BSD Lecture Notes

Introduction to Design of Reinforced
Cement Concrete (RCC) Structures
Reinforced Cement concrete foundation

Introduction to Design of RCC Structures
The information on material’s mechanical properties is very
important for designing any structure. The various mechanical
properties for construction materials are
 Modulus of Elasticity
Shear modulus
Poisson’s ratio
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Shear strength and
Elastic properties
The two major materials used in construction of any structure are
concrete and structural steel. Hence designers and construction
engineers should have in depth understanding of mechanical
properties of these two materials.
Modulus of Elasticity (Concrete)
Modulus of Elasticity (Concrete)
IS 456:2000, Cl 6.2.3.1 give empirical equation for static
modulus in terms of characteristic cube strength.
𝐸𝑐 = 5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Where, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 is characteristic compressive strength of cubes.
Shear Modulus (G)

The shear modulus of concrete is essential for computing the
torsional resistance of a RCC structure. The shear modulus for
concrete is generally taken as 0.4 times of Ec.
Poisson’s Ratio
The ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain under
uniform compressive stress. It’s value for concrete is adopted as
0.2 for design purpose.
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of concrete under uniaxial compression
is determined by loading standard test cubes to failure in a
compression testing machine as per IS 516:1959. The maximum
stress attained during the loading process is referred to as the
cube strength of concrete. The measured value of compressive
strength is correlated to other properties like tensile strength,
shear strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, etc.,.
Standard test cubes – 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm.
150
Height to width ratio = = 1.
150
When the height to width ratio increases the compressive strength
decreases.
Assume a standard test cube is made of M25 grade concrete, the
expected load at failure is calculated as
𝑃 = 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴 , where 𝑓𝑐 is maximum compressive stress and A is
cross-sectional area.
Therefore, 𝑃 = 25 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 150 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 150 𝑚𝑚 = 562.5 kN
Now, when the height to width ratio is increased, the compressive load
at failure decreases.
Assume a standard cylinder of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length.

300
The height to diameter ratio = =2
150
Consider this cylinder is also made of M25 grade concrete, the
expected failure load
𝑃 ≠ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴
For height to diameter ratio =2, 𝑃 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝐴
𝑁 𝜋
𝑃 = 0.85 ∗ 25 2 ∗ ∗ 1502 𝑚𝑚2 = 375.51𝑘𝑁
𝑚𝑚 4
A RCC member like beam, column and slab will have height to least
lateral dimension ratio greater than 8 in general.
Now, for height to width ratio ≥ 8 what would be the strength

reduction???
This reduction in compressive strength is significant for height to width

ratio up to 5.
For height to width ratio = 5, the strength reduction is 33% of standard

cube strength and the same is adopted for members having height to
width ratio greater than 5.
 Peak Stress occurs at strain of

0.002 for all grades of
concrete.
 As the grade of concrete
increases the initial stress-
strain slope steepens.
 As the concrete grade
increases the failure strain
decreases.
 Characteristic cube strength is fck
 For H/B ratio > 5, consider 33%

reduction in strength . Therefore 0.67
Fck.
 Partial material factor of safety γm.
 The failure strain for members under

Bending is 0.0035.
𝑓 𝑓
 0.67 𝛾𝑐𝑘 = 0.67 1.5
𝑐𝑘
= 0.447𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑚
Tensile Strength
The test for tensile strength of concrete cannot be done directly due to
difficulties in applying direct tensile force in specimen.
Hence, either flexural test on plain concrete prism/beam of standard
size or split tensile test is performed.
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength of concrete is very minimum in comparison to its
compressive strength. The tensile strength of concrete is about only 7
to 15 percent of its compressive strength.
IS 456:2000, Cl 6.2.2 recommends the following empirical equation

to calculate 𝑓𝑐𝑟 , 𝑓𝑐𝑟 is flexural tensile stress at extreme fibre or also
known as Modulus of Rupture
𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.7 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Shear Strength
Concrete is rarely subjected to pure shear. The shear strength of concrete is obtained by
concrete subjected to combined stresses. The shear strength of concrete lies between
10-20 percent of its compressive strength.
Effect of confinement in concrete
Effect of confinement
The transverse reinforcement in concrete

columns restraints the lateral tensile strains
developed in concrete during axial shortening.
This increases the compressive strength of
concrete considerable. The spiral ties in circular
columns found to be more effective in providing
confinement.
Creep of Concrete
When a concrete is subjected to sustained (prolonged) loading, the strain in concrete
continues to increase with respect to time. This is known as creep effect. The total
strain measured at any time due to sustained constant load consists of instantaneous
strain and creep strain.
Effects of Creep
Increase in deflection of beams and slabs
Increase in deflection of slender columns
Loss of pre-stress in pre-stressed members.
Factors influencing Creep
High cement content
High w/c ratio
Low aggregate content
High air entrainment
Low relative humidity
Loading at early age
Sustained loading for long period
High Temperature
Creep Coefficient (θ)
The creep coefficient θ is ratio of creep strain at time t to instantaneous
strain.
𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜃=
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
IS 456:2000, Cl 6.2.5.1 states

Loading days Ultimate creep strain
7 days 2.2
28 days 1.6
1 year 1.1
Effective modulus of Elasticity (Ece)
For the calculation of long term deflection in beams, the short term
modulus of elasticity is replaced by effective modulus of elasticity.
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑐𝑒 =
1+𝜃
Shrinkage
Concrete shrinks in hardened state due to loss of moisture by
evaporation and consequently volume decreases. This termed as drying
shrinkage. If the change is volume is restrained by end supports then
shrinkages cracks develop.
Shrinkage also occurs at early stage soon of casting of concrete referred

to as instantaneous shrinkage. This can be avoided by preventing
moisture loss and proper scheduling of concrete in mass concreteing
process.
Shrinkage cracks
Instantaneous shrinkage or plastic

shrinkage
Drying shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage does not depend on stress condition on concrete. Shrinkage
can happen even if the concrete is not loaded. Shrinkage can be
minimised through proper curing of concrete members, adopting less
w/c ratio and using high total aggregate content.
To avoid shrinkage in concrete, mass concreteing especially for slabs is

usually done at night. This reduces the problem of instantaneous
shrinkage. Proper curing and regular maintenance will reduce the
problem of drying shrinkage.
Material properties of reinforcing steel
Stress-Strain characteristic curve from IS456:2000
Tensile Test on Steel
Basic Design Concepts
Safety
Aim of Structural Design
Economy Serviceability
Safety implies that the likelihood of collapse of the structure is
acceptably low not only under the normal expected loads, but
also under abnormal but probable overloads such as due to
earthquake or extreme wind etc,.
Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure

under service loads, without discomfort to the user due to
excessive deflection, cracking, vibration, etc.
Economy – The increase is safety margins can enhance safety

and serviceability but also increases the cost of the structure.
Hence, weighted safety margins against the expected loss due to
any damage has to be incorporated.
Design Philosophies
Design Philosophies
Ultimate Strength
Working Stress Method Limit State Method
Method
Working Stress Method (WSM) Limit State Method (LSM)
Materials are allowed to be stressed to its full

The materials are allowed to be stressed within
capacity at limit state of collapse condition.
their linear elastic limit by adopting high
However, partial safety factors on materials are
material factor of safety.
imposed.
The members are first designed to limit state of

The design using WSM addresses both safety
collapse by considering material and load
and serviceability issues due to restriction of
partial safety factors and then checked for limit
stresses within the elastic limit.
state of serviceability under service loads.
The long term effects like creep, shrinkage etc

are not considered. These may stress the The long term effects due to creep, shrinkage,
material beyond its elastic limit range over the durability are considered.
period of time.
LSM adopts rational reliability models by

The structures designed by WSM usually have
imparting various factor of safeties. Hence
larger cross sections due to high material factor
optimized sections are arrived without
of safety.
compromise in safety and serviceability.
Limit State Method of Design
Limit State of
Collapse
Limit State Method
Limit State of
Serviceability
Limit State Method
The structure shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable
to act on it throughout its life and it shall also satisfy the
serviceability requirements.
Limit State of Collapse

The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every
section shall not be less then the appropriate value at that section
produced by most unfavourable combinations of loads on the
structure using the appropriate partial safety factors.
Limit state of Serviceability
Deflection of beams and slabs should be within the limiting
values given in cl 23.2
Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance
or durability of the structure.
Characteristics Loads
The value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life of the structure.
IS 875 (Part 1)- Dead load
IS 875 (Part 2) – Live load
IS 875 (Part 3)- Wind load
IS 875 (Part 4) – Snow load
IS 1893 – Earthquake forces.
Characteristics Strength of Materials
The value of the strength of the material below which not more
than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.
Cl 36.3 Design Values

Cl 36.3.1 Materials
𝑓
The design strength of materials, 𝑓𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚
Where, fd is characteristic strength of the material and γm partial
safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit state being
considered.
Cl 36.3.2 Loads
The design load, 𝐹𝑑 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝛾𝑓
Where, F = characteristic load and γf is partial safety factor
appropriate to the nature of loading and limit state being
considered.
Cl 36.4.2 Partial safety factors γm for material strength

For assessing the strength of a structure or structural member for
the limit state of collapse, the values of partial safety factor, γm
should be taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.
Cl 36.4.1 Partial Safety Factor γf for loads
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38 Limit State of Collapse : Flexure
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
 Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending
Design of RCC beams
Design of RCC beams
Typical example for plane section normal to axis remain not
plane after bending
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost
compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
a b
a’ b’
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
 The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression
fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
𝑎𝑏−𝑎′ 𝑏′
Maximum compressive Strain, 𝜀𝑐 = = 0.0035
𝑎𝑏
The relationship between the compressive stress

distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be
assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other
shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of test.
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
 The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from
representative stress-strain curve for the type of steel used.
Design of RCC beams
Cl 38.1 Assumptions
 The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section
at failure shall not be less than
𝑓𝑦
+ 0.002
1.15𝐸𝑠
Design of RCC beams
Moment of resistance
Design of RCC beams
M.O.R = C x z = T x z
C = Fc ,T = Ft and z is lever arm
C = T (balanced section)
C > T (under reinforced section)
C < T (over reinforced section)
C = Fc = volume of the concrete stress block

Design of RCC beams
Volume of concrete stress block = area of stress block x b
Where, b is breadth of beam
Area of stress block = 0.447 fck x Xu x 0.8 = 0.357 fck Xu

Design of RCC beams
C = Volume of stress block = 0.36 fck x b x Xu
T = 0.87 fy x Ast
For balanced section,
C=T
0.36 fck b Xu = 0.87 fy Ast

𝑋𝑢 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
=
𝑑 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑
Design of RCC beams
M.O.R of concrete = C x z
Where, 𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.42 𝑋𝑢
Therefore, M.O.R of concrete = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑋𝑢 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢 )
Since Xu is unknown, IS 456:2000 provides guideline to fix

maximum Xu for safety. i.e Xu,max
Design of RCC beams
𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.42𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
M.O.R of concrete = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 1− 𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 1− 𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑
M.O.R of steel = T x z
= 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢
𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
M.O.R of steel = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 − 0.42 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑑
Balanced Section
Design of RCC beams
For under-reinforced sections, C >T
Steel reinforcement will yield before the concrete reaches its limit state.
Then, the moment of resistance provided by steel governs the design of
flexural member.
Therefore, for under-reinforced sections the M.O.R is
0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.42
0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑
Problem 1
Design a RCC beam of clear span 4.5 m simply resting over a
300 mm thick brick masonry wall on its either side. The is beam
is to carry a uniformly distributed live load of 6 kN/m and a dead
load of 1.2 kN/m (excluding the self-weight) acting throughout
its span. Take M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the
beam. The design shall comply with IS 456:2000.
Problem 1 cond…
Step 1:- Determination of c/s dimension of beam
0.3 m 4.5 m
Cl 22.2 Effective Span (Pg. No. 34)

