‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ *‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺠﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻭﺸﺎﻋﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺭﺍﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺤﻴﺯﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻁﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺴﺕ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﻀﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﺎﹰ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺒﻼﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫)*(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺒﻴﺩﻴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ(‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﺨﺎﺭ ﺤﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻲ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴل ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸﺭﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ)‪ .(١‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺎﻀﻭل)‪.(٢‬‬

‫*‬
‫ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬

‫‪Mosul region formed one of the most important regions in the‬‬

‫‪ancient Near East in general and specially in Iraq. That was because of‬‬
‫‪its cultural effects and achievement of its settlements and villages since‬‬
‫‪ancient ages commercial activity was one of the most important and‬‬
‫‪essential bases that established mutual cultural relationships between‬‬
‫‪Mosul and its neighbors. Trade was the most important feature that‬‬
‫‪characterized the city in the early period to meet the basic needs of the‬‬
‫‪people daily life through time. Anatolia, Arabian Gulf, Sham and Iran‬‬
‫‪were the most important regions contacting with Mosul to get rare‬‬
‫‪materials. Moreover, the effect of Mosul were represented by the‬‬
‫‪distribution of the Half pottery mainly in Arpachiya village in the north‬‬
‫‪east of Assyrian Nineveh. This pottery was distributed in the middle,‬‬
‫‪northern and eastern regions of Iraq stretching to Syria and Anatolia.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻘﺎ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻼﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺃﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﻠﺒﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻓﻀﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺭﺘﻜﺯﺍﹰ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻜﺱ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻌﺒﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺒﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻀﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻭﺴﺒﻴﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺼﻨﻌﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺼﻼﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺩﺨل‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ)‪ .(٣‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻥ( ﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل )ﻭﺠﺎﺘﺎل ﻫﻭﻴﻭﻙ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺴﻬل ﻗﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ)‪ .(٤‬ﻭﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬
‫)‪ (Mesothilic‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﹸﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫)ﻤﻠﻔﻌﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﺭﺒﻴل ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﻋﺜﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (٦‬ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺸﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ)‪ .(٥‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻕ‪ .‬ﻡ(‬ ‫)‪٥٦٠٠-٨٠٠٠‬‬ ‫)‪(Neothilic‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺼﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ ٣٥٠٠-٥٦٠٠) (Chalcolthic‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﺤﺴﻭﻨﺔ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﺵ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﻭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺯﺍﻤﻴل ﻭﺴﻜﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺯﻕ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺭﻤﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻭﻨﺼﺎل ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻤﻐﺎﺯل ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ)‪ .(٦‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺍﺹ ﻏﺯل ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺒﺴﺩﻴﺎﻥ)‪ .(٧‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﺒﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﺔ )ﺩﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻜﺭﻜﺒﺭﺍﻴﺕ( ﻤﺭﻜﺯﺍﹰ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺩ ﻜﺠﻠﺩ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ )ﺍﻻﻭﻨﻴﻜﺭ( ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺔ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ )ﺠﺎﺘﺎل ﻫﻭﻴﻭﻙ(‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻀﻭل)‪ .(٨‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺯﻟﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻏﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻠﺩﺓ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺘﻠﻌﻔﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺠل ﺍﻷﻭﺒﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ)‪ .(٩‬ﻭﻋﺜﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﺘﺒﻪ ﻜﻭﺭﺍ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻼﺌﺩ ﻭﺩﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﺒﺴﻴﺩﻱ)‪ .(١٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺘﻭﻁﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻭﺘﻌﺯﺯﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻓﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻗﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﺠﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ)‪ .(١١‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻤﻪ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻡ‬
‫)ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﻥ( ﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ)‪ .(١٢‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﺎﹰ )ﺠﺎﻴﻭﻨﻭ( ﻗﺭﺏ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﻭ)ﺠﺎﺘﺎل ﻫﻭﻴﻭﻙ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺯﺍﻭل‬
‫ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺠﻠﺒﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ)‪ .(١٣‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﻌﻰ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻟﺠﻠﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻜﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﻪ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻏﺭﺏ ﺒﻠﺩﺓ ﺘﻠﻌﻔﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻬﺭ ﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ)‪ .(١٤‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺴﻬل ﺴﻨﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﺔ( )ﺍﻟﺘل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ(‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺩﻻﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻤﺤﺯﺯﺓ ﻴﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﺔ)‪ .(١٥‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﻟﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪ (١١٠‬ﻗﻁﻌﺔ)‪ .(١٦‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸﺭﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﺁﻻﺕ ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻜﺴﺭﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻟﺩﺒﺎﺒﻴﺱ ﻭﺍﺯﻤﻴل ﻨﺤﺎﺴﻲ)‪.(١٧‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﻭﻁﻴﺩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺠﻠﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻭﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻕ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻨﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺘﺎﻴﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻻﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻜﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻘﻼﺌﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺌﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻴﺫ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺯ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺭﺹ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺠﻠﺒﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺠﺎﺭ )ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﻪ( )ﺍﻟﺘل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﺇﺫ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (١٠‬ﺨﺭﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺘﺎﻴﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ )‪ (٥‬ﺨﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻁﻭل )‪ (١,٥‬ﺴﻡ ﻭﺨﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻗﺭﺼﻴﺔ)‪ .(١٨‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺸﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﺭﺒﺠﻴﺔ( ﻋﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ‬
‫ﺜﻭﺭ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺱ ﻤﺘﻘﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻴﺤﺘﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻤﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﻭﻴﺫﺓ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ )‪ (٥‬ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻼﺌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺒﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﺨﺫﺕ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻴﺩ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﺌﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻌﺎﻭﻴﺫ‬
‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺼﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺱ ﺒﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﺌﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺒﺴﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﻘﺒﺔ)‪.(١٩‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﺨﺫﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ )ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺏ( ﻴﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻼل ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺏ ﺠﺯﺀﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﺼل ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺩ ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻼﻗﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻴﻥ)‪ .(٢٠‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﺒﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻓﻜﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﻀﻭﺤﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﻥ)‪ .(٢١‬ﻭﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﻼﻩ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺹ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻘﺭﻯ ﺤﺴﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻼﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻜﺠﺒﻴل ﻭﺍﺭﻴﺤﺎ)‪ .(٢٢‬ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺸﻜﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﺅﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﻠﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻻﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺭﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺌﻡ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻷﺨﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻋﺒﺭﻩ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ )ﺘﻠﻭل ﺒﻘﺭﺹ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻭ)ﻤﺭﻴﺒﻁ( ﻭ)ﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻡ( ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﺎﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻭﺤﺴﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ )ﺘل ﺒﻘﺭﺹ( ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻗﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺦ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺯ ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺔ )ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺔ )ﺘل ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻤﺜﻠﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺦ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ )ﺘل ﺃﺴﻭﺩ(‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻱ )ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﻪ( ﻭ)ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ )ﺒﺎﻻﻟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ( ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﺎﻋﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻗﺭﻯ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١١٠‬‬
 ‫)‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ)ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﻪ()‪ (٢٨‬ﻭ )ﺍﻻﺭﺒﺠﻴﺔ(‬ ‫)‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﻭ )ﺘﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺎﺕ(‬ ‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫)ﺤﺴﻭﻨﺔ(‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﻯ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻜـ)ﻋﻴﻥ ﻏﺯﺍل( ﻭ)ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ( ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪(٣١‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ)‪(٣٠‬ﻭ)ﺭﻤﺎﺩ( ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻋﺼﺭ ﺤﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﻋﺕ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (١٩١١‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺏ )ﺍﻭﺒﻨﻬﺎﻴﻡ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻋﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺒﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ )ﺍﻻﺭﺒﺠﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻲ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ)ﺘﺒﻪ ﻜﻭﺭﺍ( ﻭ)ﻴﺎﺭﻡ ﺘﺒﻪ( ﻭ)ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ( ﻭ)ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺠﻨﺔ( ﻭ)ﺘل‬
‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﺯﻭ(‬
‫ﻋﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻓﺨﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘل )ﺠﻐﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﺯﺍﺭ( ﻭ)ﺤﻠﻑ(‬
‫ﻭ)ﺒﺭﺍﻙ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺒﻭﺭ ﻭﺘل )ﺃﺴﻭﺩ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺦ ﻭ)ﻜﺭﻜﻤﻴﺵ( ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ)ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪(٣٤‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫"ﺃﻭﻏﺎﺭﻴﺕ"(‬
‫ﻋﺎﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺩﻟﻴل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ)‪.(٣٥‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺼﻼﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻟﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺸﻬﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﻤﻤﺎ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺩﻴﻤﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻔﺘﻘﺩﻩ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻁﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺯﺯ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﺒﻭﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺒﺜﻘﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﺎﹰ ﺭﺤﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ‬
. ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬

