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Obsidian Use during the Level 4 occupation at Aşıklı
Höyük
Laurence Astruc, Michel Grenet
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Laurence Astruc, Michel Grenet. Obsidian Use during the Level 4 occupation at Aşıklı Höyük.
Mihriban özbasaran; Gunes Duru; Marie Stiner. The early settlement at Aşıklı Höyük, Essays in
Honor of Ufuk Esin, Ege Yayınları, pp.345-362, 2018, 978-605-9680-83-7. �hal-03887256�
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T H E E A R LY S E T TL EM EN T AT AŞ IKLI H ÖY ÜK
Essays in Honor of Ufuk Esin
Mihriban Özbaşaran Güneş Duru Mary Stiner

THE EARLY SETTLEMENT AT
AŞIKLI HÖYÜK
OFFPRINT
THE EARLY SETTLEMENT AT
AŞIKLI HÖYÜK
Edited by
Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru, Mary Stiner
İstanbul Üniversitesi
National Science University of Arizona Institut für Paläoanatomie,

Foundation USA Domestikationsforschung und
USA Geschichte der Tiermedizin,
Ludwig-Maximilians Universität
München, Germany.
THE EARLY SETTLEMENT AT AŞIKLI HÖYÜK

Edited by
Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru, Mary Stiner
© 2018 Ege Yayınları

ISBN 978-605-9680-83-7
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Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... IX
Introduction to the Aşıklı Höyük Project

Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Geomorphological and Palaeoenvironmental Setting of Aşıklı Höyük
Catherine Kuzucuoğlu, Jean-Pascal Dumoulin, Ségolène Saulnier-Copard ............................................................... 15
Summary of Carbon-14 Dating of the Cultural Levels of Aşıklı Höyük
Jay Quade, Mary C. Stiner, Audrey Copeland, Amy E. Clark, Mihriban Özbaşaran ........................................ 43
Architecture of the Early Settlement and Trends through the Cultural Sequence
Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru, Melis Uzdurum .............................................................................................................................. 57
Micromorphological Analyses of Anthropogenic Materials and Insights into Tell Formation
Processes at Aşıklı Höyük, 2008-2012 Field Seasons
Susan M. Mentzer ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Multi-element Characterization of Floors at Aşıklı Höyük: Contributing to the Identification
of Activities and Activity Areas
Fatma Kalkan, Rana Özbal ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 129
The Microscopic Record of Aşıklı Höyük: Phytolith Analysis of Material from the
2012-2016 Field Seasons
Georgia Tsartsidou ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Plants of Aşıklı Höyük and Changes through Time: First Archaeobotanical Results from the
2010-14 Excavation Seasons
Müge Ergun, Margareta Tengberg, George Willcox, Carolyne Douché ........................................................................ 191
Spatial and Zooarchaeological Evidence of Human-Animal Interactions in the Early PPN
Settlement at Aşıklı Höyük
Mary C. Stiner, Kassi S. Bailey, Natalie D. Munro, Rozalia Christidou ......................................................................... 219
The Taphonomic Context of the Aşıklı Höyük Microfaunal Assemblage: Emergence of
Pest-Host and Commensal Relationships
Kassi S. Bailey ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 259
VI Contents
The Faunal Remains from Levels 3 and 2 of Aşıklı Höyük: Evidence for Emerging
Management Practices
Hijlke Buitenhuis, Joris Peters, Nadja Pöllath, Mary C. Stiner, Natalie D. Munro,
Özlem Sarıtaş ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 281
Shaping the Sheep: Human Management and Decision-making at Aşıklı Höyük,
Central Anatolia
Joris Peters, Ferdinand Neuberger, Ingrid Wiechmann, Michaela Zimmermann,
Marie Balasse, Nadja Pöllath .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 325
Obsidian Use during the Level 4 Occupations at Aşıklı Höyük
Laurence Astruc (with artifact illustrations by Michel Grenet) ............................................................................................ 345
Aşıklı Höyük Obsidian Studies: Production, Use and Diachronic Changes
Nurcan Kayacan, Çiler Altınbilek-Algül ............................................................................................................................................................. 363
The Beads from Aşıklı Höyük
Sera Yelözer ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 383
Lifestyle and Health Conditions of the Neolithic People of Aşıklı Höyük
Ömür Dilek Erdal ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 405
Childhood Growth Disruptions at Aşıklı Höyük
Brenna Hassett ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 425
Conclusion
Mary C. Stiner, Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru ............................................................................................................................. 437
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 445
Aşıklı Höyük Kazı ve Araştırma Projesi
www.asiklihoyuk.org
facebook.com/asiklihoyuk
instagram: @asiklihoyuk
Preface
Aşıklı Höyük, 26 years after it was first discovered, came under excavation by a large group
of scholars from Istanbul University led by Prof. Ufuk Esin, then the chair of the Department
of Prehistory. Results obtained from each field season contributed not only to our knowledge
of the cultural geography of the region, but also to increasingly pluralistic explanations of
Neolithization.
We began organizing a new program of investigation at the site in 2006, and we commenced
new excavations in 2010 with the aim of pursuing a more detailed understanding of trends first
identified by Prof. Esin and exploring more deeply what remained to be learned about Aşıklı.
We attempted to understand the individual actions and “snapshots” from the daily life of the
inhabitants with our revised approach and methodology. The new multi-disciplinary project
supported by researchers and scholars from all over the world not only enriched the intellectual
environment and helped to refine earlier interpretations, but also allowed us to put forward
new research questions and approaches. The revival of the project has also allowed younger
generations to be trained in many new aspects of archaeology.
Our recent investigations have focused mainly on the early habitation at Aşıklı. This work
contributes to the ongoing discussions on the Neolithization of Central Anatolia, together with
new data from the sites of Pınarbaşı and Boncuklu on the Konya Plain and Balıklı in Cappadocia.
Though mentioned only briefly in the present volume, we have also carried out parallel
projects in experimental archaeology, cultural heritage management, and public archaeology in
connection with the archaeological research. Other publications will follow the present volume
on the results gained from these sister projects.
Here it is our privilege to forward the first results of our work at Aşıklı in a volume dedicated
to Prof. Esin. We hope it will further stimulate Neolithic research in the region. The year 2019
represents the 30th anniversary of the start of the excavations at Aşıklı. After three decades of
fieldwork, we are proud to offer unprecedented information on the early inhabitants of Aşıklı.
We owe much thanks to all the former and current members of the project. However, our deepest
gratitude goes to esteemed scholar and mentor, Ufuk Esin, from whom we have inherited not
only the opportunity to continue archaeological research at Aşıklı but also the many scientific
approaches and ethical values she fostered. We present this book to her memory with respect,
love, and longing.
Obsidian Use during the Level 4 Occupations at
Aşıklı Höyük
Laurence ASTRUCa
(with artifact illustrations by Michel GRENETb)
Introduction
Aşıklı Höyük is located near the obsidian sources of the volcanic complex of Göllü Dağ, Nenezi
Dağ and Acıgöl in western Cappadocia (Figure 1). It is the oldest Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of
this region, with a chronological sequence of about a thousand years (8350 to 7350 cal BC)
and stands out as the most detailed reference for the study of the process of Neolithization in
Central Anatolia. Excavations were conducted between 1989 and 2004 successively by Ufuk Esin
(Esin – Harmankaya 1999, 2007) and Nur Balkan-Atlı. The excavations were resumed using a
revised methodology in 2010 under the direction of Mihriban Özbaşaran (2011a, 2011b, 2012;
Özbaşaran – Duru 2015). The new excavation program focuses especially (but not exclusively)
on the lower levels of the stratigraphic sequence. Complete recovery of the artifacts through a
combination of systematic fine dry sieving and flotation permit us to reappraise the chipped
stone industries of the site. Abundant in all excavated levels, the chipped stone artifacts were
made from obsidian procured from outcrops within 25–30 kilometers of the site (see Kayacan –
Altınbilek, this volume).
To date, most studies concerned with the Aşıklı Höyük chipped stone assemblages have fo-
cused on material from Level 2 (Abbès et al. 1999; Balkan-Atlı 1994a; Balkan-Atlı et al. 2001;
Yıldırım 1999; Yıldırım-Balcı 2007, 2011a-b; Astruc et al. 2011). Geochemical analyses (Gratuze
et al. 1994; Gratuze – Boucetta 2006) have shown that the Göllü Dağ and to a lesser extent
the Nenezi Dağ outcrops were the main sources of raw material used at Aşıklı Höyük. The
exploitation of Cappadocian obsidian for tools occurred as early as the Palaeolithic in the re-
gion (e.g., Kaletepe deresi 3; Slimak et al. 2008). Obsidian exploitation reached its peak during
a Laurence Astruc, Researcher, CNRS/UMR 7041, VEPMO, email: laurence.astruc@gmail.com