The effective span of beam = clear span + d/2 or centre to centre of supports
Problem 1 cond…
Therefore, effective span l = 4.5 + (0.3/2) + (0.3/2) = 4.8 m
Cl 23.2.1 (Pg.No. 37)
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m
For simply supported condition, 𝑙 𝑑 = 20
𝑙 4800
20
= 𝑑, therefore 𝑑 = 20
= 240 𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
Effective cover = clear cover + φ/2
D Assume φ = 20 mm and clear cover = 20 mm
d
Effective cover = 20 + 20/2 = 30 mm
D = 240 + 30 = 270 mm ≈ 300 mm
Effective cover
D = 300 mm
Problem 1 cond…
The breadth of beam is usually taken as equal to wall thickness. The nominal
wall thickness including the plastering is 230 mm.
Hence adopt breadth of beam, 𝑏 = 230 𝑚𝑚
D = 300 mm
Step 2:- Calculation of design forces
Live load = 6 kN/m (given)

Dead load = 1.2 kN/m (given)
b = 230 mm
Self weight = 0.3 m x 0.23 m x 25 kN/m3
= 1.725 kN/m Unit weight of RCC
Total load = 8.925 kN/m

Design load = 1.5 x total load
= 1.5 x 8.925
= 13.38 kN/m
Problem 1 cond…
The failure of beam members are governed by two primary modes, namely
bending/flexure and shear. Hence the design of beam has to be made against
these failure modes. To design against flexure and shear, the design bending
moment and design shear forces are required to be calculated.
𝑤𝑙 2
Design bending moment =
8
Where w is factored load and l is effective span.
13.38∗4.82
Therefore, Design/factored bending moment = = 38.53 kNm.
8
𝑤𝑙 13.38∗4.8
Design shear force = = = 32.112 kN
2 2
Problem 1 cond…
Step 3:- Calculation for required area of steel (Ast)
To achieve ductile behaviour of beam, the beam is to be designed as an under-

reinforced section. The steel is allowed to yield first.
Therefore, the moment of resistance of the beam section is taken as
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 − from cl G 1.1(b) – Pg.no.96 of
IS456:2000
Mu > design bending moment
Therefore, 38.53 ∗ 106 < 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
Problem 1 cond…
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
38.37 ∗ 106 ≤ 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 270 ∗ 1 −
25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
38.37 ∗ 106 ≤ 97483.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 26.06 𝐴2𝑠𝑡

Too high value discard this
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 447.025𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 3293.7𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, Ast,reqd = 447.025 mm2
Assuming 12 mm dia bars, the number of bars required is
447.025
= 𝜋 = 3.95 ≈ 4 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 122
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 4 ∗ ∗ 122 = 452.39𝑚𝑚2
4
Problem 1 cond…
Check for under-reinforced section,
𝑋𝑢 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

= <
𝑑 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑 𝑑
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 452.39

= = 0.29
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
= 0.48 (for Fe415 , from NOTE of cl 38.1 Pg.no.70)
𝑑
𝑋𝑢 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Therefore, < hence the section is under-reinforced section.
𝑑 𝑑
Check for minimum area of tension reinforcement,

𝐴𝑠 0.85
= (from cl 26.5.1.1 of Pg.no.47)
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
Problem 1 cond…
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
230 ∗ 270 415
𝐴𝑠 = 127.19𝑚𝑚2
Ast,provided > As , hence safe.
Step 4:- Check for shear

𝑽𝒖
From cl 40.1, Pg.no. 72, nominal shear stress τv =
𝒃∗𝒅
Vu is design shear force.

32.112∗103
τv = = 0.517 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
230∗270
Maximum shear stress τmax=3.1N/mm2 (from Table 20 of Pg.no.73)

Problem 1 cond…
Design shear strength of concrete τc from Table 19 of Pg.no. 73
Problem 1 cond…
𝐴𝑠 452.39
%= ∗ 100 = 0.728%
𝑏𝑑 230 ∗ 270
On interpolating, we get τc = 0.562 N/mm2.
Therefore, 𝜏𝑐 > 𝜏𝑣 Provide minimum shear reinforcement.
From cl 26.5.1.6 of Pg.no.48,
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
𝑏𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦
From cl 26.5.1.5 of Pg.no.47
Maximum spacing, 𝑠𝑣 = 0.75𝑑 for vertical
stirrups.
𝑠𝑣 = 0.75 ∗ 270 = 202.5 ≈ 200𝑚𝑚
Problem 1 cond…
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
230 ∗ 200 0.87 ∗ 415
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ 50.97𝑚𝑚2
Provide 8mm φ 2-legged stirrups at 200mm c/c spacing
2-legged stirrups
Problem 1 cond…
Step 5 :- Check for serviceability
Deflection check
5 ∗ 𝑤𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 4
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384 ∗ 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼
5 ∗ 8.925 ∗ 48004
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8
= 4.77 𝑚𝑚
384 ∗ 25000 ∗ 5.17 ∗ 10
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝛿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = (From cl 23.2 Pg.no. 37)
250
4800
𝛿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 19.2 𝑚𝑚
250
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝛿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 , Hence the design is safe

Problem 2 - Singly reinforced rectangular beams
Design the reinforced concrete continuous beams shown in figure below. Take
M25 grade of concrete and Fe500 grade steel.
Problem 2 contd…
Solution :-
Step 1 :- Determination of c/s dimensions of beam
The given beam is a continuous beam with their ends joined to columns. The
effective span of the beam from cl 22.2 b Pg.no.35, if the support width is less
than 1/12 of the clear span then the effective span shall be taken from cl 22.2 a
Pg.no.34.
In the given problem, clear span = 4250 – 300 = 3950 mm
3950
Span /12 = = 329.16
12
The given width of column is 300 mm and less than span/12. Hence the
effective span shall be taken as center to center of supports from cl 22.2a
Pg.no.34.
Therefore, effective span = 4250 mm
Problem 2 contd…
To find the minimum effective depth required as per the deflection criteria from cl
23.2.1 pg.no.37 , consider the end span, continuous on side and discontinuous on
the other side.
Therefore, take the average of span to effective depth ratio for beams with simply
supported end condition and the continuous one.
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 20 + 26
= = 23
𝑑 2
4250
𝑑= = 184.78 𝑚𝑚
23
Assume 20 mm φ reinforcement and 20 mm clear cover.
D = d + clear cover + φ/2 = 184.78 + 20 + 10 =214.78 mm ≈ 300 mm
D = 300 mm
d = 300 – 20 – 10 = 270 mm
Problem 2 contd…
Take breadth of beam as 230 mm. Hence the cross-sectional dimension of
beam is 230 mm x 300 mm.
Step 2:- Calculation of design forces
Live load = 10 kN/m (given)

Dead load = 2 kN/m (given)
Self weight = 0.23 m x 0.3 m x 25 kN/m3
= 1.725 kN/m
Design load = 1.5 x total load
= 1.5 x 13.725
= 20.25 kN/m
Problem 2 contd…
To calculate the bending moment and shear force of continuous beam, we need
to do analysis. Instead, IS 456:2000 cl 22.5 Pg.no. 35 states that for beams
with more than 3 spans and having equal spans and similar loading intensity
the bending moment and shear force shall be calculated from Table 12 and
Table 13 Pg.no. 36 respectively.
End Span Interior Span
Span Support Span Support
Dead loads 𝑤𝑙 2 −𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 −𝑤𝑙 2

Bending 12 10 16 12
Moment Live loads 𝑤𝑙 2 −𝑤𝑙 2 𝑤𝑙 2 −𝑤𝑙 2
10 9 12 9
Dead loads 0.4 * w * l 0.6 * w * l
Shear
force Live loads 0.45 * w * l 0.6 * w * l
Problem 2 contd…
Deflection Diagram
Bending Moment Diagram

Problem 2 contd…
Dead load + Self weight = 3.725 kN/m
Factored load (dead load + Self weight) = 5.58 kN/m
Factored Live load = 1.5 * 10 = 15 kN/m
End Span Interior Span
Span Support Span Support
5.58 ∗ 4.252 −5.58 ∗ 4.252 5.58 ∗ 4.252 −5.58 ∗ 4.252

Dead loads = 8.399 = −10 = 6.299 = −8.39
12 10 16 12
Bending Moment 15 ∗ 4.252 −15 ∗ 4.252 15 ∗ 4.252 −15 ∗ 4.252
Live loads = 27.09 = −30.1 = 22.57 = −30.1
(kNm) 10 9 12 9
Total 35.489 -40.1 28.86 -38.49

0.4 ∗ 5.58 ∗ 4.25 = 9.486 0.6 ∗ 5.58 ∗ 4.25 ∗ 2 = 28.458
Dead loads
Shear force 0.45 ∗ 15 ∗ 4.25 = 28.68 0.6 ∗ 15 ∗ 4.25 ∗ 2 = 76.5
Live loads
(kN)
Total 38.166 104.95
Problem 2 contd…
Bending Moment Diagram - 38.49 kNm

- 38.49 kNm
- 40.1 kNm
35.489 kNm 28.86 kNm 28.86 kNm 35.489 kNm

Problem 2 contd…
Shear Force Diagram
38.166 kN 104.95kN 104.95kN 104.95kN
38.166 kN
Problem 2 contd…
In general, due to practical difficulties the depth of beam, area of tension

reinforcement (positive and negative) are kept same for all the spans. Therefor
the design is to be carried out for the maximum positive BM, maximum
negative BM and maximum shear force only.
Maximum Span BM : 35.489 kNm

Maximum Support BM : 40.1 kNm
Maximum Shear Force : 104.95 kN
Step 3:- Calculation of area of tension steel (Ast)
Assume the beam is under-reinforced section. Therefore the moment of

resistance is calculated as cl G1.1 b of Pg.no.96
Problem 2 contd…
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
(i) Required Ast for span moment (positive moment)
6
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
35.489 ∗ 10 ≤ 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 270 ∗ 1 −
25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
35.489 ∗ 106 ≤ 117450𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 37.82𝐴2𝑠𝑡

Discard the larger
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≥ 339. 21𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 2766.28 𝑚𝑚2 value
339.21
=𝜋 = 2.99 ≈ 3 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 122
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 3 ∗ ∗ 122 = 339.29𝑚𝑚2
4
Problem 2 contd…

= <
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 339.29

= = 0.264
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
𝑑
𝑑 𝑑

𝐴𝑠 0.85
= (from cl 26.5.1.1 of Pg.no.47)
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
Problem 2 contd…
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
230 ∗ 270 500
𝐴𝑠 = 105.57𝑚𝑚2
(ii) Required Ast for support moment (negative moment)
Again considering the beam as under-reinforced section. From cl G1.1 b of
Pg.no.96
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
6
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
40.1 ∗ 10 ≤ 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 270 ∗ 1 −
25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
40.1 ∗ 106 ≤ 117450𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 37.82𝐴2𝑠𝑡 Discard the larger
value
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≥ 390. 53 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 2714.96 𝑚𝑚2
Problem 2 contd…
390.53
=𝜋 = 3.45 ≈ 4 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 122
4
230 mm
Clear spacing b/w longitudinal bars
20 mm 230− 2∗28 −(4∗12)

= = 42 mm
42 mm 42 mm 42 mm 3
Hence spacing greater than the

diameter of largest bar and also
greater han 5mm+ nominal size
of coarse aggregate. Hence safe.
Problem 2 contd…

= <
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 452.38

= = 0.35
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 25 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
𝑑
𝑑 𝑑

𝐴𝑠 0.85
= (from cl 26.5.1.1 of Pg.no.47)
𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
Problem 2 contd…
𝐴𝑠 0.85
=
230 ∗ 270 500
𝐴𝑠 = 105.57𝑚𝑚2
Step 4:- Check for shear
𝑽𝒖
From cl 40.1, Pg.no. 72, nominal shear stress τv =
𝒃∗𝒅
Vu is design shear force.

