a
workman from the excavation of archaeologist Josef
Szombathy. This statuette was found in lower Austria
and it is presently exhibited in Naturhisorisches Museum
in Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf

Terracota Army Soldiers (246 206 BC) These terracotta armies were
constructed to guard the tomb of the emperor, QinShihuang China’s first
Emperor. At present, these terracotta sculptures can be seen at the
Terracotta Army Museum in Xi’an China and this sculpture were discovered
by a farmer in 1974. Retrieved from https://www.chinahighlights.com/xian/terracotta-army/

Ancient Egyptian
Deities
Horus - oldest and
most significant
deities in ancient
Egyptian religion (son
of Isis)
Ra – god of energy/
sun god
Osiris – god of
underworld/ afterlife

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 Ancient Greek Arts
Archaic Period. Arts were Statue ofZeus at Olympia by Phidias
influenced by the earlier civilization (c.430 BC). Phidias, an Athenian
of Mesopotamia and Egypt like the sculptor is regarded as one of the
use of geometric art in pottery. greatest of all sculptors of the classical
Greece. He is renowned for the Elgin
This period stresses the nude marbles and his colossal (gigantic)
sculpture such as the kouros statue of Zeus which is one of the seven
(nude male figure of athlete) and wonders of the ancient world. Thomas
the kore (fully clad female figure). Bruce (1766-1841), a diplomat and art
connoisseur brought the Elgin marbles
Classical Period. This period is
from the Parthenon in Athens including
considered as the remarkable Phidias’ Elgin marbles in England and in
civilization of ancient Greek, the between 1803 and 1812, the sculptures
“Golden age of Athens” (time of were brought from Greece. At present,
the great philosophers like these Elgin marbles are housed in the
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who British museum. However, they are the
subject of repatriation as requested by
exhibit intellectual order or the Greek government who refuses to
philosophical). In this period, arts recognize the legality of Turkish sale.
achieve the aesthetic ideals
(emphasize forms and follow the Doryphoros (left) and Diadumenos (right) by Polykleitos or Polyclitus (5th Century
principles of design) and sculpture BC). Polyclitus is a Greek bronze sculptor in the fifth and early fourth century B.C. He
evolve from the frontal and rigid of was known for his statues of idealized male athletes and he was regarded as the
kouros (plural, kouroi). Prevalent most important sculptor of Classical antiquity. The two Roman copies such as the
Doryphoros (spear-bearer) and the Diadumenos (youth fastening a band round his
artists in period are Phidias, head) are his renowned surviving sculptures.
Polykleitos, Myron, and Praxiteles
(in sculpture); Ictinus, and
Callicrates (in architecture); and
Aeschylus, Sophocles and
Euripides (in open-air theater).
Hellenistic Period. This is the end
of the golden age of Athens, the
time of Alexander the Great (338
BC) who conquered the Greek
cities. Sculptures in this period are
influenced by the Oriental and the
political instability which brings
new set of aesthetic ideals
particularly in paintings and
sculptures. Zeuxis, Parrhasius,
and Apollodorous are the Discobolos (c.450 BC) by Myron.
prevalent naturalistic painters and Myron (fl.c. 480-440 BC) is one of the
Lysippos is considered as the prevalent sculptors in the Golden Age
renowned sculptor in this period. of Athens and his fame is rested
principally on his representation of
athletes. However, none of his works
are known to survive, but there are two
certain copies, the Discobolus and the
Minotaur. His discus thrower
(Discobulus) demonstrates a
remarkable interest in symmetry and
movement.