b Michel Grenet, UMR 5608, TRACES, m.Grenet56@wanadoo.fr
346 Laurence Astruc
Figure 1. Location of Aşıklı Höyük and the obsidian sources (©K. Erturaç).
the Neolithic, when obsidian was being moved over very long distances in the Near East (e.g.,
Cauvin et al. 1998; Delarue 2007). Based on the large quantity of obsidian artifacts recovered at
Aşıklı Höyük and the proximity of the settlement to the raw material sources, it has been sug-
gested that Aşıklı could have functioned as a center of diffusion of obsidian (Özdoğan 1994).
Technological studies do not support this hypothesis (Abbés et al. 1999), and the lithic indus-
tries studied from Level 2 are considered to be specific to the site. Since 2010, the excavations
in Area 4GH have exposed much of Level 4 and the top of Level 5. This chapter examines the
technology of manufacture and use of the obsidian industries that were excavated between
2010 and 2013 in Level 4, and which date to ca. 8400–8100 cal BC (Quade et al., this volume).
This level is characterized by round-house architecture and includes buildings, outdoor features,
working spaces, and middens.
Tool production
Here we present the main characteristics of the Level 4 chipped stone assemblage with regard to
the acquisition of the raw materials, the modes of production and the typology of the artifacts.
The presentation of the results of the use-wear analysis, in the second part of the paper, is based
on these classifications.
Obsidian Use during the Level 4 Occupations at Aşıklı Höyük 347
Provenience of the raw materials