104.95∗103
τv = = 1.69 𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
230∗270
Maximum shear stress τmax=3.1N/mm2 (from Table 20 of Pg.no.73)

Problem 2 contd…
Design shear strength of concrete τc from Table 19 of Pg.no. 73

Problem 2 contd…
Maximum shear force occurs at supports and at supports tension occurs at top
of beam in a continuous beam. Hence for design shear strength the percentage
of steel has to calculated for area of steel provided at top.
𝐴𝑠 452.38
Therefore, % = ∗ 100 = 0.728%
𝑏𝑑 230∗270
On interpolating, we get τc = 0.563 N/mm2.
Therefore, 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 design for shear reinforcement needs to performed.
From cl 40.4a of Pg.no.73,
0.87∗𝑓𝑦 ∗𝐴𝑠𝑣 ∗𝑑
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = ; 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
𝑠𝑣
Problem 2 contd…
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 104.95 ∗ 103 − 0.573 ∗ 230 ∗ 270
𝑉𝑢𝑠 = 69.37 kN
0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ∗ 270

69.37 ∗ 103 = = 144.09𝑚𝑚2
0.75 ∗ 270
Area of 2 legged 10 mm φ bar = 2*π*102/4 = 157.07 mm2
Hence provide 2 legged 10 mm φ stirrups

@ 200 mm c/c spacing. 4# 12φ
21# 10φ 2legged @

200mm c/c
3# 12φ
Flanged Beams
Flanged Beams
Flanged Beams
Cl 23.1.1 Pg.no.36 states , the slab shall be cast integrally with the web or web
and slab shall be effectively bonded. If the main reinforcement of slab is
parallel to beam, transverse reinforcement shall be provided as per figure
below. The transverse reinforcement shall not be less than 60% of main
reinforcement at the mid-span of the slab.
Flanged Beams
 If 𝑋𝑢 ≤ 𝐷𝑓 then the T-beam shall be designed as rectangular beam by
considering the breadth (b) of beam as width of the flange. (Cl 38.1 G2.1
Pg.no.96 )
Flanged Beams
𝐷𝑓
 If 𝑋𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 and 𝑑 ≤ 0.2 then the limiting value of moment of resistance
may be obtained by (Cl 38.1 G2.2 Pg.no.96 )
𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑
𝐷𝑓
+ 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑−
2
3
𝐷𝑓 ≤ 𝑋𝑢
7
Flanged Beams
𝐷𝑓
 If 𝑋𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 and > 0.2 then the limiting value of moment of resistance
𝑑
may be obtained by (Cl 38.1 G2.2.1 Pg.no.97 )
𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦𝑓
+ 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 𝑑 −
2
Where, 𝑦𝑓 = 0.15𝑥𝑢 + 0.65𝐷𝑓
Flanged Beams
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance for the T-section beam shown below.
The given beam is an isolated t-beam and spans 5.0 m. Take M30 grade of concrete
and Fe 500 grade steel.
Step 1 :- Calculation for effective width of flange
𝑙0 5000
From cl 23.1.2 (c), Pg no.37, 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙0 + 𝑏𝑤 = 5000 + 230 = 842.2𝑚𝑚
+4 1200
+4
𝑏
Flanged Beams
Step 2 :- Calculation of Xu
𝑋𝑢 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
From G-1.1 (a) =
𝑑 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑
𝜋
0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 3 ∗ ∗ 162
𝑋𝑢 = = 4
0.36 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏𝑓,𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.36 ∗ 30 ∗ 842.2
𝑋𝑢 = 28.84 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, Xu < Df hence the beam has to be designed as rectangular section.
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓,𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑
500 ∗ 603.18
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 603.18 ∗ 314 ∗ 1 − = 79.25kNm
30 ∗ 842.2 ∗ 314
Flanged Beams
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance for the T-section beam shown
below. The given beam is an isolated t-beam and spans 5.0 m. Take M30 grade
of concrete and Fe 500 grade steel.
Flanged Beams
𝜋
0.87 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 6 ∗ 4 ∗ 252
𝑋𝑢 = =
0.36 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏𝑓,𝑒𝑓𝑓 0.36 ∗ 30 ∗ 842.2
𝑋𝑢 = 140.85 𝑚𝑚 > 𝐷𝑓
The calculation of Xu value is not correct. Because bf,eff is not available up to a

depth of 140.85 mm.
Let us use the guidelines of G2.2 Pg.no.96
𝐷𝑓 120
Calculate Df/d ratio, 𝑑
= 375 = 0.32 > 0.2 hence use moment of resistance
equation given in G2.2.1

𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑦𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 𝑑 −
𝑑 𝑑 2
Where, 𝑦𝑓 = 0.15𝑥𝑢 + 0.65𝐷𝑓
Flanged Beams
But the value of Xu is not known to calculate yf.
Hence let us calculate the value of Xu first.
Consider the total tension resistance offered by reinforcement is equal to total

compression resistance offered by concrete.
T=C
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑤 + 𝐶𝑓
𝐶𝑤 = 0.36 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑋𝑢
𝐶𝑓 = 0.45 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑌𝑓
Flanged Beams
𝜋
0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 6 ∗ ∗ 252
4
= 0.36 ∗ 30 ∗ 230 ∗ 𝑋𝑢 + 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 842.2 − 230 ∗ (0.15 ∗ 𝑋𝑢
+ 0.65 ∗ 120)
1281180.75 = 2484𝑋𝑢 + 1239.7𝑋𝑢 + 644646.6
𝑋𝑢 = 170.9 𝑚𝑚
Check for maximum neutral axis depth, 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.46 ∗ 375 = 172.5𝑚𝑚
Therefore 𝑋𝑢 < 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

Hence assumed fy = 500 N/mm2 is correct.
𝑦𝑓 = 0.15 ∗ 170.9 + 0.65 ∗ 120 = 103.635 mm

Flanged Beams
𝑦𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐶𝑤 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢 + 𝐶𝑓 ∗ 𝑑 −
2
𝑀𝑢 = 2484 ∗ 170.9 ∗ 375 − 0.42 ∗ 170.9

103.635
+ (1239.7 ∗ 170.9) + 644646.6 ∗ 375 −
2
𝑀𝑢 = 128722469.3 + 276809472.9
𝑀𝑢 = 405.53 kNm
Doubly reinforced sections
Reinforced concrete beams are designed as doubly reinforced sections when
the ultimate limiting moment of resistance (Mu,lim) is less than factored/design
bending moment (BM) and the depth of beam is restricted due to service
requirements.
Doubly reinforced section means, steel reinforcement is provided at both
tension and compression region. At tension region, steel reinforcement alone
resists the bending tension and at compression region, both concrete and steel
resists the bending compression together.
Hence, the moment of resistance offered by concrete and steel at compression
region are summed and equated to moment of resistance offered by steel at
tension region. This means that the design of doubly reinforced section is
made as balanced section.
Design the flexural reinforcement for a beam of size 230 mm x 300 mm to

resist a factored bending moment of 90 kN.m at its mid span. Take M30 grade
concrete and Fe 500 grade steel.
Step 1 :- Calculation of Ast
From G 1.1, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
90 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 250 ∗ 1 −
30 ∗ 230 ∗ 250
90 ∗ 106 = 108750𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 31.52𝐴2𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1377 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 2072 𝑚𝑚2
Let us assume 25 mm φ bars, no.of bars required is
1377
=𝜋 = 2.8 ≈ 3 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 25 2
4
Check for under-reinforced section

= <
𝜋
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 3 ∗ ∗ 252 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 4 = 1.03 >
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 30 ∗ 230 ∗ 250 𝑑
Hence the section is over-reinforced section.

Step 2 :- Calculation of Mu and Mu,lim

The dimension of the beam is constant and cannot be changed. Hence the
beam has to be designed as doubly reinforced section to enhance the
compression capacity of the beam.
Referring to G1.2 of Pg.no. 96,
The compression reinforcement is to be arrived.
𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
500 ∗ 1472.62
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 1472.62 ∗ 250 ∗ 1 − = 91.78 kNm
30 ∗ 230 ∗ 250
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 1− 𝑑2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 ∗ 30 ∗ 230 ∗ 0.46 ∗ 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.46 2502 = 57.61𝑘𝑁𝑚
Step 3 :- Calculation of Asc
91.78 ∗ 106 − 57.61 ∗ 106 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 ∗
0.46 ∗ 250 − 35
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 ∗
0.46 ∗ 250
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.00243 < strain required for steel to yield.
𝑓𝑦 500
The strain at yield of steel is + 0.002 = + 0.002 = 0.00407
1.15𝐸𝑠 1.15∗2.1∗105
From Fig 23A of Pg.no.70, the stress in steel w.r.t to 0.00243 strain is 0.83fy.
0.83 ∗ 500 = 415 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

91.78 ∗ 106 − 57.61 ∗ 106 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
34.17 ∗ 106 = 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 250 − 35
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 382.96 𝑚𝑚2

Assuming 16 mm φ bars
382.96
No. of bars required = 𝜋 2
= 1.9 ≈ 2 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
4
∗16
Module 2 – Design of RCC Slabs
Slabs are also flexural members similar to beams. They resist the loads by
bending action. The slabs spans in two directions unlike beams. Based on the
bending actions the slabs are categorized as (i) One-way slab and (ii) Two-way
slab.
The plan dimensions of the slab and edge support conditions influences the
one-way or two-way bending actions of slab. If the slab bends predominantly
in one direction then the slab is One-way slab and if the slab bends in both the
directions then then slab is Two-way slab.
𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦
Two-way slab ≤ 2 and if > 2 then the slab is one-way slab.
𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
Where Ly and Lx are longer and shorter span of slab respectively.

The shorter span of slab is used for effective depth calculation.
One-way Slab
Two-way Slab
Design of One-way Slab
Design a RCC slab of plan area 3.6m x 8.0m simply rested over brick masonry
walls along the longitudinal edges of slab. The each walls are of 350 mm
thick. The slab is to carry a live load of 5 kN/m2 and a dead load of 2 kN/m2
excluding its self-weight. Take M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
The design shall comply with IS 456:2000.
Step 1: Calculation of effective depth
The given slab plan dimension is 3.6m x 8.0m.
Lx = 3.6 m & Ly = 8.0 m.
𝐿𝑦 8.0
= = 2.22 > 2
𝐿𝑥 3.6
Hence the given slab is One-way slab. The slab is also supported along its
longitudinal edges only.
From Cl 22.2 Pg.no. 34, The effective span of given slab is centre to centre
distance b/w the supports.
Effective span = 2.9 m + 0.35/2 m + 0.35/2 m = 3.25 m

From Cl 23.2.1 (a) Pg.No. 37, The span to effective depth ratio of slab for
simply supported ends is 20. Cl 23.2.1 (c) Pg.No.37, the span to effective
depth ratio can be modified based on the area and stress of tension
reinforcement.
To arrive at the modification factor, the area of tension reinforcement and

stress have to be assumed initially. The minimum percentage of steel
reinforcement in slab is 0.12% for slabs reinforced with HYSD bars (Cl
26.5.2.1 Pg.No. 48).
Assume steel of 0.4% and area of steel required to area of steel provided
ratio as 1. Refer to Fig.4 of Pg.No.38, the modification factor is 1.35.
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Therefore, = 20 ∗ 𝑀. 𝐹 = 20 ∗ 1.35 = 27
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
3250
Effective depth = = 120.37 𝑚𝑚
27
Overall depth = effective depth + clear cover + φ/2 = 120.37 + 15 + 5 = 140.37

mm.
Take D = 150 mm. Effective depth d = 150 – 15 – 5 = 130 mm
Step 2 : Calculation of Design forces
Live Load : 5 kN/m2

Dead Load : 2 kN/m2
Self-weight : 0.15 * 25 kN/m2
= 3.75 kN/m2
The loads act in a form of pressure in slabs except the concentrated forces. For
the design of slab, the slab with 1 m strip is assumed for the load/bending
moment and resistance calculation. The 1 m strip is along the direction
perpendicular to span direction.
Live Load : 5 kN/m2 * 1m = 5 kN/m