 
‫ ﺤﺠﺭ ﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺫﻭ ﻟﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ﻗﺎﺘﻡ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺼﻼﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺤﺎﻓﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬: ‫)*( ﺍﻻﻭﺒﺴﻴﺩﻴﺎﻥ‬
: ‫ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬. ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻜﺎﻨﻲ‬
Moorey, P.R.S., "The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy and Related
Technologies in Mesopotamia, 5500–2100 B.C" In: Iraq, vol. XLIV, Part 1,
1982,
pp. 63–64.
(1) Hijjara, I., The Halaf Period in Northern Mesopotamia, London, 1997, p.
15.
(2) Davidson, T.E. Mckrrell, H., "Pohery Analysis and Halaf Period Trade in
the Khabur Headwaters Region", In: Iraq, vol. XXXVIII, Part 1, 1976, pp.
52–53.
(3) Yoffee, N., Explaining Trade in Ancient Western Asia, Malibu, 1981, p.
23.
(4) Crawford, H., "The Mechanics of Obsidian Trade: A Suggestion", In:
Antiquity, vol. CII, No. 205, 1978, p. 129.
(5) Braidwood, R.–Howe, B., Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan,
Chicago, 1960, pp. 50–52.
‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‬، ‫ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﺩل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬: ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
. ٤٦ ‫ ﺹ‬، ١٩٨٥ ، ‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬، ‫ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‬،
(6) Lloyd, S.–Safar, F., "Tell Hassuna: Excavations by the Iraqi Government
Directorate General of Antiquities in 1943 and 1944", In: JNES, vol. 4,
1945, pp. 271–275.
. ٧٦ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬: ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
(7) Kirkbride, D., "Umm Dabaghiya, 1971: A Preliminary Report", In: Iraq,
vol. 34, 1972, p. 8.
‫ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠـﺭﻴﻴﻥ‬، ‫ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺤﺎﺯﻡ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ‬: ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
٧٠‫ ﺹ‬، ٢٠٠٦ ،‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬، ‫ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‬، ‫ ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
(8) Kirkbride, D.D., "Un Dabaghiya, A Trade Outposts", In: Iraq, vol. 36,
1974, p. 92.
. ٤٣ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ‬: ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬



(١١٢)
‫‪(9) Munchajev, R.M.–Merpert, N.Y.–Bader, N.O., "Archaeological Studies in‬‬
‫‪the Sinjar Valley, 1986", In: Sumer, vol. 43, 1984, p. 51.‬‬
‫‪(10) Perkins, A.L., "The Comparative Archeology of Early Mesopotamia", In:‬‬
‫‪SAOR, No. 25, Chicago, 1949, p. 36.‬‬
‫‪(11) Muhly, J.D., "The Copper Ox–Hide Ingots and the Bronze Age Metals‬‬
‫‪Trade", In: Iraq, vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, p. 73.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٩٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢‬ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻀﺎ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ" ‪ ،‬ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ، ٢‬ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ، ١٩٨٥ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٢٠٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٩٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣‬ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ – ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻀﺎ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻻﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺎﻀﻭل‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺩ‪:‬ﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٩٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤‬ﺍﻭﺘﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻨﺸﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻟﻁﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ، ١٩٨٨ ،‬ﺹ ‪٣١٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٩٩‬‬
‫‪(16) Munchajev and others, op. cit., pp. 34–35.‬‬
‫‪(17) Mallowan, M.–Rose, J., "Excavation at Tell Arpachiyah 1933", In" Iraq,‬‬
‫‪vol. 2, 1935, p. 104.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻋﺒﻭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻏﺭﺒﻲ ﺁﺴﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ، ١٩٧٥ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٤٧‬‬
‫‪(18) Munchajev and others, op. cit., pp. 34–35.‬‬
‫‪(19) Perkins, op. cit., p. 36.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠‬ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺒﺤﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﺼﻼﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻨـﺫ‬
‫ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ‪ ١٥٩٥‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ، ١٩٩٠ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٣٥-٣٤‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٠١‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٢‬ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٤٦-١٤٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٤٨‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤‬ﻜﻭﻨﺘﻨﺴﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻫـ‪-‬ﺩﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺭﺓ ‪" ،‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺴﺒﺭ ﺠﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻘﺭﺍﺱ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪"١٩٦٥‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﺞ‪ ، ١٩٦٦ ، ١٦‬ﺹ ‪ . ٧٢‬ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﻏﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻫﺩﻴﺏ ﺤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ، ٢٠٠٢ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ٦٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ . ٦٩‬ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. ١٠١‬‬
‫‪(26) Llyod–Safar, op. cit., p. 271.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫)‪(١١٣‬‬
(27) Fukai, S.–Mastutami, T., "Excavations at Telul Ethalathat, 1979", In:
Sumer, vol. 33, 1977, pp. 51–54.
(28) Merpert, N.–Munchajev, R., "The Investigation of the Soviet
Archaeological Expedition in Iraq in the Spring Excavations at Yarim Tepe
First Preliminary Reports", In: Sumer, vol. 25, 1969, p. 28.
(29) Mallowan–Rose, op. cit., pp. 79–82.
(30) Charvat, P., Mesopotamia before History, London, 2001, pp. 37–38.
. ١٠٧ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺴﻡ‬: ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬
. ١١ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫( ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬٣١)
‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬، ‫ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‬، ‫ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‬، ‫ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺤﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬، ‫ ﺍﻜﺭﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ‬، ‫( ﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬٣٢)
. ١ ‫ ﺹ‬، ١٩٨٢ ، ‫ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬
. ٣٨-٢٣ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬، ‫ ﻜﺴﺎﺭ‬: ‫ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬، ‫( ﺤﻭل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬٣٣)
. ١٥٦ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬، ‫( ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴﻤﻲ‬٣٤)
. ١٥٧ ‫ ﺹ‬، ‫( ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬٣٥)



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