Nearly all of the artifacts were made on obsidian of very good quality. Macroscopic examination
of the texture and color of the obsidian suggests that both the Göllü Dağ and the Nenezi Dağ
outcrops were exploited. The Göllü Dağ outcrops, namely Kayırlı, predominate and Kömürcü
was used secondarily. These preliminary observations ultimately should be confirmed by geo-
chemical analyses (but see Balkan-Atlı et al. 2011; Binder et al. 2011; Kayacan – Altınbilek, this
volume).
Flint is also present but it accounts for less than 0.1% of the assemblage. Flint is represent-
ed as chips of a yellow-brown, fine-grained material and two exceptional blade(let)s, one made
from a light green fine-grained flint (Figure 4, specimen 8) and the other from a chocolate, fine-
grained flint (Figure 7). The sources of these flint materials have not been identified.
Manufacture
The selection of raw material was based on the morphology of the obsidian blocks, which were
brought to the village in the form of tabular blocks, small nodules and flakes. All products of the
reduction sequences are found, indicating on-site manufacture of the tools. Chips that represent
knapping debris are found in large quantities in the heavy residues from the flotation of sedi-
ment from all excavated contexts.
Obsidian was exploited for bladelets. There was no flake production stricto sensu; most of
the flakes examined in this study are associated with the shaping and maintenance of cores.
Several cores were also reworked, and amorphous blanks were produced. Bladelet extraction was
performed according two different concepts. The main option was the exploitation of a surface.
The second option involved the débitage at the edge of a flake or tabular block.
Débitage of a surface
The dominant method of débitage involves the exploitation of a surface. This reduction mode
(e.g., Figure 2) associates with cores that have a maximum length of 70-90 mm and a maximum
width of about 40 mm. The shaping of the blocks from which these cores were produced could
be minimal. In this case, the rear side and the edge of the core often preserve portions of the
natural surface. On the other hand, several cores with a postero-lateral crest were identified.
These specimens show a flat back that was shaped by careful removal of transverse flakes. The
most complete examples of these cores have a surface of débitage, with 3 to 5 bladelets extracted
using a semi-turning mode.
Platforms were formed by removal of an opening flake (Figure 3, specimen 2). The method
either took advantage of the naturally good morphology of the block or by the careful extrac-
tion of transverse flakes. Core dimensions vary but their widths give an idea of the original
thickness of the core. The angle of the platforms was about 60°. Some opening flakes were
also used as cores. In the latter case, a débitage sur tranche d’éclat or “burin-like method” was
employed.
Some lateral blades preserve portions of natural surface and/or traces of shaping. Minimal
core shaping and reshaping tends toward the production of irregular, twisted bladelets, and it
alters the surface of débitage at the final stage of the exploitation of the core. On the contrary,
skillful cintrage of the surface of débitage permits production of very regular bladelet shapes.
The opening of a second surface of débitage on the rear side of the core has been observed on
348 Laurence Astruc
some bladelets that bear the remnant

of a crest on their central part. When
this reduction method was conducted
on thick flakes, the posterior lateral
edges of the core were regularized as
indicated by the shaping of two neo-
crests from the ventral surface of the
flake. These two posterior neo-crests
were not extracted at the beginning
of the reduction sequence. Only one
neo-crest was extracted. The second
one was left at the back of the core
or knapped at the very end of the re-
duction sequence, using a turning or
semi-turning mode.
This reduction method was applied
on all shapes of raw materials. Three
different procedures were employed:
unidirectional, bidirectional with op-
posed reshaping (Abbès et al. 1999;
Pelegrin – Kayacan 2010; Kayacan
and Altınbilek-Algül, this volume),
and bidirectional (Figures 4-5). The
first option was the dominant one. It
involved a unique platform, but some-
times a secondary platform was used
for reshaping. There are also some
examples of series of unidirectional
bladelets that were extracted alter-
Figure 2. Typical core for débitage from a surface in
nately from a main and a secondary
Aşıklı Höyük Level 4. Core with a main and a secondary
platform. The cores that associate striking platform. The core was shaped by means of a
with this latter mode should not be posterolateral crest.
confused with those worked bidirec-
tionally and potentially related with the second procedure.
The second option involved removing a twisted distal flake in order to modify the convexity
at this end of the core and avoid plunging. The extension of the flake on the surface of the core
does not exceed much more than 1/3 of the débitage surface. The third option was only rarely
used. It is only identified on exceptional bladelets that show a careful bidirectionality.
For these three reduction sequences, specific technical pieces can be listed as follows: open-
ing blanks; core tablets (either plunging and thick or thin regular ones); anterior crests; neo-
crest with a natural surface or the ventral surface of a flake; neo-crest in the course of débi-
tage; axial blades that relate to the shaping of the sides of the core; under-crested bladelets; and
opposed reshaping of the core.
Figure 3. Knapping products: (1) plunging bladelet produced through burin-like reduction of a tabular block;
(2) carefully shaped platform opening; (3) sidescraper on shaping flake.
350 Laurence Astruc
Figure 4. Knapping products: (1) bladelet; (2-3) pointed tools; (4) shouldered arrowhead; (5-7, 9) notches;
(8) flint arrowhead; (10) bladelet with tang.
Figure 5. Sickle elements: (1) large triangle; (2-3) oblique truncations; (4-5) backs. (a) Wear from cutting silica-
rich plant (magnification 50x); (b) rejuvenation retouch (magnification 50x); (c) incipient wear posterior to the
retouch (magnification 200x); (d) experimental obsidian sickle elements put parallel to the edge of the haft.
352 Laurence Astruc
The morphology of the exhausted cores varies. One observes maximal reduction of size
without geometric modification of the core; rough reshaping and maintenance of the geometry
of the core; semi-conical or conical cores; and multiple crossed surfaces of débitage not neces-
sarily aided by specific preparation. The initial exploitation of one surface could be followed by
exploitation of a core edge, resulting in a “burin-like core”.
Burin-like débitage
The products of this method (Figure 3, spec. 1) are not easily distinguished from some débor-
dante bladelets manufactured by the methods described above. The products are often irregular,
hinged, twisted and/or plunging. The surfaces of débitage are narrow; the blanks have lateral
natural surfaces or ventral surfaces because the cores are manufactured on tabular blocks or
flakes (in some cases, shaping a flake or tablet). Shaping is absent or minimal. Exploitation can
be uni- or bidirectional. Exhausted cores have the form of irregular bâtonnets, several of which
were reused as burins.
Conical or semi-conical cores