Dead Load : 2 kN/m2 * 1m = 2 kN/m
0.15 * 25 kN/m2
Self-weight :
= 3.75 kN/m2 * 1m = 3.75 kN/m
The total load per metre strip of slab is 10.75 kN/m.
Factored load = 1.5 * 10.75 = 16.125 kN/m
𝑤𝑙 2 16.125∗3.252
Therefore factored bending moment = = = 21.29 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
Step 3 : Calculation of Ast
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
6
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
21.28 ∗ 10 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 130 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130
21.28 ∗ 106 = 46936.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
Ast = 492.0 mm2 or 5774.57 mm2
Assuming 10 mm φ bars, no. of bars required are

492.0
𝜋 = 6.26 ≈ 7 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 10 2
4
Longitudinal direction
𝜋 2
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 7 ∗
∗ 10 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 4 = 0.21 <
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 7∗𝜋∗102
Percentage of steel, ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 0.422%
𝑏∗𝑑 4∗1000∗130
Initial assumption of 0.4% steel is ok.
Shorter direction
Design of Two-way Slab
Plan of an office building is shown in Figure 1. The slabs (type S1 to S4) of
each floors need to carry a live load of 5 kN/m2 and a dead load of 2.5 kN/m2
(excluding its self-weight). Design the slab S2 as per IS 456:2000. Take M20
grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel. Also sketch the reinforcement detailing
aptly.
Solution
The slab S2 is continuous along shorter direction on either side and along
longer direction in one side. The centre to centre distance of slab S2 along
longer direction is 4.7 m and that of shorter direction is 3.5 m.
Ly = 4.7 m and Lx = 3.5 m
𝐿𝑦 4700
= = 1.34 < 2 and the slab is supported along all edges.
𝐿𝑥 3500
Hence the given slab is a two-way slab. The slab resist the applied loads by
bending along both the shorter and longer directions.
Effective depth of slab
For the calculation of effective depth, the span of the slab along shorter direction is
considered.
Referring to Cl 23.2.1 Pg.No.37, the average span to effective depth ratio for
simply supported and continuous is 23. The given slab is discontinuous along one
longer side edge. Assume percentage of reinforcement as 0.3 %. The modification
factor from Figure 4, Pg.No. 38 is 1.2
3500
Hence effective depth = 23∗1.2 = 126.81 𝑚𝑚
Overall depth D = 126.81 + 15 + 5 = 146.81 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚

Revised effective depth = 150 – 15 – 5 = 130 mm
Clear cover is taken as 15 mm and diameter of reinforcement bar is taken as 10
mm.
Calculation of design forces
Live Load : 5 kN/m2

Dead Load : 2.5 kN/m2
Self-weight : 0.15 * 25 kN/m2
= 3.75 kN/m2
Total Load = 11.25 kN/m2
Factored Load = 1.5 * 11.25 = 16.875 kN/m2

From Cl D-1.1 Pg.No. 90, the maximum bending moment per unit width in a slab
is
𝑀𝒙 = 𝛼𝑥 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙𝑥 2 (Moment along shorter direction)
𝑀𝒚 = 𝛼𝑦 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙𝑥 2 (Moment along longer direction)

Where, αx and αy are bending moment coefficients given in Table 26 Pg.No.
91. From Table 26, the case no.3 suits the slab S2 condition given in this
problem. Therefore,
Positive at mid span Negative at continuous edge

αx αx
0.0452 0.0594
Positive BM Negative BM
Shorter direction
0.0452*16.875*3.52 = =0.0594*16.875*3.52 = 12.27
9.34 kN.m kN.m
αy αy
0.028 0.037
Longer Direction Positive BM Negative BM
=0.028*16.875*3.52 = =0.037*16.875*3.52 = 7.64
5.788 kN.m kN.m
The reinforcement for shorter direction bending moment is to be provided

parallel to the shorter direction and reinforcement for longer direction is to be
provided parallel to longer direction.
Calculation of Ast
Shorter direction – Positive reinforcement
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
6
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
9.34 ∗ 10 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 130 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130
9.34 ∗ 106 = 56440𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 10.875𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 170.77 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 5029.22 𝑚𝑚2
From Cl 25.5.2.1, Pg.No. 48 Minimum Ast for slabs with HYSD bars is 0.12%
0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∗ 1000 ∗ 130 = 156𝑚𝑚2
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Assume 8 mm dia bars, the number of required bars is
170.77
𝜋 2 = 3.39 ≈ 4 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗8
4
Centre to centre spacing of bars = (1000 – clear cover – φ/2)/3 = 327 mm
As per Cl 26.3.3 Pg.No. 46, the maximum spacing of main tension

reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the effective depth or 300 mm
which ever is smaller. Hence provide 8 mm dia @ 300 mm c/c spacing.
Shorter direction – Negative reinforcement
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
12.27 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 130 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130
12.27 ∗ 106 = 56440𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 10.875𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 227.35 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 4962.52 𝑚𝑚2
227.35
𝜋 2 = 4.52 ≈ 5 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗8
4
Centre to centre spacing of bars = (1000 – clear cover – φ/2)/4 = 245.5 mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia @ 225 mm c/c spacing.
The positive and negative bending moment in longer direction are of lower
values hence provide 8 mm dia @ 300 mm c/c spacing in the bottom and top.
Torsional reinforcement
The corners of the two-way slabs
are subjected to torsional moments.
The shorter direction moment Mx
and longer direction moment My
combines at corner of a slab and a
resultant moment is formed. The
resultant moment will be along the
diagonal of the slab if the slab is a
square slab. If the corners of slab
are restrained against the lift ups,
then provision of torsion
reinforcement is mandatory.
From the Cl D1.8 Pg.No. 90, the corners of the slab restrained against uplift shall
be provided with torsional reinforcement. The torsional reinforcement shall have a
total of four layers, two layers at top of slab and two layers at bottom of slab. The
two layers are one along shorter direction and other along longer direction. The
area of torsional reinforcement in each layer shall be ¾ th of area of positive mid
span reinforcement if the slab is discontinuous along both the edges of the corner.
The length of the reinforcement shall extend up to 1/5 th of the shorter direction
span.
From the Cl D1.9 Pg.No. 90, If the slab is discontinuous along only one edge, 50
% of area of torsional reinforcement that required for both edges discontinuous is
sufficient.
From the Cl D1.10 Pg.No. 90, if the slab is continuous over both the edges then no
torsional reinforcement is required.
The given S2 slab is discontinuous along one edge at 3 corners and continuous
along both the edges at 1 corner. Hence, Cl D1.9 applies to 3 corners and Cl
D1.10 applies to one corner. The reinforcement provided for shorter span mid
span positive moment is 8 mm dia bars at 300 mm c/c, as per Cl D1.9 , 50
percent of ¾ th of the same is sufficient, hence provide 3 nos. of 4mm dia bars
at each of the four layers with 350 mm c/c spacing for torsional reinforcement
as shown in figure below.
Two-way slabs
Design a simply supported slab to cover a room with internal dimensions 5.0
m x 6.5 m. The slab is simply supported along the four edges over a 450 mm
thick brick masonry walls. The slab shall be designed to carry a live load of 6.5
kN/m2, dead load of 2 kN/m2 and its self-weight. Use M25 grade concrete and
Fe 500 grade steel. The slab is free to lift up at corners.
Solution:-
The internal dimensions of slab is given as 5.0 m x 6.5 m. That is the clear
spans of slab is given. Referring to Cl 22.2 (a) Pg.No.34, the effective span of
simply supported slab is clear span + effective depth or centre to centre
distance between the supports, which ever is less. As the effective depth of slab
is not known, take centre to centre distance between the supports.
Two-way slabs
Therefore, effective spans in shorter and longer directions are

Lx = 5 + 0.45 = 5.45 m and Ly = 6.5 + 0.45 = 6.95 m
𝐿𝑦 6950
𝐿𝑥
= 5450 = 1.275 (Two-way Slab)
For the calculation of effective depth of slab, shorter direction is considered.

From Cl 23.2.1 Pg.No. 37, The span to effective depth ratio for simply supported
slab is 20. Assume a 0.3% of tension reinforcement, from Figure 4 Pg.No.38, the
modification factor is 1.2 (for Fe 500 grade steel).
5450
Therefore, 𝑑 = 20∗1.2 = 227.08𝑚𝑚
D = 227.08 + 20 + 5 = 252.08 = 260 mm

dx = 260 – 20 – 5 = 235 mm
dy = 260 – 20 – 10 - 5 = 225 mm
Two-way slabs
Given,
Live load = 6.5 kN/m2
Dead load = 2 kN/m2
Self-weight = 0.26 m * 25 kN/m3 = 6.5 kN/m2
Total load = 15 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 * 15 = 22.5 kN/m2
Referring to D-2.1 Pg.No.90 and Table 27, we get
Bending moments per unit width, 𝑀𝑥 = 𝛼𝑥 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙𝑥 2
𝑀𝑦 = 𝛼𝑦 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝑙𝑥 2
𝐿𝑦
𝛼𝑥 = 0.0975 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼𝑦 = 0.056 for = 1.275
𝐿𝑥
Two-way slabs
𝑀𝑥 = 0.0975 ∗ 22.5 ∗ 5.452 = 65.15 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 0.056 ∗ 22.5 ∗ 5.452 = 37.42 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Area of Tension Reinforcement
Shorter Span,
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
65.15 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 235 ∗ 1 −
25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 235
65.15 ∗ 106 = 102225𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 8.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 676.23 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 11073.76 𝑚𝑚2
Two-way slabs
From Cl 25.5.2.1, Pg.No. 48 Minimum Ast for slabs with HYSD bars is 0.12%
0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∗ 1000 ∗ 230 = 276𝑚𝑚2
100
676.23
𝜋 = 8.61 ≈ 9 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ.
∗ 10 2
4
Hence provide 10 mm dia bars at 120 mm c/c spacing parallel to the shorter
direction. Total number of bars required is {(6500 +450 + 450 – 40) / 120} +1
= 62 nos.
Two-way slabs
Check for under-reinforced section

𝜋
𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 9 ∗ ∗ 102 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 4 = 0.145 <
𝑑 0.36 ∗ 25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 235 𝑑
𝐴 𝑠𝑡 9∗𝜋∗102
Percentage of steel, 𝑏∗𝑑 ∗ 100% = 4∗1000∗235 ∗ 100% = 0.3007%
Initial assumption of 0.3% steel is ok.