All images in this page are retrieved

from
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=
Phidias,+Polyclitus,+and+Myron&sxsrf
=ALeKk014dtrU-
MIWFWGnCOvNrnPvanoZ3Q:1596097
151104&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=2ahUKEwix59udxfTqAhWFEqYK
HQ7wCIIQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&biw=1
694&bih=892

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 Roman Arts
The Roman Visual Arts Arch of Titus (c. 81 AD)
such as sculptures and photos credit to Mark
architectures imitated the Cartwright retrieved from
Greek forms and https://www.ancient.eu/im
techniques. Similarly, the age/1284/arch-of-titus-
auditory arts of the Roman rome/. The Arch of Titus
were patterned on Greek is a 1st-century honorific
literature. However, in arch located on the Via
visual arts the Romans Sacra, Rome. It was
developed new artistic constructed inc.81 AD by
subjects like Still Life, the Roman Emperor
Landscape, and Domitian (Titus Flavius
Architectural motifs. Caesar Domitianus
Still life is a work of art Augustus) shortly after
depicting mostly inanimate the death of his older
subject matter, typically brother Titus (Titus
commonplace objects Flavius Caesar
which maybe either Vespasianus Augustus).
natural orman-made
Landscape comprises the
visible features of an area
of land, including the
physical elements of
landforms such as
mountains, hills, water
bodies, living elements of
land cover including
indigenous vegetation,
human elements including
different forms of land use,
buildings and structures,
and transitory elements
such as lighting and
weather conditions.

The Baths of Caracalla from Italian: Termedi Caracalla (right photo) in Rome, Italy
were Roman public baths, or thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216,
during the reign of the Emperor Septimus Severus who named the baths for his son
Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus (left photo). Photos
retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/baths-of-caracalla-history-facts.html

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 Medieval Arts
Medieval Arts were classified
into Early Christian Arts;
Byzantine Arts; Romanesque
Arts; and Gothic Arts.
Early Christian Arts were
produced by Christians or under
Christian patronage. Arts were
influenced by the early Christian
symbols like cross, fish, lamb,
Alpha, Omega, wreath, grapes,
doves, and peacocks. Arts
introduced a new sense of
values which emphasized
spiritual and the life after death.
Byzantine Arts referred to the
terms commonly used to
describe the artistic products of
the Byzantine Empire from
about 5th century until the fall of
Constantinople in 1453.
Byzantine Arts were merged
with Classical and Asian artistic
tradition which underscored the Sarcophagus ofJunius Bassus, (359 C.E). This marble coffin is one of early
clarity of line and sharpness of Christian sculpture which depicts scenes from the Bible like Adam and Eve,
outline. Byzantine arts were the sacrifice ofAbraham, Jesus entering Jerusalem, Judgement of Pilate, and
known for using icons like others. Photo retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-christian-
Crucifixion, and Mary (Mother of art/early-christian-manuscripts/a/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus
God), Our Lady of Perpetual
Help.
Romanesque Arts referred to
the arts of Europe from
approximately 1000 AD to the
rise of the Gothic style in the
13th century. Romanesque
architectural styles prevailed in
Europe around 900-1200 and it
spread its fullest development in
central and northern France.
Romanesque period
underscored the crafts like
metalwork, geometric design,
and stylized animal from.
Gothic Arts developed out of the
Romanesque arts in mid 12th Christ Pantocrator, (11th
century. It emphasized religion century). This mosaic of Christ
as the subject of arts and it was found in the Interior monastery
renowned for the use of stained church at Daphne, Greece. This
Byzantine art reflects Christ as
glass (mosaic stained glass).
the ruler of the universe and it
Sculpture, panel painting, can be considered as the origin
stained glass, fresco and of Gothic stained glass.
illuminated manuscripts were Retrieved from
the primary media in Gothic https://www.britannica.com/art/B
period. yzantine-art