The production of small bladelets ca. 30 mm in length was performed from conical or semi-
conical cores with platform angles of 60–90°. The semi-conical cores present a flat back, which
could be partially shaped.
Typology
The main tool classes in Level 4 are truncation, truncation and backed piece, burin, scraper, piece
with lateral retouch, splinter, and triangle (Table 1). Truncations, backed pieces, and microliths
predominate; these elements are highly charac-
teristic of the ‘way of doing’ in the technology of Table 1. Typology (sample 2010-2011; chipped
stone found in the heavy residues from the
the Aşıklı inhabitants. This tendency is not only a flotation of soil samples are not included here).
question of the morphology of the tools but also
Typology Total
the result of the massive adoption of a technique
Truncation 75
of breakage—the microburin technique. Another,
Truncation and back 33
unique, technique of manufacture is a combina-
Back 33
tion of the microburin technique with retouch by
Burin 45
pressure. It was also employed to make a variety of
Scraper 43
tool sizes, including triangles sometimes less than
Lateral retouch 28
10 mm in length and bladelets up to 70–80 mm
Splinter 8
long and with oblique truncation (Figures 5–6).
Pointed tool 8
The microburin technique is represented in the
Triangle 7
assemblage by proximal, central, and distal frag-
Notch 3
ments as well (Figure 6, spec. 4–5). Debris includes
Denticulate 2
accidental fractures that are related to retouch and
Lunate 1
tool use.
Ergot' 1
Truncations on blanks are mostly oblique, sin-
Tanged 1
gle or double, and associate with a back (Figure 5,
Reworked piece 1
spec. 2–3). Backed pieces are either rectilinear or
Total 289
convex (Figure 5, spec. 4). Double backs also occur.
Figure 6. (1-3) Triangles and (4-5) microburins. (a) Macroscopic edge smoothing on triangle; (b) the same
specimen possibly used to cut a soft animal tissue (magnification 100x); (c-d) damage from the tool’s use for
cutting soft material (magnification 50x).
Microliths are mainly triangles (Figure 6, spec. 1–3), and lunates are rare. They were made from
bladelets retouched using pressure. Direct, sometimes both direct and inverse, or even crossed
retouch methods were used. ‘Lunates’ do not relate to a specific artifact category; rather they
reflect variations in shaping movements. The blanks with lateral retouch are associated with
notches (Figure 4, spec. 5–7) and denticulates. Scrapers vary and include endscrapers, double
endscrapers, round scrapers and sidescrapers (Figure 3, spec. 3). Burins were made from flakes
and bladelets, and they are lateral or dihedral forms (Figure 7). Lateral burins were made on a
break, truncation, endscraper front, butt and plunging part of the bladelets. Burin spalls on the
edge of oblique truncations are also present; they can be simple, double or sometimes multiple.
354 Laurence Astruc
Figure 7. The bipolar blade made from chocolate flint.
A single specimen is a transverse burin spall (chanfrein) from the proximal part of a large blade-
let. Among the bladelets with lateral retouch are pointed tools (Figure 4, spec. 2-3). An arrow-
head (Figure 4, spec. 8) and a shouldered bladelet (Figure 4, spec. 4) were also found.
Tool use
High-magnification use-wear analysis was conducted on 157 tools from Aşıklı Höyük Level 4
(Table 2). The sample was chosen on the basis of the typological breakdown presented above
and includes unretouched bladelets, microliths, truncations, backs, burins, microburins, a
splinter, two arrowheads, and a tool fragment that was probably broken during the retouch.
The raw material, manufacturing method, blank type, size, and fragmentation were recorded
for each item. The artifacts were analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope at magnifications
ranging from 10-60X and a metallographic microscope at magnifications of 50-500X in order
to determine use zones and patterns of wear-and-tear. The interpretation of these patterns in
terms of activities performed and materials worked is based on experimentation (Khirokitia,
Cyprus 1999; Archéodrome de Beaune, France 2001-3; Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey 2009, Astruc et
al. 2012) and previous studies of experimental and archaeological obsidian specimens (Arazova
1986; Astruc et al. 2011, 2012; Ataman 1988; Clemente Conte et al. 2015; Hurcombe 1992;
Kononenko 2011; Semenov 1972).
Unretouched and retouched blanks