Longer Span,
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
37.42 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 500 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 225 ∗ 1 −
25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 225
37.42 ∗ 106 = 97875𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 8.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 396.28 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 10853.7 𝑚𝑚2
Two-way slabs
396.28
𝜋 = 5.045 ≈ 6 𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ.
∗ 10 2
4
Hence provide 10 mm dia bars at 195 mm c/c spacing parallel to the longer
direction. Total number of bars required is {(5000 + 450 + 450 – 40) / 195}
+1 = 31 nos.
Yield Line Pattern in Slabs
Questions for DA 2
1. Assume any 12 different support conditions for a rectangular RCC slab

and sketch the yield line patterns at ultimate failure condition.
Design of RCC columns
Design the reinforcement for a column of size 450 mm x 600 mm, subjected to an
axial load of 3200 kN under service conditions. The column has an unsupported
length of 3.2 m and is braced against side sway in both the directions. Use M25
grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel.
Solution
The boundary condition of column is not mentioned precisely. Hence, assuming
the column is pinned at either ends, the effective length of column about major and
minor axis are
Lex = Ley = 3200 mm
Referring to Cl 25.1.2 Pg.No.41 to find the given column is short or slender,
𝐿𝑒𝑥 3200 𝐿𝑒𝑦 3200
𝐷
= 600
= 5.33 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
= 450
= 7.11
Hence the column is a short column

Refer to Cl 25.4 Pg. No.42 to calculate minimum eccentricity
𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝,𝑥 𝐷
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥 = + ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
3200 600
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥 = + = 26.4 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝,𝑦 𝑏
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑦 = + ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
3200 450
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑦 = + = 21.4 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
Therefore emin,x = 26.4 mm and emin,y =21.4 mm

Referring to Cl 39.3, Pg.No.71, the equation given in 39.3 can be used for the
design of short columns if the minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05
times the lateral dimension of column.
Therefore, 0.05 * 600 mm = 30 mm > emin,x and 0.05 * 450 mm = 22.5 mm >
emin,y. Hence the column shall be designed as per the equation given in Cl 39.3
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
Where, Pu is the factored axial load, Ac is area of concrete and Asc is area of
compression steel.
The factored load = 1.5 * service load = 1.5 * 3200 kN = 4800 kN

Area of concrete Ac can be found out only if Asc is known. Hence the equation
given in Cl 39.3 is modified as follows
𝑃𝑢 = 0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 −0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
4800 ∗ 103 = 0.4 ∗ 25 ∗ 450 ∗ 600 + (0.67 ∗ 500 − 0.4 ∗ 25) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
Asc = 6461.53 mm2
Assume, 28 mm dia bars,
6461.53
No. of bars required = 𝜋 = 10.49 𝑛𝑜𝑠. ≅ 11 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗282
4
The number of bars should be in even numbers for symmetry. Hence provide 4
nos. of 32 mm φ and 6 nos. of 28 mm φ bars shown in figure.
𝜋 𝜋
4 ∗ 4 ∗322 +6∗ 4 ∗282 6911.50
Percentage of steel = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 2.5%
450∗600 270000
Refer to Cl.26.5.3.1, Pg. No.48, Min. percentage of steel in column is 0.8 %

and max. percentage is 6 %. Hence the percentage of steel provided is ok.
600-(2*40)-(2*10)-32=468 mm
Design the reinforcement in a circular column of 400 mm diameter subjected to a

factored load of 2750 kN. The column has a unsupported length of 3.25 m and
braced against sway in either directions. Use M30 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade
steel.
Solution
The boundary condition of column is not mentioned precisely. Hence, assuming
the column is pinned at either ends, the effective length of column about major and
minor axis are
Lex = Ley = 3250 mm
𝐿𝑒𝑥 3250
= = 8.125
𝐷 400
Hence the column is a short column

Refer to Cl 25.4 Pg. No.42 to calculate minimum eccentricity
𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 𝐷
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
3250 400
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = + = 19.83 𝑚𝑚 ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚
500 30
Therefore emin = 20 mm.

Referring to Cl 39.3, Pg.No.71, the equation given in 39.3 can be used for the
design of short columns if the minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05
times the lateral dimension of column.
Therefore, 0.05 * 400 mm = 20 mm = emin. Hence the column shall be

designed as per the equation given in Cl 39.3 and Cl 39.4
𝑃𝑢 = 1.05 ∗ (0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 + 0.67 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )

Where, Pu is the factored axial load, Ac is area of concrete and Asc is area of
compression steel.
The given factored load = 2750 kN.
𝑃𝑢 = 1.05 ∗ (0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ∗ 𝐴𝑔 + (0.67 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 −0.4 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 )
𝜋
2750 ∗ 103 = 1.05 ∗ [0.4 ∗ 30 ∗ ∗ 4002 + (0.67 ∗ 500 − 0.4 ∗ 30) ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]
4
Asc = 3439.88 mm2
Assume, 28 mm dia bars,
3439.88
No. of bars required = 𝜋 = 5.58 𝑛𝑜𝑠. ≅ 6 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
4
∗282
Hence provide 6 nos. of 28 mm φ bars shown in figure below.

𝜋
6∗ ∗282 3694.5
Percentage of steel = 𝜋
4
∗ 100% = 125663.7 ∗ 100% = 2.93%
∗4002
4
Refer to Cl.26.5.3.1, Pg. No.48, Min. percentage of steel in column is 0.8 % and
max. percentage is 6 %. Hence the percentage of steel provided is ok.
As per the Cl 39.4.1 Pg.No.71, the ratio of volume of helical reinforcement to the
volume of the core shall not be less than
𝐴𝑔
0.36 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 − 1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑦
Where, Ac is area of core of the helically reinforced column measure to the outside
diameter of the helix.
𝐴𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.36 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 − 1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘
≥
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑦
Assume 8 mm dia helical reinforcement and 35 mm clear cover

𝜋
Volume of helical reinforcement = ∗ 82 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 400 − 2 ∗ 35 − 8 /𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
4
Therefore,
𝜋
∗ 4002
0.36 ∗ 4 𝜋 2
− 1 ∗ 30
50532.37/𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 330
≥ 4
𝜋 2 500
∗ 330
4
0.59
≥ 0.0101
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
Therefore, spacing = 58.49 mm.
From Cl 26.5.3.2 (d-1), Pg.no. 49
25𝑚𝑚
Spacing or pitcℎ ≥
3 ∗ 8 = 24𝑚𝑚
75𝑚𝑚
Spacing or pitcℎ ≤ 1 1
∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎 = ∗ 330 = 55𝑚𝑚
6 6
Hence Provide, 6 nos. of 28mm dia longitudinal reinforcement and 8mm dia
helical reinforcement at 50 mm c/c spacing.
Design of Short columns with axial load and uniaxial bending
In many occasions, the columns are subjected to bending about any one of the
axes (uniaxial bending) or about both the axes (biaxial bending) along with
axial load. In such cases columns are referred as beam-column (member
subjected to both axial load and bending moment). The failure of column may
be governed by compression (crushing of concrete) , tension (yielding of steel)
or by compression and tension simultaneously (balanced section).
The failure of column under compression implies that the applied bending
moment or eccentricity of applied load is relatively low compared to its axial
load.
The failure of column under tension implies that the applied bending moment
or eccentricity of applied load is sufficiently high to cause the steel to yield in
tension prior to crushing of concrete under compression.
From the above strain profile, (5) if eccentricity e = ꝏ , then the column is
subjected to pure flexure and the axial load P = 0.
(4) When e = eb (i.e eccentricity required for balanced failure), the column fails due
to crushing of concrete (i.e εcu= 0.0035) and yielding of steel in tension (i.e εs ≥
𝑓𝑦
+ 0.002).
1.15𝐸𝑠
(3) When e = eD, Xu = D, the resultant stress at one side of column is zero and the
maximum compressive strain at other side due to compression is 0.0035 at failure.
(2) When e = emin, Xu > D, the maximum compressive strain in extreme

compression fibre will be 0.0035- 0.75*εc,min.
(1) When e = 0, the Xu = ꝏ, the column is subjected to pure compression. The

maximum compressive strain at extreme compression fibre is 0.002.
Design the reinforcement in a rectangular column of size 300 mm x 500 mm

subjected to a factored load of 2750 kN and a factored moment of 100 kNm acting
about major axis. The column has a unsupported length of 3.5 m and partially fixed
at either ends. Use M30 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel.
Solution
The boundary condition of column is given as partially fixed. Hence, the column is
fully restrained against translation in either direction but partial rotation is possible
due to partial restraint. The effective length of column lies between the pinned-
pinned and fixed-fixed end condition. Therefore assume effective length KL of
given column is between 1.0L and 0.65L.
1𝐿+0.65𝐿
𝐾𝐿 = 2
= 0.825 about both the axes.
Lex = Ley = 0.825 * 3500 = 2887.5 mm

𝐿𝑒𝑥 2887.5 𝐿𝑒𝑦 2887.5

= = 5.775 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 9.26
𝐷 500 𝑏 300
Hence the column is a short column.
Given Pu = 2750 kN and Mu = 100 kNm (about major axis).
Assume clear cover of 40 mm, 20 mm dia longitudinal reinforcement and 8

mm dia transverse reinforcement.
20
effective cover to reinforcement, d’ = 40 + 8 + = 58 mm
2
𝑑′ 58
= = 0.116
𝐷 500
𝑃𝑢 2750 ∗ 103
= = 0.611
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 30 ∗ 300 ∗ 500
𝑀𝑢 100 ∗ 106
= = 0.044
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 2 30 ∗ 300 ∗ 5002
Referring to IS SP:16 for determining the required area of steel.
Case 1: Reinforcement equally distributed on two sides
Referring to Chart 36, Pg.No. 121
𝑑′
= 0.1, fy = 500 N/mm2
𝐷
𝑝
= 0.07
𝑓𝑐𝑘
Chart 36, Pg.No. 121

𝑑′
= 0.15, fy = 500 N/mm2
𝐷
𝑝
= 0.08
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑′ 𝑝
For = 0.116, = 0.0723
𝐷 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Therefore 𝑝 = 0.0723 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.0723 ∗ 30 = 2.17%
0.8% < p < 4% hence safe.
𝑝∗𝑏𝐷 2.17∗300∗500
The required area of steel = = = 3255𝑚𝑚2
100 100
3255
Assuming 20 mm dia bars, the number of bars required = 𝜋 = 10.36 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
4
∗202
The reinforcement bars has to be provided symmetrically in either sides.

Hence providing 12 numbers of 20 mm dia bars with 6 numbers on each side
along breadth will make placement of concrete difficult (available clear
spacing between bars is 16.8 mm which is less than the minimum spacing
required) . So, increase the reinforcement bar dia to 28 mm.
3255
The number of bars required is = 𝜋 = 5.28 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗282
4
Hence provide 6 nos. of 28 dia bars on each side as shown below.

Additional bars to reduce
the spacing between the bars
Case 2: Reinforcement equally distributed on all four sides
𝑑′
Referring to Chart 48, Pg.No. 133 = 0.1, fy = 500 N/mm2
𝐷
𝑝
Referring to Chart 48, Pg.No. 133, = 0.08
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑′
Referring to Chart 49, Pg.No. 134 = 0.15, fy = 500 N/mm2
𝐷
𝑝
Referring to Chart 49, Pg.No. 134, = 0.08
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑′ 𝑝
For = 0.116, = 0.08
𝐷 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Therefore 𝑝 = 0.08 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.08 ∗ 30 = 2.4%
𝑝∗𝑏𝐷 2.4∗300∗500
100 100
3600
Assuming 20 mm dia bars, the number of bars required = 𝜋 = 11.45 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗202
4
Hence provide 12 nos. of 20 mm dia longitudinal reinforcement as shown in

figure below.
Design the reinforcement in a rectangular column of size 300 mm x 500 mm
subjected to a factored load of 2750 kN and a factored moment of 100 kNm acting
about minor axis. The column has a unsupported length of 3.5 m and partially
fixed at either ends. Use M30 grade concrete and Fe 500 grade steel.
Solution
The boundary condition of column is given as partially fixed. Hence, the column is
fully restrained against translation in either direction but partial rotation is possible
due to partial restraint. The effective length of column lies between the pinned-
pinned and fixed-fixed end condition. Therefore assume effective length KL of
given column is between 1.0L and 0.65L.
1𝐿+0.65𝐿
𝐾𝐿 = = 0.825L about both the axes.
2
Lex = Ley = 0.825 * 3500 = 2887.5 mm

𝐿𝑒𝑥 2887.5 𝐿𝑒𝑦 2887.5

= = 5.775 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 9.26
𝐷 500 𝑏 300
Hence the column is a short column.
Given Pu = 2750 kN and Mu = 100 kNm (about minor axis).
Assume clear cover of 40 mm, 28 mm dia longitudinal reinforcement and 8
mm dia transverse reinforcement.
28
effective cover to reinforcement, d’ = 40 + 8 + = 62 mm
2
𝑑′ 62
= = 0.206
𝑏 300
𝑃𝑢 2750 ∗ 103
= = 0.611
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝐷 30 ∗ 300 ∗ 500
𝑀𝑢 100 ∗ 106
= = 0.074
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏2 𝐷 30 ∗ 3002 ∗ 500
Referring to IS SP:16 for determining the required area of steel.

