AM, FM and SSB
AM, FM and SSB
AM, FM and SSB
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
1.14 Why is it important that the modulation index should be a number between 0
and 1? (2)
1.15 Sketch the waveform that will arise if the modulation index is above 1 (2)
1.16 What is the modulation index called when it is expressed as a percentage? (2)
1.17 What is the name of the frequencies that are generated whenever the carrier is
modulated by the intelligence?
(3)
1.18 What is the equation that describes the Amplitude modulation total power that
is driven through an antenna?
(2)
1.19 Consider a 250W SENTECH signal that is 70% modulated.
1.19.1 What is the total power in each of the sidebands? (2)
1.19.2 What will be the total power in each sideband if the signal is 100%
modulated? (2)
1.19.3 What can you deduce on the results in 1.19.1 and 1.19.2? (2)
1.19.4 Discuss how you would generate a SSB in an AM modulation and why
is it beneficial to transmit using SSB. (7)
1.20 What are the typical standard intermediate frequencies are for AM broadcast
receivers? (2)
1.21 Explain why sensitivity and selectivity are important characteristics in radio
receivers. (2)
1.22 A certain receiver has the following data:
Received signal at 50 Ω = 12 µV (carrier only)
1 RF amplifier with 12 dB of gain
1 Mixer with 6 dB of conversion loss followed by a multipole filter with 1 dB
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
1.34.3 Calculate the maximum transmitted power when modulated with single
sine wave with carrier power equal to 10kW. (2)
1.34.4 Determine the power efficiency. (2)
1.34.5 Calculate the total transmitted power if the carrier is simultaneously
modulated with another sine wave at 50 percent. (3)
1.35 What are the advantages of utilising FETs instead of BJTs in RF amplifiers?
QUESTION 2: FREQUENCY MODULATION
2.1 What determines the amount and rate of frequency deviation, and how many
times the carrier frequency deviates above and below its center frequency? (4)
2.2 What is the deviation ratio of the TV sound if the maximum deviation is 25kHz
and the maximum modulating frequency is 15 kHz? (2)
2.3 The total power of FM transmitter is 100 W while modulation index is 2.0.
2.3.1 Calculate power levels in all frequency components (hint: use Bessel
table) (4)
2.3.2 If frequency of used modulation signal (fm) is 1.0 kHz, estimate the FM
signal bandwidth required. (2)
2.4 An FM signal, 1000 sin [ 2 x 108t + (2 x104) cos ( x 104 t)] is applied to a 50
Ω antenna. Determine:
2.4.4 Power in the largest and smallest sidebands (use Bessel table) (2)
2.5 With the aid of diagram, explain how a varactor diode can be used to directly
generate the FM signal. (8)
2.6 Considering the functions, differentiate between limiters and discriminators in
FM receivers? (2)
2.7 Briefly define three possible phase lock loop states of operation. (6)
2.8 Define the following terms:
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
2.17 Discuss the difference between the limiters and discriminators as applied in FM
receivers. (6)
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
2.18. A certain receiver provides a voltage of 200,000 (106dB) prior to its limiter. The
limiter quietening voltage is 200mV. Determine the receiver’s sensitivity? (2)
2.19 Draw a diagram of a phase locked loop (PLL) and explain its
operation? (8)
2.20 Complete the frequency spectrum of an FM signal as shown below showing
the values of the lower and upper sidebands as shown in the diagram. (6)
2.21 Suppose you are driving along the Jan smuts avenue listening to 5FM radio.
Suddenly you hear another radio station overriding the 5FM radio. Explain the
phenomenon that just happened? (3)
2.22 A PLL is setup so that its VCO free runs at 10MHz. The VCO does not change
frequency until the input is within 50kHz of 10Mhz. after that condition, the
VCO follows the input to ±200kHz of 10Mhz before the VCO starts to free run
again. Determine the lock and the capture ranges of the PLL. (4)
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
the deviation required for the FM signal is 30 kHz with a maximum modulating
signal of 5 kHz? Determine bandwidth using:
2.25.1. The Bessel table (2)
2.25.2. The Carson’s rule (2)
2.26 Draw a diagram of a phase locked loop (PLL) and explain its
operation? (8)
2.27 A superheterodyne receiver must cover the range from 220 to 224 MHz. The
first IF is 10.7 MHz; the second is 1.5 MHz. Find: (Assume a local oscillator
frequency higher than the input by the IF.)
2.27.1. The local oscillator tuning range. (2)
2.27.2. The frequency of the second local oscillator. (2)
2.27.3. The first IF image frequency range. (2)
2.28 Suppose you are driving along the Jan smuts avenue listening to 5FM radio.
Suddenly you hear another radio station overriding the 5 FM radio. Explain the
phenomenon that just happened? (3)
2.29 Discuss why the single side band transmission is more preferable over
double side band. (4)
2.29.1 What determines the amount of the carrier frequency in FM
system. (2)
2.29.2 What determines the rate of the carrier frequency deviation in FM
system. (2)
2.30. A certain radio station wants to determine the bandwidth required to transmit a
FM signal with intelligence frequency of 30kHz and maximum deviation of 60.
2.30.1 Calculate the modulation index. (1)
2.30.2 By using the Bessel table, determine the value of the first four
sidebands of frequency. (4)
2.31.3 Determine the bandwidth required for transmission. (2)
2.31.4 Using Carson`s rule approximate the value of the bandwidth. (2)
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Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation (Transmit and Receive) and Single Side Band
Figure 2
3.2 Explain how to generate an SSBSC signal from the balanced modulator. Make
use of sketch to enhance your answer. (8)
3.3 Prove that the phasing method to generate SSBSC is v 0 ( t ) = cos2π ( fc - fm ) t. (5)
3.3 What are two major benefits of single side band? (2)
3.4 Sketch the block diagram of SSB receiver (8)
3.5 What is the main disadvantage of DSB and SSB signals? (1)