The results of use-wear analysis are indicated for each typological group in Table 2, according to
the inferred activities (motions and worked materials are combined). We will first discuss the re-
sults for unretouched and retouched bladelets and then consider three categories of tools, sickle
elements, arrowheads and microliths. Various motions and orientations were employed while
using the lithic tools (longitudinal, transversal, piercing, wedging) in response to the different
materials that were worked. Table 2 shows that longitudinal motions are prevalent in the sample
Table 2. Use-wear and typology: number of specimens, number of used pieces, number of used zones,
activities. (L) Longitudinal; (T) Transversal.
L. medium hard-hard
T. medium hard-hard
Cereal harvesting
L. soft material
T. soft material
Undetermined
L. soft animal
T. soft animal
N used pieces
Longitudinal
N specimens
N use zones
Transversal
L. mineral
T. minéral
L. vegetal
T. vegetal
Projectile
Piercing
T. bone
Wedge
Typology
Unretouched 6 3 3 1 1 1
Triangle 75 51 51 7 41 3
Lunate 4 4 4 1 2 1
Truncation 15 13 16 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Double
10 8 8 6 1 1
truncation
Truncation+
7 7 9 4 1 2 1 1
back
Back 21 16 23 3 2 1 4 1 2 3 5 2
Burin 3 3 6 1 2 2 1
Lateral
7 6 17 2 5 3 2 3 2
retouch
Splinter 1 1 2 1 1
Arrowhead 2 2 3 1 1 1 1
Microburin 5 2 4 2 2
Waste 1 0 0
Total 157 116 146 2 20 9 11 16 2 1 1 1 47 3 2 5 8 9 5 1 4
analyzed. Transverse motions are less frequent. Piercing tools are rare. Note that the wedge and
projectile classes are represented by single specimens and so there is no information on the rate
of occurrence. The materials worked included soft animal tissues (such as skin, leather, meat or
tendons), bone, cereals, non-cereal vegetal materials (e.g., wood, bark, silica rich-plants, other
grasses) and mineral substances, as well as soft and medium-hard/hard materials of undeter-
mined origin. When sickle elements are excluded from consideration, animal and vegetal ma-
terials occur at similar rates. Mineral working and bone working are rare (Figure 8). In several
cases, the nature of the worked material could not be determined because the use duration was
short and the amount of wear small. In these cases, the worked materials were classified as soft
or medium-hard/hard. As a rule, one use zone (n=98) is recorded for a single blank (0 zones:41;
2:14; 3:2; 6:1). While our first results must be supplemented with analysis of larger samples, we
can propose here some preliminary assessments.
Several typological groups are present within our category “unretouched and retouched
blanks”: truncation, double truncation, backed piece, truncation and back, burin, lateral retouch
and splinter. These tools represent a wide range of activities. In fact truncation, double trunca-
tion and back are multifunctional tools. They were all used as harvesting tools (20 used zones
out of 28 used tools), but various other activities were also performed with these tools.
356 Laurence Astruc
Figure 8. Activities identified through use-wear: (a) cutting vegetal (magnification 100x);
(b) transverse movement against soft stone.
Truncations, double truncations and truncated backed pieces were used in many different
tasks. The following classes of use-wear traces were observed: longitudinal or transversal veg-
etal material; longitudinal or transversal soft animal tissues; transversal mineral; longitudinal
and transversal soft material; transversal medium hard-hard material; piercing and undeter-
mined. Backed pieces (16 used tools) were also multifunctional (longitudinal or transversal veg-
etal material; longitudinal or transversal soft animal tissues; longitudinal soft; longitudinal or
transversal, piercing).
All of the burins were used. Transverse motions are prevalent (vegetal, medium hard-hard
materials or undetermined) on these artifacts, but two longitudinal motions on medium hard-
hard materials were also identified. One of the three burins was made from chocolate flint. It
is a large blade (Figure 7) produced via bipolar technology, which is not attested in the obsidian
industry of Level 4. A “G” polish on the ventral surface of the tool suggests that it was hafted
during one or more sequences of use. The blade was shaped on both edges by retouch and then
reworked on the ventral surface by transverse pressure retouch. The last stage of modification
involved the extraction of burin spalls: a dihedral burin was created on the distal part, a lateral
burin from a proximal break on the left edge, and a hinged lateral burin on the right edge. The
direct retouch on the left edge became worn when the tool was used to scrape vegetal material.
Then a burin spall was extracted, and the burin edge was used for vegetal scraping. Since the
burin spall was found and refitted to the blade, it is possible to propose that the chipping and
scraping sequence was conducted on the spot. The central dihedral burin was not used.
The tools with lateral retouch (pointed tools or notches) were used for different activities:
longitudinal or transversal on vegetal material; transversal on medium hard-hard material; and
piercing. The unretouched blades were applied in longitudinal or transverse motions on vegetal
materials and longitudinal on mineral material. The splinter was used as a wedge. Examples of
tool use are illustrated in Figure 4 (spec. 2-10). The bladelet with lateral retouch—a pointed tool
(Figure 4, spec. 2)—is the result of multiple sequences of retouch and use. On its left side, the
ventral mesial surface (zone 1) preserves wear that indicates cutting of vegetal material. This
use was followed by abrupt retouch along the edge, which removed part of the used zone. For
the same reason, use wear is no longer visible on the dorsal surface of the tool. The proximal
part of the reworked edge (zone 2) was used to scrape a medium hard-hard material (vegetal?).
The tip of the tool was used to perforate another material (dry skin?) as indicated by the scaling
damage, which is well developed on its ventral side (zone 3). Another pointed bladelet (Figure 4,
spec. 3) presents at least 6 use zones, which are related mainly to the working of medium hard-
hard materials using longitudinal, transverse and rotary motions.
Specimen 5 in Figure 4 shows a double, direct notch on its left edge associated with an
oblique truncation. A thin back is observed on the right edge and a direct notch on the distal
extremity. Use-wear is present along the left edge and consists of alternating scars and highly
developed polish that relates to the cutting of a medium hard-hard vegetal material. This polish
covers the scars. Discontinuous striations parallel to the edge and pits are also visible.
Bladelet 6 in Figure 4 has a double truncation and is slightly twisted. It presents two direct
notches, one at the distal part of the right edge, the other at the proximal part of the opposite
edge. The form of the tool is highly symmetrical. It was shaped by a combination of oblique
truncation, direct notching and ventral retouch. It is possible that the two extremities of the
tool were used successively, to perform the same task. The two used zones correspond to trans-
verse motions on undetermined materials.
Bladelet 7 in Figure 4 is highly twisted and was produced during the reshaping of the distal
part of a core. It bears a notch on the right edge and continuous direct proximal scaling on the
left edge. Some natural surface is also preserved on the proximal part of the blank. The left edge
was used to scrape a vegetal material.
Bladelet 9 in Figure 4 is a neo-crested bladelet, twisted and knapped on a flake. Notches at
the base of the element may be related to a specific type of hafting. The direct notch on the left
certainly was made intentionally. This blank was used to scrape middle-hard materials. Scaling
is discontinuous and occurs mainly on the ventral surface. On the right edge, which is irregular
in delineation because of the neo-crest preparation, the retouch is continuous, short, stepped
and abrupt; this is due to transverse motions on middle hard worked material. There is no spe-
cific type of microscopic wear.
Bladelet 10 in Figure 4 is an irregular, twisted bladelet with a short, proximal tang formed
by alternate retouch. This part of the tool was probably hafted; tiny, polished spots are visible
on the ventral surface of the left edge. The left edge was employed to cut a medium hard-hard
material. The right edge was used to scrape a material.
Sickle elements
Harvesting tools are well represented by sickle elements in the Level 4 sample analyzed for evi-
dence of use-wear. These inserts were unretouched bladelets, with one or two oblique trunca-