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 Renaissance Arts
Madonna of the
Carnation (c.1469) by
Leonardo da Vinci. This
Renaissance Arts underscored the
painting is one of the dominance of man (homocentric),
notable works of “Man as the measure of all things”.
Leonardo da Vinci after Arts centered on person’sthoughts,
leaving Verrocchio studio
in Florence, Italy.
feelings and imaginations. Its artistic
Leonardo da Vinci was standards derived from the ideals of
born on April 15,1452 in classicism. The subjects of art in this
Vinci Italy. He was born period remained religious by nature
out of wedlock to Piero da and the ideal man, “jack-of-all-trade”
Vinci and Caterina. As a
Italian Renaissance
was the center of attraction. The
prevalent artists in this period were
polymath, he possesses
various abilities (jack-of- the like of Leonardo da Vinci,
all-trade) and his Michelangelo Buonarroti, Filippo
Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) is Brunelleschi, Giotto di Bondone,
one of proofs of his Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donato di Niccolo
cleverness in human (Donatello), Alessandro diVanni
anatomy. Photos are
retrieved from (Sandro Botticelli), Leon Battista
https://www.leonardodavi Alberti, Fra Filippo Lippi, and Albrecht
nci.net Durer.

Mona Lisa or La Gioconda (c.1503-06) by Leonardo da Vinci. This painting

is one of intriguing works of da Vinci. The lady in the portrait is Lisa
Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo and this painting became
intriguing because of her mysterious smile and the absence of her eyebrows.
Some historians believe that Mona Lisa is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.
This painting is not a canvas because da Vinci painted this using a wood
plank instead of canvas. Presently, Mona Lisa’s painting is exhibited in
Louvre Museum in Paris, France wherein she has her room illuminated by
glass ceiling,alittle spotlight, and a shatter-proof glass case that maintains
and controls the temperature of 43 degrees F. This painting is now truly
priceless, cannot be bought or sold, because is protected by the French
heritage law (retrieved from https://www.leonardodavinci.net).

Leonardo di Vinci
¡ Born onApril 15, 1452 Vinci, Italy, near Florence (born out of wedlock -Piero da Vinci and Caterina).
¡ Educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio.
¡ Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer,
inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.
¡ Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519

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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
¡ Born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese nearArezzo, Tuscany
¡ Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled
influence on the development of Western art
¡ Francesca di Neridel Miniato di Siena (mother)
¡ Apprenticed to the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio.
¡ Studied sculpture under Bertoldodi Giovanni

Statue ofDavid (c.1501-

04) by Michelangelo
Buonarotti. This full
standing sculpture is one
of the renowned works
during the Renaissance
period. Michelangelo
created this sculpture out
of a marble block from the
quarries of Carrara and he
took three years in
completing this three-
dimensional sculpture.
Photo retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/File:Michelangelos_David
.jpg

La Pieta (c.1497-1500) by Michelangelo Buonarotti. He curved this full standing statue when he was 24 years
old. His La Pieta (from Italian pietas) means dutifulness, depicts the pietas and love of Mary to her son, Jesus
who laid on her lap after the crucifixion. Michelangelo di Lodovivo Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) known as
Michelangelo, was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo Tuscany. He was an apprentice of Italian
painter, Domenico Ghirlandaio and he studied sculpture to Bertoldidi Giovanni. As a leading figure of the High
Renaissance, Michelangelo established his reputation with sculptures such as the Pietà(c.1497–1500)
and David (1501–04). Under papal patronage he decorated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (1508–12)
and painted the fresco The Last Judgment (1536–41), both important mannerist works. His architectural
achievements include the completion of St. Peter's cathedral in Rome (1546–64). He is one the of the jack-of-all-
trade in the Renaissance period who is known as Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and
engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art

David (c.1430-60) by
Donatello. Donato di
Betto Bardi was born
around 1386 in Italy,
known as Donatello who
is considered as one of
the pioneers of scientific
perspective and he was
renowned for his lifelike
sculptures, including the
bronze statue of David.
Likewise, he is known
for his works in bas-
relief (a form of shallow
relief sculpture). His
representation of David
is more feminist
compare to the David of
Michelangelo. Photo The Birth of Venus (c.1484-86) by Sandro Botticelli. The Birth of
retrieved from Venus and Primavera (c.1478) are two notable mythological works of
http://www.italianrenaiss Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi knowns as Sandro Botticelli. Photo
ance.org/donatellos- retrieved from http://www.italianrenaissance.org/botticelli-birth-of-
david/ venus/