Case 1: Reinforcement equally distributed on two sides
𝑑′
= 0.2, fy = 500 N/mm2
𝐷
𝑝
= 0.10
𝑓𝑐𝑘
Therefore 𝑝 = 0.1 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.1 ∗ 30 = 3.0%
𝑝∗𝑏𝐷 3∗300∗500
100 100
Assuming 28 mm dia bars, the number of bars required =
4500
𝜋 = 7.3 𝑛𝑜𝑠. ≅ 8 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗282
4
Hence provide 8 nos. of 28 mm dia longitudinal reinforcement as

shown in figure below.
Design of Footings
In a typical structure built on ground, that part of the structure which is located
above ground is generally referred to as the superstructure, and the part which lies
below the ground is referred to as the substructure or the foundation. The purpose
of the foundation is to effectively support the superstructure by
 transmitting the applied loads and moments to the soil below, without exceeding
the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
 ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within the tolerable limits and
uniform.
Types of Footings
Footings belong to the category of shallow foundations and are used when soil of
sufficient strength is available within a relatively short depth below the ground
level.
Design of Footings
Isolated Footings
Design of Footings
Isolated Footing
Design of Footings
Combined Footing
Design of Footings
Combined Footing
Design of Footings
Mat or Raft Footing
Design of Footings
Pile Foundation (deep foundations)

Design of Footings
Pile Foundation (deep foundations)
Design of Footings
The possible modes of failure in a footing are
 Failure due to settlement of footing
 One-way shear failure
 Two-way shear or punching shear failure
 Flexural failure and
 Bearing failure
Safe design of footing is to be made against all these possible modes of

failures.
Design of Footings
Failure due to settlement
The failure due to settlement of a footing can be avoided by providing required
plan area of the footing. The required plan area can be calculated from the safe
soil bearing capacity of soil at construction site locality. By providing the
required plan area, the maximum pressure due to applied load is kept below
the safe soil bearing capacity.
The Pisa tower, Italy is famously known for the foundation settlement.
Design of Footings
One-way Shear Failure
The shear failure modes that is one-way and two-way shear are predominant
modes of failure in footings/flat slab. Hence, the required depth of the footing
is usually governed by shear. The critical section for one-way shear is d
(effective depth) distance from the face of the column as shown below.
Design of Footings
Two-way Shear or Punching Shear
Design of Footings
Two-way Shear or Punching Shear
The critical section for two-way shear is d/2 (effective depth/2) distance from
the face of the column as shown below.
Design of Footings
Flexural Failure in Footings
The flexural failure in footings are similar to the flexural failure in slabs. The
isolated footing are considered as over-hanging beam for the design under
flexure.
Design of Footings
Bearing Failure in Footing
The bearing failure is crushing of concrete due to heavy thrust at the bottom of
column. The crushing of concrete occurs at the interface of column and
footing.
Design of RCC Isolated Square Footing
Design an isolated footing for a square column of size 450 mm x 450 mm

reinforced with 8 numbers of 25 diameter bars and carrying a service load of
2300 kN. Assume soil with safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m2 at depth of 1.5
m below existing ground level. Assume M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade
steel for the footing and M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the
column.
Solution
Step 1 :- Calculation for required plan area
To overcome the settlement failure, the minimum required plan area of the
footing to safely transfer the force to soil is to be calculated.
The service load from column = 2300 kN
The safe bearing capacity of column at 1.5 m from existing G.L = 300 kN/m2
The self-weight of the footing and the weight of soil back fill is also needed to
be taken in to account while designing the footing. For simplification, the self-
weight of footing and weight of back fill is generally assumed as 10% of the
load from column.
Hence total load from footing to soil = load from column + self-weight of
footing + weight of back fill
Total load (service) to soil = 2300 kN + 0.1* 2300 kN = 2530 kN.
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

The safe bearing capacity of soil =
1.5
As the factor of safety is already included in calculating the safe bearing
capacity of soil, the plan area can be calculated using the service load
condition.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
The required plan area of footing =
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
2530 𝑘𝑁
Required plan area = = 8.43 𝑚2
300 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
The given column is a square column, a square isolated footing is a better

choice.
Therefore the plan dimension of footing = B = L = 8.43 = 2.90 𝑚 ≅ 3.0 𝑚
Provide a square isolated footing of plan size 3.0 m x 3.0 m

All dimensions are in mm

Step 2 :- Calculation for required depth of footing
Required depth to resist One-way Shear
The total shear at a distance d from face of the column due to upward soil
pressure is
𝑃𝑢
∗ 3000 ∗ (1275 − 𝑑)
𝐴
Pu = 2530 * 1.5 = 3795 kN
Plan area of footing = 3000 * 3000 = 9 x 106 mm2
𝑃𝑢 3795∗103
Reaction pressure from soil = = = 0.421𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 9∗106
Total shear at d distance = 0.421 ∗ 3000 ∗ 1275 − 𝑑 = 1610325 − 1263𝑑
We know that the shear resistance provided by concrete should be greater than
the total factored shear force.
Therefore, to calculate the one-way shear resistance of concrete refer to Table
19 Pg.no.73 of IS 456.
Assume percentage of flexural reinforcement as 0.25 %
The design shear strength of concrete τc from Table 19 is 0.36 N/mm2
Total shear resistance = τc * b * d = 0.36 * 3000 * d = 1080 d
1080 d ≥ 1610325 − 1263𝑑
1080 d + 1263 d ≥ 1610325
1610325
d= = 687.29 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 688 𝑚𝑚
2343
𝜑
D = d + clear cover + = 688 + 75 + 6 = 769 mm ≈ 775 𝑚𝑚
2
Assuming clear cover = 75 mm and dia of flexural reinforcement as 12 mm

Required depth to resist Two-way Shear/Punching shear
The total two-way shear at a distance d/2 from face of the column due to upward
soil pressure is
𝑃𝑢 𝑑
∗ (30002 − (450 + 2 ∗ )2 )
𝐴 2
= 0.421 ∗ 30002 − 4502 − 𝑑 2 − 900𝑑 = 3703737.5 − 0.421𝑑 2 − 378.9𝑑𝑁
Punching shear resistance of concrete should be greater than the total factored
punching shear.
To calculate the punching shear resistance of concrete, refer to Cl 31.6.3 Pg.no. 58

from IS 456
When shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear resistance of cocrete at critical
section is Ks * τc.
Where ks = 0.5 + βc
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

βc = = 1 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Ks = 1 (should not be greater than 1)
τc =0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 ∗ 20 = 1.11𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, permissible shear stress in concrete (without shear reinforcement) at

critical section = 1.11 N/mm2
Permissible or punching shear resistance = 1.11 * total area of footing under

punching shear
Total area of footing under punching shear = 4 *(column lateral dimension

+ 2*d/2)* effective depth of footing
Total area of footing under punching shear = 4 * (450 + d) * d = 1800d + 4d2
Punching shear resistance = 1.11 * (1800d + 4d2) = 1998d + 4.44d2 N
Now,
1998d + 4.44d2 ≥ 3703737.5 − 0.421𝑑 2 − 378.9𝑑 𝑁
2376 d + 4.861d2 ≥ 3703737.5
d = 662.05 or -1150.84
Therefore, required depth for punching shear is d = 662.05 mm
Hence, one-way shear governs the depth. So, provide overall depth of the
footing as D = 775 mm.
Step 3 :- Calculation for flexural reinforcement
The critical section for the bending moment is at face of the column.
𝑤∗𝑙 2
Bending moment = (load w here is load per metre length)
2
Total load on the cantilever portion, W = soil pressure * 3000 * 1275 N
We need load per metre, w = soil pressure * 3000 * 1275 / 1275
= 0.421 * 3000 = 1263 N/mm = 1263 kN/m
1263 ∗ 1.2752
BM = = 1026.58 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
The required area of tension reinforcement is
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1026.58 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 682 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 3000 ∗ 682
1026.58 ∗ 106 = 246236.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 2.49𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 94528.8 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 4361.43 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4361.43 𝑚𝑚2
Assuming 12 mm dia bars, number of bars required is
4361.43
= 𝜋 = 38.56 ≅ 39 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 122
4
3000− 2∗75 −12
Spacing of bars = = 74.68 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 75 𝑚𝑚
38
Provide 39 numbers of 12 mm dia bars @ 75 mm c/c spacing on either direction.

𝜋
39∗ ∗122
Percentage of steel provided = 4
∗ 100% = 0.21%
3000∗694
But we considered the shear strength of concrete by assuming 0.25% flexural

reinforcement, hence provide 0.25% flexural reinforcement.
0.25
Area of steel = 100
∗ 3000 ∗ 694 = 5205 𝑚𝑚2
number of bars required is
5205
=𝜋 = 46.02 ≅ 46 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
2
4 ∗ 12
3000− 2∗75 −12
Spacing of bars = 45
= 63.06 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 60 𝑚𝑚
Provide 46 numbers of 12 mm dia bars @ 60 mm c/c spacing on either direction.

Reinforcement detailing – Plan view

Reinforcement detailing – Elevation view
Design of rectangular isolated footing
Design an isolated footing for a rectangular column of size 350 mm x 550 mm

reinforced with 10 numbers of 25 diameter bars and carrying a service load of
2500 kN. Assume soil with safe bearing capacity of 325 kN/m2 at depth of 2.0
m below existing ground level. Assume M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade
steel for the footing and M25 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel for the
column.
Solution
Step 1 :- Calculation for required plan area
To overcome the settlement failure, the minimum required plan area of the
footing to safely transfer the force to soil is to be calculated.
The service load from column = 2500 kN
The safe bearing capacity of column at 2.0 m from existing G.L = 325 kN/m2
The self-weight of the footing and the weight of soil back fill is also needed to
be taken in to account while designing the footing. For simplification, the self-
weight of footing and weight of back fill is generally assumed as 10% of the
load from column.
Hence total load from footing to soil = load from column + self-weight of
footing + weight of back fill
Total load (service) to soil = 2500 kN + 0.1* 2500 kN = 2750 kN.
𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

The safe bearing capacity of soil =
1.5
As the factor of safety is already included in calculating the safe bearing
capacity of soil, the plan area can be calculated using the service load
condition.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
The required plan area of footing =
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
2750 𝑘𝑁
Required plan area = = 8.46 𝑚2
325 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
The given column is a rectangular column, a rectangular isolated footing is a

better choice.
Case 1
The length and breadth of rectangular footing shall be provided such that
distance of footing end from face of column is same on either directions.
L-550 = B- 350, L = B+200
Therefore the plan dimension of footing = B * L = 8.46
(𝐵 + 0.2) ∗ 𝐵 = 8.46
Therefore, 𝐵2 + 0.2𝐵 = 8.46, B= 2.81 m or -3.01 m
Adopt B= 3.0 m
Therefore L= B+0.2 = 3.2 m
The plan area of the footing = 3.0 m x 3.2 m
pressure is
𝑃𝑢
∗ 3200 ∗ (1325 − 𝑑)
𝐴
Pu = 2750 * 1.5 = 4125 kN
Plan area of footing = 3000 * 3200 = 9.6 x 106 mm2
𝑃𝑢 4125∗103
𝐴 9.6∗106
Total shear at d distance = 0.429 ∗ 3000 ∗ 1325 − 𝑑 = 1705275 − 1287𝑑

19 Pg.no.73 of IS 456.
1152 d ≥1705275 − 1287𝑑
1152 d + 1287 d ≥ 1705275
1705275
d= = 699.17 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 700 𝑚𝑚
2439
𝜑
D = d + clear cover + = 700 + 75 + 6 = 781 mm ≈ 785 𝑚𝑚
2

Required depth to resist two-way/punching Shear
The total two-way shear at a distance d/2 from face of the column due to
upward soil pressure is
𝑃𝑢
∗ 3000 ∗ 3200 − 350 + 𝑑 ∗ (550 + 𝑑)
𝐴
= 0.429 ∗ 9.6 ∗ 106 − 1.92 ∗ 105 − 𝑑 2 − 900𝑑
= 4.03 ∗ 106 − 0.429𝑑 2 − 386.1𝑑 𝑁
punching shear.
To calculate the punching shear resistance of concrete, refer to Cl 31.6.3
Pg.no. 58 from IS 456
When shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear resistance of cocrete at
critical section is Ks * τc.
βc = = 0.636
ks = 0.5 + 0.636 = 1.136 (should not be greater than 1)
τc =0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 ∗ 20 = 1.11𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, permissible shear stress in concrete (without shear
reinforcement) at critical section = 1.11 N/mm2
Permissible or punching shear resistance = 1.11 * total area of footing
under punching shear
Total area of footing under punching shear =
{2*(350+d) + 2*(550+d)}*d
Total area of footing under punching shear = 1800d + 4d2
Now,
1998d + 4.44d2 ≥ 4.03 ∗ 106 − 0.429𝑑 2 − 386.1𝑑
2384.1 d + 4.869d2 ≥ 4.03*10^6
d = 697.31 or -1186.96
Hence, one-way shear governs the depth. So, provide overall depth of
the footing as D = 785 mm.
𝑤∗𝑙 2
2