tions and a back (Figure 5). They were heavily used. The entirety of the active edge appears
polished and rounded; scaling is nearly absent. A single specimen displays abrasion from contact
with the soil. Overall, the wear patterns on the inserts examined are comparable to those ex-
perimentally produced by the Aşıklı team.
Two sickle elements were recycled. One is a bladelet with a partial, thin back and double
truncation (Figure 5, spec. 3). Wear from cereal harvesting developed parallel to the right edge
of the tool and consists of striations, polish, and tiny perpendicular, sometimes slightly oblique
scars, which are mainly seen on the ventral side of the edge (Figure 5a). On the same specimen,
the distal direct retouch that runs along a length of 20 mm represents rejuvenation. After this
operation, the tool was reused as sickle element (Figure 5 b-c). The second specimen is an insert
358 Laurence Astruc
that was removed from the sickle, modified on its central part by direct retouch and then used
to scrape a vegetal material (Figure 5, spec. 4).
The sickle elements were set parallel to the edge of the haft (e.g., Figure 5d). A single speci-
men, a thick triangle, exhibits oblique wear marks (Figure 5, spec. 1). It also presents light dam-
age in the form of direct scaling. This tool associates spatially with a sickle element with oblique
truncation and fine back, and which was fixed parallel to the haft edge. There is no evidence to
support the use of two different hafting modes in Level 4 of Aşıklı Höyük.
On one of the floors of Space 2 (Unit 237) in Level 4, a concentration of 20 blanks was found,
each with thin retouch, backed or with one or two truncations. Careful examination showed
that 13 blanks were used to harvest cereals. Their size was not standard; they ranged between
39-60 mm in length, 9–15 mm in width, and 1.5–5 mm in thickness. These elements associate
spatially with several flakes and bladelets. Another three blanks were used, one to scrape hide
and two to cut soft materials.
Arrowheads
Arrowheads are scarce in Level 4 at Aşıklı Höyük. Bladelet 4 in Figure 4 is a tool that was used
to scrape bone and to cut a medium hard-hard material (vegetal?). This specimen is an example
of an “Aşıklı Höyük shouldered arrowhead,” which is a tool type known from Level 2 of this site
(Yıldırım-Balcı 2011b: Fig.6). It is unique in our Level 4 sample.
Another arrowhead was made from a light green flint with a mudstone texture (Figure 4,
spec. 8). This raw material was probably exogenous but its origin is not known. The tool meas-
ures 39.5 mm in length, 14.6 mm at its greatest width, and 4.6 mm in thickness. The ven-
tral side of the proximal part bears a basal removal produced by pressure flaking. This removal
measures about 5 mm in length. This kind of retouch is known from the nearby site of Musular,
dated to the mid-8th millennium cal BC (Balkan-Atlı et al. 2001). Careful examination of the
Aşıklı Höyük specimen showed that the bladelet from which it was made had been shaped by
bifacial direct abrupt retouch, and that the basal flake was detached at the final stage of the
shaping process. The object was used as projectile point. It presents a straight, basal fracture
and a 20 mm long impact fracture on the opposite tip. This broken end was used for scraping a
medium hard-hard material. The difference in patina between this end and the rest of the tool
surface suggests that the scraping represents secondary utilization, after the abandonment of
the projectile.
The microliths of Aşıklı Höyük Level 4: triangles and the cutting tool concept?
Microliths in Level 4 of Aşıklı Höyük are predominantly triangles (75 in our sample, Figure 6,
spec. 1-3), and rarely lunates (4). The microburin technique (Figure 6, spec. 4-5) was the main
technique used to produce these tools. It was applied on both extremities of the blank, and then
piquants-trièdres were shaped by the pressure technique (Inizan et al. 1999: Fig. 23: 145). The
microburins are by-products of this technique of breakage. They are proximal, mesial or distal.
The microburins should be distinguished from the debris of backs, which were accidentally bro-
ken during the process of retouch. Some bladelets were used before breakage via the microburin
technique (two out of five of the microburins).
A sample of 128 chipped-stone specimens recovered in 2012 from the flotation heavy resi-
due fraction contained 7 fragments of backs broken during retouch, 1 backed bladelet, 4 lunates,
74 triangles, 1 triangle with a microburin on one side, and 16 undetermined end fragments.
Thirty-two items show distal or proximal piquant-trièdres. Sixty-eight triangles are complete or
nearly complete. The remainder is comprised of distal, mesial, proximal, and lateral fragments.
The triangles exhibit unidirectional and sometimes bidirectional scars. Natural surfaces are also
sometimes observed. The sizes of the bladelets chosen to manufacture the triangles vary from
10.7-28 mm in length, 3.7-8 mm in width, and 1-3 mm in thickness. Retouch is often direct (52
of 68 complete or nearly complete items). Crossed and partially inverse retouch has also been
recorded. In some cases, a retouched area is found as well, on a proximal part of a triangle. In
one case, the partial retouch resembles a small tang.
Among the triangles, 24 were not used. Otherwise, use-damage is very light. It is mainly
observed on one extremity of the tool and the mesial part of the edge opposite to the back. The
use-damage covers at least two-thirds of the length of the edge, and it exhibits diverse morphol-
ogies. The overall organization of the scars indicates working with a sliding motion (percussion
posée). Usually, longitudinal motions and working of soft materials are recognized. These ma-
terials could be laid on a board or other hard surface during the activity. Maximum constraints
are indicated by extremities that display scaling by flexion, starting from the edge (transverse
scaling) or from the extremity-straight fracture with or without hinged end, scaling parallel to
the dorsal scar (fluting).
Below, three examples of used triangles are presented. The first specimen has a direct back,
made on the mesial part of the bladelet that was used to make the tool. The organization of
the wear can be described as follows. The distal part of the triangle shows two oblique inverse
fractures due to attrition by pressure applied to the tip of the tool. Below the breakage, on the
edge, tiny continuous and alternate scars are observed. The use marks cover the distal two-
thirds of the tool and indicate working of a soft material using a longitudinal motion. The sec-
ond example is a thin triangle made from a bladelet with unidirectional scars. The back bears
direct retouch. The use damage is mainly scaling and isolated fine short striations. The scaling is
mostly visible on the mesial and distal parts of the tool. The scars are marginal. Light smooth-
ing of the edge indicates contact with a soft (animal?) material. The third example is a very thin
bidirectional bladelet that was modified by direct retouch. The tool also presents tiny marginal
continuous direct use-scars except on the mesial part of the edge, which has a rather irregular
profile. This distribution suggests a sliding, longitudinal motion against a soft (animal?) mate-
rial. The wear is slightly more developed on the proximal part of the tool.
When microscopic wear is developed, it consists of thin discontinuous longitudinal stria-
tions (Figure 6 c-d). Striae that are slightly more abundant may suggest a change of the worked
material. There is a single example of well-developed wear (Figure 6 a-b) that is characterized by
tiny alternate scars and continuous rounding of the edge. At the microscopic scale, dull polish is
visible in immediate proximity to the edge. The striations are oriented parallel to the edge. This
pattern suggests cutting of a soft animal material.
In summary, the analysis shows that triangles were used to cut soft materials. So far, soft an-
imal tissues (7) have been recognized but the use of other substances cannot be excluded, since
41 out of 75 specimens cannot be associated with a particular category of soft material. Some
soft materials were probably laid on a hard surface when they were worked. The use of lunates is
similar. The small size of the microliths suggests that they would have been hafted. There is no
evidence of multiple inserts hafted in a handle. It is possible that triangles were axially hafted
360 Laurence Astruc
and used as “scalpels” or “cutting tools.” During the work, damaged triangles could be replaced
as needed.
Discussion