8
 Renowned Renaissance Artists
Filippo Brunelleschi
¡ Born in1377 – April 15, 1446
¡ One of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance
¡ Most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral
¡ His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy

Giotto di Bondone
¡ Born in 1266 – January 8, 1337
¡ better known simply as Giotto
¡ An Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages
¡ He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance
¡ “The most sovereign master of painting in his time”
¡ Giotto's masterwork is the decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua
¡ Giotto died in January 1337 and buried in Santa Maria del Fiore, the Cathedral of Florence

Lorenzo Ghiberti
¡ Born in 1378 – 1 December 1455
¡ an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking
¡ won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze doors for the Baptistery of the cathedral in Florence
(depict scenes from the New Testament)
¡ setup a large workshop in which many artists trained, including Donatello, Masolino, Michelozzo, Uccello,
and Antonio Pollaiuolo

Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi

¡ Born - circa 1386 – December 13, 1466
¡ known as Donatello
¡ anearly Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence
¡ known for his work in bas-relief,a form of shallow relief sculpture

Read and Review the following:

 Mesopotamia, 8000-2000 B.C. Heilbrunn Timeline ofArt History retrieved from
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wam.html
Ancient Chinese Art. Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Art/
 Art in Ancient India.Cultural India: History of India: India Timeline retrieved from
https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html
Ancient Greek Arts. History. Com Editors retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-
greek-art
Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/6-ancient-greek-sculptors-
116915#phidias-of-athens
Ancient Roman Arts retrieved from https://www.artic.edu/highlights/19/ancient-roman-art
The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus: Neotifuslit Ad Deum by Elizabeth Struthers Malbon
(1990). Princeton University Press retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7ztnkm
Leonardo da Vinci: Paintings, Drawings, Quotes, and Biography. Retrieved from https://www.leonardodavinci.net

Watch the following on YouTube:

Prehistoric Art: History and Explanation at https://study.com/academy/lesson/prehistoric-art-history-timeline-
quiz.html
Mysterious carvings and evidence of human sacrifice uncovered in ancient city at
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/08/mysterious-carvings-evidence-human-sacrifice-uncovered-
ancient-city-china/
Ancient Greece 101 | National Geographic at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bDrYTXQLu8
Who is Mona Lisa? | DW Documentary at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5F1v_osAV0
Ancient Rome 101 | National Geographic at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXoEpNjgKzg
Experience Medieval Art and Architecture in Picturesque Brugge | National Geographic at
https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/travel-source/unesco-world-heritage-sites/180810-brugge-belgium-
unesco-travel
Mystery of the Cathedral | National Geographic at
https://blog.education.nationalgeographic.org/2014/02/11/mystery-of-the-cathedral/
Leonardo da Vinci | National Geographic at https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/00000144-0a37-d3cb-
a96c-7b3f14060000

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 ANALOGY: Looking for the ODD ONE

Name: Course/ Section:

Instructor: Date Submitted:

Directions. The set of terms below are derived from the topic, Art History and
Worksheet 3 Development. For each set of terms, find the ODD ONE (underline your choice) and
explain why you choose that term. For this activity, you will gain 7 points for every
correct answer (2 points for correct choice and 5 points for the correct explanation).

Example: Euphrates Ganges Egypt Indus

Explanation: Egypt is not a river and it is the Nile River that contributes to the civilization of the Ancient people in Egypt.
The three rivers such as Euphrates, Ganges, and Indus contribute to the early civilization of the ancient people who
settle and live near the riverbank.