= 0.429 * 3200 = 1372.8 N/mm = 1263 kN/m
1372.8 ∗ 1.3252
BM = = 1025.06 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
6
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1025.06 ∗ 10 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 692 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 3200 ∗ 692
1025.06 ∗ 106 = 249846.6𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 2.34𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 102498.22 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 4273.82 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4273.82 𝑚𝑚2
4273.82
= 𝜋 = 21.25 ≅ 22 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 162
4
𝜋
22∗ 4 ∗162
Percentage of steel provided = ∗ 100% = 0.196%
3200∗704
But we considered the shear strength of concrete by assuming 0.25%

flexural reinforcement, hence provide 0.25% flexural reinforcement.
0.25
Area of steel = ∗ 3200 ∗ 704 = 5632 𝑚𝑚2
100
5632
=𝜋 = 28.01 ≅ 28 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 162
4
3200− 2∗75 −16
Spacing of bars = = 112.37 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 110 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
27
Provide 28 numbers of 16 mm dia bars @ 110 mm c/c spacing on

longitudinal direction.
0.25
Area of steel along shorter direction is = ∗ 3000 ∗ 694 = 5205 𝑚𝑚2
100
5205
=𝜋 = 25.88 ≅ 26 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 16 2
4
3000− 2∗75 −16
Spacing of bars = = 113.36 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 110 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
25
Provide 26 numbers of 16 mm dia bars @ 110 mm c/c spacing on longitudinal

direction.
Case 2
The length and breadth of rectangular footing shall be provided ratio of longer
side to shorter side of column.
𝐿 𝐷
=
𝐵 𝑏
550
Depth to breadth ratio of column = = 1.57
350
Therefore, length of footing = 1.57 * breadth of footing

Therefore the plan dimension of footing = B * L = 8.46
1.57𝐵 ∗ 𝐵 = 8.46
8.46
Therefore, 𝐵 = = 2.32 m ≈ 2.35𝑚, L= 1.57 * 2.35 = 3.68 m≈ 3.7m
1.57
The plan area of the footing = 2.35 m x 3.7 m
pressure is
𝑃𝑢
∗ 2350 ∗ (1575 − 𝑑)
𝐴
Pu = 2750 * 1.5 = 4125 kN
Plan area of footing = 2350 * 3700 = 8.695 x 106 mm2
𝑃𝑢 4125∗103
𝐴 8.695∗106
Total shear at d distance = 0.474 ∗ 2350 ∗ 1575 − 𝑑

= 1754392.5 − 1113.9𝑑

19 Pg.no.73 of IS 456.
846 d ≥1754392.5 − 1113.9𝑑
846 d + 1113.9 d ≥ 1754392.5
1754392.5
d= = 895.14 𝑚𝑚
1959.9
𝜑
D = d + clear cover + = 895.14 + 75 + 8 = 978.14 mm ≈ 980 𝑚𝑚
2

Required depth to resist two-way/punching Shear
The total two-way shear at a distance d/2 from face of the column due to
upward soil pressure is
𝑃𝑢
∗ 2350 ∗ 3700 − 350 + 𝑑 ∗ (550 + 𝑑)
𝐴
= 0.474 ∗ 8.695 ∗ 106 − 1.92 ∗ 105 − 𝑑 2 − 900𝑑
= 4.03 ∗ 106 − 0.474𝑑 2 − 426.6𝑑 𝑁
punching shear.
To calculate the punching shear resistance of concrete, refer to Cl 31.6.3
Pg.no. 58 from IS 456
When shear reinforcement is not provided, the shear resistance of cocrete at
critical section is Ks * τc.
βc = = 0.636
ks = 0.5 + 0.636 = 1.136 (should not be greater than 1)
τc =0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25 ∗ 20 = 1.11𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Therefore, permissible shear stress in concrete (without shear
reinforcement) at critical section = 1.11 N/mm2
Permissible or punching shear resistance = 1.11 * total area of footing
under punching shear
Total area of footing under punching shear =
{2*(350+d) + 2*(550+d)}*d
Total area of footing under punching shear = 1800d + 4d2
Now,
1998d + 4.44d2 ≥4.03 ∗ 106 − 0.474𝑑 2 − 426.6𝑑 𝑁
2424.6 d + 4.914d2 ≥ 4.03*10^6
d = 691.89 or -1185.30
Hence, one-way shear governs the depth. So, provide overall depth of
the footing as D = 980 mm.
𝑤∗𝑙 2
2

Flexural reinforcement parallel to length of footing
= 0.474 * 2350 = 1113.9 N/mm = 1113.9 kN/m
1113.9 ∗ 1.5752
BM = 2
= 1381.58 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
6
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1381.58 ∗ 10 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 897 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 2350 ∗ 897
1381.58 ∗ 106 = 323861.85𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 3.188𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 97125.85 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 4461.93 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 4461.93 𝑚𝑚2
4461.93
= 𝜋 = 22.19 ≅ 23 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 162
4
𝜋
23∗ 4 ∗162
Percentage of steel provided = ∗ 100% = 0.219%
2350∗897
But we considered the shear strength of concrete by assuming 0.25%

flexural reinforcement, hence provide 0.25% flexural reinforcement.
0.25
Area of steel = ∗ 2350 ∗ 897 = 5269.87 𝑚𝑚2
100
5269.87
= 𝜋 = 26.21 ≅ 27 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 162
4
2350− 2∗75 −16
Spacing of bars = = 84 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 75 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
26
Provide 29 numbers of 16 mm dia bars @ 75 mm c/c spacing parallel

to longitudinal direction.
Flexural reinforcement parallel to breadth of footing
= 0.474 * 3700 = 1753.8 N/mm = 1753.8 kN/m
1753.8 ∗ 1.02
BM = = 876.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 ∗ 1 −
415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
876.9 ∗ 106 = 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 881 ∗ 1 −
20 ∗ 3700 ∗ 881
876.9 ∗ 106 = 318085.05𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 2.02𝐴𝑠𝑡 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 154661 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 2806.84 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2806.84 𝑚𝑚2
2806.84
= 𝜋 = 24.81 ≅ 25 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 12 2
4
𝜋
25∗ ∗122
Percentage of steel provided = 4
∗ 100% = 0.0865%
3700∗883
Minimum percentage steel for slab is 0.12%
0.12
Therefore, minimum area of steel = ∗ 3700 ∗ 883 = 3920.52𝑚𝑚2
100
3920.52
= 𝜋 = 34.66 ≅ 35 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
∗ 12 2
4
3700− 2∗75 −12
Spacing of bars = = 104 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑐/𝑐
34
Provide 35 numbers of 12 mm dia bars @ 100 mm c/c spacing parallel to

breadth direction.
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Steel Sections
Steel Sections
Steel connections
Design of Hot Rolled Steel sections
IS 800 : 2007 – General Construction in Steel
 Design of Tension members
 Design of Compression members
 Design of flexural members and
 Design of bolted connections

Design of tension members
Failure modes in tension members
1. Failure due to yielding

2. Failure due to rupture of critical section
3. Failure due to block shear
4. Connection failure
Design of Tension Members
T T
Gross Area, Ag = b * t Net Area, An = b * t – (2*dh*t)

Find the tensile capacity for the plate section shown in figure below. Take
Fe410 grade steel.
T T
T
T
For the given plate connection the following failure modes governs the tensile
capacity of plate
1. Gross section yielding
2. Rupture of critical section
Step 1:- Design tensile strength of plate under gross section yielding
From Cl 6.2, Pg.No.32 of IS 800:2009,

𝑇𝑑𝑔 = 𝐴𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚0
𝐴𝑔 = 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 200 ∗ 12 = 2400𝑚𝑚2
From Table 1,Pg.N0.14, S.I No. VIII, the yield strength (fy) of Fe 410 grade
steel is 250 MPa.
From Table 5, Pg.No.30, the partial material factor of safety γmo is 1.10.
Therefore,
2400 ∗ 250
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = = 545.45 𝑘𝑁
1.1
Step 2:- Design tensile strength of plate under rupture of critical section
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑛 ∗ 𝑑ℎ ∗ 𝑡 = 2400 − 3 ∗ 11 ∗ 12 = 2004𝑚𝑚2
0.9 ∗ 2004 ∗ 410

𝑇𝑑𝑛 = = 708.48 kN
1.25
Hence , the gross section yielding governs the design of plate under tension.
The tensile capacity of plate = T = 545.45 kN
𝑇 545.45
The service tensile load = = = 363.63 𝑘𝑁
γ𝑓 1.5
Calculate the tensile capacity of the plate (200 mm x 10 mm) shown in figure
below. Take Fe410 grade steel.
T T
capacity of plate
From Cl 6.2, Pg.No.32 of IS 800:2009,
steel is 250 MPa.
Therefore,
2000 ∗ 250
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = = 454.54 𝑘𝑁
1.1
Step 2:- Design tensile strength of plate under rupture of critical section
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1
An = (b * t) – (3 * dh * t)
= (200*10)-(3*18*10)
An = 1460 mm2
𝑃𝑠𝑖2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ∗t
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
502
𝐴𝑛 = 200 − 5 ∗ 18 + 4 ∗ ∗ 10
4 ∗ 25
𝐴𝑛 = 2100𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑠𝑖2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏 − 𝑛𝑑ℎ + ∗t
4𝑔𝑖
𝑖
502
𝐴𝑛 = 200 − 4 ∗ 18 + 2 ∗ ∗ 10
4 ∗ 25
𝐴𝑛 = 1780𝑚𝑚2
The first critical section gives the least neat area value hence the An value of
first critical section should be considered for the calculation of design load
against rupture of critical section.
An = 1460 mm2
0.9 ∗ 1460 ∗ 410

𝑇𝑑𝑛 = = 430.99 kN
1.25
Hence , the rupture of critical sections governs the design of plate under
tension.
The tensile capacity of plate = T = 430.99 kN
𝑇 430.99
The service tensile load = = = 287.32 𝑘𝑁
γ𝑓 1.5
Calculate the tensile capacity of the plate (200 mm x 16 mm) shown in figure
T T
capacity of plate
3. Block shear
From Cl 6.2, Pg.No.32 of IS 800:2009,
steel is 250 MPa.
From Table 5, Pg.No.30, the partial material factor of safety γmo is

1.10.
Therefore,
3200 ∗ 250
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = = 727.27 𝑘𝑁
1.1
Step 2:- Design tensile strength of plate under rupture of
critical section
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1
An = (b * t) – (3 * dh * t)
= (200*16)-(3*18*16)
An = 2336 mm2
0.9 ∗ 2336 ∗ 410

𝑇𝑑𝑛 = = 689.58 kN
1.25
Step 3:- Design tensile strength of plate under block shear
rupture plane
Shear plane
From Cl 6.4.1, Pg.No.33
𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1 (Rupture happens first)
3γ𝑚𝑜
Or
𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 ∗ + 𝐴𝑡𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚0 (Shear failure happens first)
3γ𝑚1
𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1
3γ𝑚𝑜
𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 2 ∗ 75 + 50 ∗ 16 = 4000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡𝑛 = 100 − 2 ∗ 18 ∗ 16 = 1024𝑚𝑚2
250
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = 4000 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 1024 ∗ 410/1.25 = 827.14𝑘𝑁
3 ∗ 1.1
𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 ∗ + 𝐴𝑡𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚0
3γ𝑚1
𝐴𝑣𝑛 = 2 ∗ 75 + 50 − 18 − 9 ∗ 16 = 3136𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑡𝑔 = 100 ∗ 16 = 1600𝑚𝑚2
410
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = 0.9 ∗ 3136 ∗ + 1600 ∗ 250/1.1 = 898.11𝑘𝑁
3 ∗ 1.25
Hence the design tensile strength of given plate is 689.58 kN