The chipped-stone assemblage from Level 4 of Aşıklı Höyük reveals that big obsidian flakes and
blocks were brought to the village from local sources in order to make and use tools in local sub-
sistence activities and craftwork. In other words, the production was by the community for the
community, and it was based on direct acquisition of raw materials. Such production was often
highly controlled and performed by skilled knappers. The Level 4 assemblage represents a tradi-
tion of knapping that is ancestral to that of Level 2 of Aşıklı Höyük (Abbès et al. 1999; Kayacan
– Altınbilek-Algül, this volume). The production centered on bladelets. The main method em-
ployed was the débitage of a surface, which associates with a particular core morphology. Direct
percussion with a soft stone hammer was commonly used in the reduction process. Most often,
core preparation by abrasion preceded flaking. The butt of the bladelets is plain and usually
small. Oblique truncations, backs, and triangles are the most characteristic tool types in Level 4.
Truncations and microliths were made from bladelets using the microburin technique.
Concerning subsistence, the diet of the Level 4 inhabitants was based on hunting, caprine
management, crops, and wild plants. According to Ergun et al., “the most common plants pos-
sibly grown and consumed as crops appear to be cereals.... With the presence of both wild and
domestic spikelet remains in the assemblages, Aşıklı Höyük seems to correlate to that early ag-
ricultural stage where the domestication process is still going on.” (Ergun et al., this volume).
These cereals are emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum, in greater proportion), ‘new glume
wheat’, einkorn wheat (Triticum monoccum subsp. monoccocum) and free-treshing wheat (Triticum
aestivum/durum), together with barley (Hordeum vulgare, and domestic forms), the proportions
of which changed through time. The botanical remains also attest to the heavy use of pulses
(lentil, bitter vetch, pea and chickpea), wild nuts and fruits (hackberry, pistachio, almond and
almond/prune). In fact 27 botanical families are represented among the botanical remains, and
their uses ranged from foodstuffs to a wide range of functional needs (fodder, building material,
fuel, raw materials for crafts). The results presented above support the observation that cereals
were regularly harvested at Aşıklı Höyük during the period represented by Level 4. The chipped-
stone artifacts used for harvesting cereals were used in sickles with straight or slightly curved
hafts. They were fixed parallel to the haft’s edge. This haft type is similar to that of Nahal Hemar
(Israel, 7th millennium cal BC; Bar Yosef 1987) and Halula (Syria, 7600–7300 cal BC, Borrell –
Molist 2007). In Level 4 of Aşıklı Höyük, sickle elements worn from harvesting work are found
in the living spaces. They were probably brought there, after harvesting in fields near the village
(Özbaşaran – Duru 2015). Inserts that were heavily worn were replaced, and the sickles were
stored in the house.
The faunal remains from Level 4 indicate broad spectrum hunting (Stiner et al. 2014, au-
rochs, red deers, boars, horses, onagers, roe deer, fallow deer, hares) alongside early manage-
ment of caprines (mainly sheep and some goats). Evidence of hunting weapons from the living
spaces in the site is poor, although hunting must have been the primary method for obtaining
meat (Stiner et al. 2014). A single projectile point was discovered in Level 4. It is interesting
that, while obsidian was the main raw material used in tool manufacture, this point was made
from flint. The manufacturing method is similar to those employed to work obsidian. The flint
point was recycled after it was broken as projectile. The near absence of evidence of projectile
technology, as well as primary butchery activities in the excavated areas of Level 4, suggests
much spatial differentiation of activities on site. It is possible that hunters brought the game to
special locations in or around the site (see also Stiner et al., this volume), away from most of the
houses, for the early stages of carcass partitioning and processing. Hunting equipment that was
brought back could be stored or abandoned in these spaces.
The overall pattern of activities suggested by the use-wear evidence is consistent with food
preparation and craftwork. Soft materials can be related to both domains of activity, with me-
dium-hard and hard materials attributable mainly to craftwork. In this latter case, longitudinal
cutting motions predominate, but transverse scraping motions are also indicated to a lesser de-
gree. Drills are, on the contrary, poorly represented. In most cases, short use-durations ham-
pered the formation of substantial polish, which makes difficult to isolate particular activities;
the exceptions are polished sickle elements. On the other hand, it is possible to propose that,
with the exception of triangles, most of the tool types were multivalent and could be used in
different activities. The triangles were employed to cut soft materials, especially animal tissues.
The sample examined for use-wear evidence comes primarily from open-air contexts, exca-
vated between the houses of the village. The results of the analysis indicate that these spaces
were used for various activities, including food processing and craftwork (see Özbaşaran – Duru
2015). These activities included stone knapping, and the entire chaîne opératoire of manufacture
of the various obsidian tools is found in these contexts. At least part of the production was used
on the spot, and this situation probably influenced decisions for quick tool discard. A relatively
wide variety of materials can be postulated for the activities performed with the chipped-stone
tools, and these activities seem to represent an equally wide range of light, small-scale work.
Conclusion
Research on the knapping methods and tool types, in particular oblique truncations, backs, mi-
croliths and harvesting tools, indicates a good deal of continuity between the chipped-stone
industries of Level 4 and Level 2 of Aşıklı Höyük. Continuity in technical practices is observed
in the choice of knapping methods for the production of tools, in the occurrence of typological
groups such as oblique truncations, backs and microliths, and in the morphology of the harvest-
ing tools (Anderson 1996).
As yet, evolutionary relationships have not been investigated between the Central Anatolian
Epipalaeolithic lithic traditions of Pınarbaşı (Baird 2012b; Baird et al. 2013) in the Konya plain
and the Aceramic Neolithic of Aşıklı Höyük in Cappadocia. Current work focuses on the defi-
nition of the typological and technological characteristics of the Central Anatolian Aceramic
Neolithic chipped-stone industries. Comparisons between Aşıklı Höyük and Boncuklu in the
Konya plain could permit analysis of regional variability and local dynamics.
The study of production from the workshop of Kömürcü-Kaletepe on the Göllü Dağ has es-
tablished links between Cappadocia and the Levant (Binder 2002). The obsidian industries from
Kömürcü-Kaletepe date to ca. 8200–7800 cal BC and are roughly contemporary but not com-
parable to those of Aşıklı Höyük Level 4. Knapping at Kömürcü-Kaletepe was fully standard-
ized and conducted on naviform and prismatic cores by very skilled specialists. It is possible,
therefore, that the Aşıklı Höyük Level 4 knappers followed a local tradition distinct from that
of Kömürcü-Kaletepe and the Levant. A single exogenous specimen has so far been recognized
362 Laurence Astruc
from Level 4 of Aşıklı Höyük. This is the chocolate flint blade associated with a bipolar tech-
nology but different from that of the Kömürcü-Kaletepe naviform cores. The flint blade from
Level 4 could indicate contacts with Eastern Anatolia and the Northern Levant, where Central
Anatolian obsidian was distributed.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mihriban Özbaşaran, Güneş Duru, the Aşıklı Höyük team members
and the Kızılkaya community for advice and assistance during the study. We acknowledge Nur
Balkan-Atlı, Çiler Altınbilek-Algül, Semra Yıldırım-Balcı, Nurcan Kayacan and Müge Ergun for
their useful feedback. Our analysis of tool production has benefited from the expert comments
of Jacques Pelegrin during the 2010 field season. Rozalia Christidou read the draft of the pa-
per. Our research was funded by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey; the Istanbul
University; the CNRS; the Institut français d’Études Anatoliennes; and the French National
Research Agency (Project ANR-08-Blanc-0318-CSD9).
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Obsidian Use during the Level 4 occupation at Aşıklı