Ancient Egyptian Arts: Building tombs Mummification Pottery Religious Function

Explanation:

Ancient Egyptian Deities: Cairo Horus Ra Osiris

Explanation:

Architecture - Gravestone: Cromlechs Dolmens Menhirs Sphinx

Explanation:

Ancient Greek Arts: Archaic Athenian Classical Hellenistic

Explanation

Classical Period: Myron Phidias Polykleitos Sophocles

Explanation:

10
 The Three David Sculptures: Deepening My Art Critiquing

Name: Course/ Section:

Instructor: Date Submitted:

Directions. Critique the sculpture below based on the following criteria such as
Worksheet 4 Description; Analysis; Interpretation; and evaluation (see the rubric for your guidance).
Limit your answer from 100 words to 200 words and use extra sheets of paper for this
activity.

These are the three

version of David. The
first David from the
left is from the
Renaissance period
by Michelangelo
Buonarotti; the
middle David is also
from Renaissance
period by Donatello di
Betto Bardi; and the
David from the right is
from the Baroque
period by Gian
Lorenzo Bernini.

Description

Analysis

Interpretation

Evaluation

11
RUBRIC for the Artwork Critiquing:

4 3 2 1
Criteria Rating
Excellence Very Good Good Poor
Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates
exemplary competent satisfactory which serious errors;
observation and observation and shows incomplete shows major
thorough understanding of understanding or misunderstanding
Description (25%) understanding of technical observation of
technical application of media, and
application of media media and/or the inaccurate
and/or the representation of representation of
representation of visual elements visual elements
visual elements

Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates

exemplary competent satisfactory which serious errors in
performance in performance in provides incomplete inference of an
promoting a logical inferring an artist inference of an artist intent or
Analysis (25%)
inference of an intent or meaning artist intent or meaning
artist intent or meaning
meaning

Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates

exemplary competent satisfactory which serious errors in
performance in performance in shows incomplete understanding
establishing a establishing a understanding and and an
Interpretation
personal personal personal reaction to undeveloped
(25%)
understanding and understanding a work of art personal reaction
thoughtful reaction and thoughtful to awork of art
to awork of art reaction to a work
of art
Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrate Demonstrates
exemplary competent satisfactory which serious errors in
performance in performance in shows incomplete understanding the
assessing the assessing the understanding of qualities,
Evaluation (25%) qualities, qualities, the qualities, communication,
communication, and communication, communication, and and aesthetics of
aesthetics of a work and aesthetics of aesthetics of a work a work of art
of art a work of art of art

Overall Performance
Grade Equivalent: Equivalence of Weighted Ratings: 4 = 100%; 3.0 to 3.9 = 91 to 99%; 2.0 – 2.9 = 80 to 89%; 1 to 1.9 = 70 to 79%
Note. This rubric is adapted from the Art Criticism Rubric retrieved from
https://airacademy.asd20.org/Teachers/Jon_OLonergan/AAHS%20VIS%20ART%20DOCS/VISUAL%20ARTS%20RUBRICS/ART%20CRITICISM%20RUBRIC.pdf

12
REFERENCES:
Textbook
Tabotabo, Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers
Co., Inc.
Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Zulueta, Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc.
Sanchez, CustodiosaA., Abad, Paz F., & Jao, Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C.
Rex Printing Company Inc.

WEBSITE RESOURCES:
Birth of Venus. Retrieved from http://www.italianrenaissance.org/botticelli-birth-of-venus/
Armstrong, John. (2013). What is Art For? Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-art-13616.html
Herman, Judith (2014). 27 Responses to the Question “What is Art?” Retrieved from
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57501/27-responses-question-what-art
Gilman, Ernest B. (n.d.). The Subjects of Art. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/378341?read-
now=1&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
The Humanities: The Visual Arts Medium. Retrieved from http://scchumanities.blogspot.com/2010/06/lesson-three-
visual-arts.html
Mesopotamia, 8000-2000 B.C. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History retrieved from
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wam.html
Ancient Chinese Art. Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Art/
Art in Ancient India.Cultural India: History of India: India Timeline retrieved from https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-
history/timeline.html
Ancient Greek Arts. History. Com Editors retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greek-art
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of-athens
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