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HAL Id: hal-03887256

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

Mihriban Özbaşaran Güneş Duru Mary Stiner

National Science University of Arizona Institut für Paläoanatomie,

THE EARLY SETTLEMENT AT AŞIKLI HÖYÜK

© 2018 Ege Yayınları

Production and Distribution

Introduction to the Aşıklı Höyük Project

a Laurence Astruc, Researcher, CNRS/UMR 7041, VEPMO, email: laurence.astruc@gmail.com

Provenience of the raw materials

some bladelets that bear the remnant

Conical or semi-conical cores

Figure 7. The bipolar blade made from chocolate flint.

Unretouched and retouched blanks

Abbès, F., N. Balkan-Atlı, D. Binder, M. C. Cauvin. 1999.

Bogaard, A., A. K. Outram. 2013.

Entwistle, J. A., P. W. Abrahams, R. A. Dodgshon. 2000.

Gérard, F., L. Thissen (eds) 2002.

Hammer, Ø., D. A. T. Harper, P. D. Ryan. 2001.

Kuzmin, S., D. Tarkhnishvili, V. Ishchenko, B. Tuniyev, T. Beebee, B. P. Anthony, B. Schmidt, A. Ogrodowczyk,

Meadows, J. R. S., I. Cemal, O. Karaca, E. Gootwine, J. W. Kijas. 2007.

Middleton, W. D., T. D. Price, D. C. Meiggs. 2005.

Neves, W. A., A. M. Barros, M. A. Costa. 1999.

Shahack-Gross, R., A. Ayalon. 2013.

Uzdurum, M., S. M. Mentzer. 2017.

Wells, E. C., C. Novotny, J. R. Hawken. 2007.

Unpublished MA and PhD Theses on Aşıklı Höyük

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