Find the tensile capacity of unequal angle ISA 100x75x10 mm show in figure
`
For the given member connection the following failure modes governs the
tensile capacity of angle section.
3. Block shear
Step 1:- Design tensile strength of angle section under gross section yielding
From Cl 6.2, Pg.No.32 of IS 800:2009,
𝐴𝑔 = 100 ∗ 10 + (65 ∗ 10) = 1650𝑚𝑚2
steel is 250 MPa.
Therefore,
1650 ∗ 250
𝑇𝑑𝑔 = = 375 𝑘𝑁
1.1
Step 2:- Design tensile strength of angle section under rupture of critical
section
From Cl 6.3.3, Pg.No.33 of IS 800:2009, the design rupture strength of an

angle connected through one leg is
𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑛𝑐 ∗ + β ∗ 𝐴𝑔𝑜 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚𝑜
γ𝑚1
𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑠 𝑓𝑢 ∗γ𝑚𝑜
Where, β = 1.4 − 0.076 ∗ ∗ ∗ ≤ ≥ 0.7
𝑡 𝑓𝑢 𝐿𝑐 𝑓𝑦 ∗γ𝑚1
10
𝐴𝑛𝑐 = 100 − − 21.5 ∗ 10 = 735𝑚𝑚2
2
10
𝐴𝑔𝑜 = 75 − ∗ 10 = 700𝑚𝑚2
2
75 250 75 + 50 − 10 410 ∗ 1.1

β = 1.4 − 0.076 ∗ ∗ ∗ ≤ ≥ 0.7
10 410 65 + 65 250 ∗ 1.25
β = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 ≤ 1.44 ≥ 0.7 (Satisfactory)

Hence β = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗
410 250
𝑇𝑑𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 735 ∗ + 1.09 ∗ 700 ∗ = 𝟑𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝐤𝐍
1.25 1.1
Step 3:- Design tensile strength of given angle under block shear
𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1 (Rupture happens first)
3γ𝑚𝑜
Or
𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 ∗ + 𝐴𝑡𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚0 (Shear failure happens first)
3γ𝑚1
Shear plane
Rupture plane
𝑓𝑦
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = 𝐴𝑣𝑔 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑡𝑛 ∗ 𝑓𝑢 /γ𝑚1
3γ𝑚𝑜
𝐴𝑣𝑔 = 50 + 65 + 65 ∗ 10 = 1800𝑚𝑚2
21.5
𝐴𝑡𝑛 = 50 − ∗ 10 = 392.5𝑚𝑚2
2
250
𝑇𝑑𝑏1 = 1800 ∗ + 0.9 ∗ 392.5 ∗ 410/1.25 = 𝟑𝟓𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝒌𝑵
3 ∗ 1.1
𝑓𝑢
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = 0.9 ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 ∗ + 𝐴𝑡𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /γ𝑚0
3γ𝑚1
21.5
𝐴𝑣𝑛 = 50 + 65 + 65 − 21.5 − 21.5 − ∗ 10 = 1262.5𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑡𝑔 = 50 ∗ 10 = 500𝑚𝑚2
410
𝑇𝑑𝑏2 = 0.9 ∗ 1262.5 ∗ + 500 ∗ 250/1.1 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝒌𝑵
3 ∗ 1.25
Hence the design tensile strength of given angle section is 328.8 kN

Compression Members
Compression Members
In general, the Indian Standard hot-rolled steel section columns subjected to

axial compression may fail by either material yielding or by flexural buckling
mode.
 For Short columns subjected to axial compression, the failure is generally
caused by material yielding.
 For Intermediate length columns, the failure is generally caused by both
material yielding and flexural buckling (inelastic flexural buckling).
 For Slender or long columns, the failure is generally caused by flexural
buckling (elastic flexural buckling).

Compression Members
When a perfectly straight slender or long column is subjected to an axial
compression, the column continues to remain straight and only deforms axially
until the compression load reaches a certain load intensity called critical load.
Upon, the reach of critical load the stability of column ceases under straight
configuration and the column starts to bow to attain stability.
The load at which the column can be in equilibrium in both straight and in a
slightly bent configuration is called critical load.

Compression Members
Leonhard Euler proposed an accurate theoretical stability analysis of column in the year
1744.
Elastic critical buckling load Pcr of an axially loaded column is given by
π2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝐾𝐿)2
Elastic critical buckling stress Fcr of an axially loaded column is given by
𝑃𝑐𝑟 π2 𝐸𝐼
=
𝐴 𝐴 ∗ (𝐾𝐿)2
π2 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
(𝐾𝐿/𝑟)2
𝐼
Where KL is effective length of column and r is radius of gyration 𝐴
The term 𝐾𝐿/𝑟 is referred as slenderness ratio.

Compression Members
For long columns,
𝑷𝒄𝒓 < 𝑷𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒄𝒓 < 𝑭𝒚
For intermediate length columns,
𝑷𝒄𝒓 ≥ 𝑷𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒄𝒓 ≥ 𝑭𝒚
For short columns,
𝑷𝒄𝒓 ≫ 𝑷𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒄𝒓 ≫ 𝑭𝒚
Design of Compression Members
(i) Find the design compression load for ISMB 400 steel section used as a
column member. The length of column is 3.75 m with simply supported
boundary condition at either ends. Take Fe 410 grade steel.
(ii) Establish a column strength curve for ISMB 400.
Solution
Given Data
Steel Section : ISMB 400
Unsupported length of column = 3.5 m
Boundary condition : Simply supported at either ends

Step 1:- To find the buckling class for given section ISMB 400
Referring to Annex H, Table 46, Pg. No.138 of IS 800:2007
Sectional area = 7840 mm2
Depth of section = 400 mm
Width of flange = 140 mm
Thickness of flange = 16.0 mm
Thickness of web = 8.9 mm
Radius of gyration, rmin = 28.4 and rmax = 160.5 mm
Referring to Table 10, Pg.No. 44
ℎ 400
Rolled I-Section, = = 2.85 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑓 = 16 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 140
The given column is not braced against buckling about any axis, hence the
given section have least resistance against buckling about minor axis.
Choosing buckling about minor axis i.e Y-Y axis, the buckling class for ISMB
400 is b.
Step 2:- To find the column slenderness ratio
The given column has simply supported at either ends. The effective length
(KL) of given column from Table 11, Pg.No.45 is
KL = 1.0 L = 3.75 m
𝐾𝐿 3750 𝑚𝑚
Therefor the slenderness ratio of given column is = = 132.04
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 28.4 𝑚𝑚
Step 3:- To find the design compressive load of given column section
Referring to Table 9(b), Pg.No.41
Fcd (MPa)
KL/r
Fy =250 MPa
130 81.0
140 71.8
By interpolation, Fcd = 79.16 MPa for KL/r = 132.04

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐴𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑃𝑑 = 7840 ∗ 79.16 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝑘𝑁
To establish column strength curve for ISMB 400, refer to Table 9(b).
Column strength curve for ISMB 400
2000 Design Compressive

1800
load (Pd) kN
1600
1400
Column Strength Curve
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Slenderness ratio (KL/r)
An ISMB 500 steel section is to be used as a column member. The length of

column is 4.2 m with simply supported boundary condition at either ends.
Lateral bracings are provided in the minor axis of the section to reduce the
unsupported length of the column along minor axis to 1.4 m. Calculate the
design compression load of the given section. Take Fe 410 grade steel.
Solution
Given Data
Steel Section : ISMB 500
Unsupported length of column = 4.2 m along major axis and 1.4 m along
minor axis
Step 1:- To find the buckling class for given section ISMB 500
Referring to Annex H, Table 46, Pg. No.138 of IS 800:2007
Sectional area = 11074 mm2
Depth of section = 500 mm
Width of flange = 180 mm
Thickness of flange = 17.2 mm
Thickness of web = 10.2 mm
Radius of gyration, rmin = 35.2 and rmax = 202.1 mm
ℎ 500
Rolled I-Section, = = 2.77 ≥ 1.2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑓 = 17.2 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 180
The buckling class of ISMB 500 section about minor axis is class b and about
major axis is class a.
Effective length of column about major axis, KL = 1.0 L = 4.2 m
Effective length of column about minor axis, KL = 1.0 L = 1.4 m
Therefor the slenderness ratio of given column about major axis is
= = 20.78
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 202.1 𝑚𝑚
Therefore the slenderness ratio of given column about minor axis is
= = 39.77
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 35.2 𝑚𝑚
Since the slenderness ratio of column about minor axis is maximum the design
strength of column will be governed by buckling about minor axis.
Step 3:- To find the design compressive load of given column section
Referring to Table 9(b), Pg.No.41
Fcd (MPa)
KL/rmin
Fy =250 MPa
30 216
40 206

𝑃𝑑 = 11074 ∗ 206.23 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟑. 𝟕𝟗 𝑘𝑁
Calculate the design compression load for two ISMC 350 section placed back
to back as shown in figure below. The unsupported length of the column is 5.0
m with simply supported ends. Take Fe410 grade of steel.
Geometrical properties of an ISMC 350
IZZ = 10008 x 104 mm4
IYY = 430.6 x 104 mm4
CYY = 23.6 mm
A= 5366 mm2
Solution
Given Data
Steel Section : ISMC 350 (back to back)
Unsupported length of column = 5.0 m about both the axis
Step 1:- To find the buckling class for given section ISMC 350 (back to back)
The given back to back ISMC 350 section is a built-up member
For all built-up members the buckling class is c for buckling about any axis.
Effective length of column about major axis, KL = 1.0 L = 5.0 m
Effective length of column about minor axis, KL = 1.0 L = 5.0 m
Radius of gyration about major axis for the given built-up section is = Radius
of gyration for a single ISMC350 section.
i.e rZZ = 136.6 mm
Therefore the slenderness ratio of given column about major axis is
= = 36.6
𝑟𝑍−𝑍 136.6 𝑚𝑚
Radius of gyration about minor axis
𝐼𝑌𝑌
𝑟𝑌𝑌 =
𝐴
Where IYY is M.O.I about the centroid of the built-up section
rYY given in Annex H, Table 46 is for a single ISMC350
section for IYY about its centroid.
Hence, rYY has to be calculated for the given built-up section.
Using parallel axis theorem, IYY for the built-up section is

𝐼𝑌𝑌−𝐵 = 2 ∗ (𝐼𝑌𝑌 + 𝐴 ∗ ℎ2 )
𝐼𝑌𝑌−𝐵 = 2 ∗ (430.6 ∗ 104 + 5366 ∗ (23.6 + 25)2 )
𝐼𝑌𝑌−𝐵 = 3396 ∗ 104 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑌𝑌−𝐵 3396 ∗ 104

𝑟𝑌𝑌 = = = 56.25
𝐴 2 ∗ 5366
Therefore the slenderness ratio of given column about minor axis is
= = 88.88
𝑟𝑌𝑌 56.25 𝑚𝑚
Slenderness ratio about minor axis is maximum, hence the design compressive
stress (fcd) will be governed by buckling about minor axis.
Step 3:- To find the design compressive load of given built-up column section
Referring to Table 9(c), Pg.No.42
Fcd (MPa)
KL/rmin
Fy =250 MPa
80 135
90 121

𝑃𝑑 = 2 ∗ 5366 ∗ 122.56 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝑘𝑁
Design of Steel Compression Member
Design a steel section for a column of effective length 3.8 m and 3.0 m in
major and minor axis respectively. The column is to carry an axial
concentric load of 800 kN. Take Fe 410 grade steel. The design shall
comply with IS 800:2007.
Solution
Step 1:-
Given, Service load = 800 kN
Factored load = 1.5 x 800 = 1200 kN
Identification of a suitable steel section involves iterative process. Because

design always have multiple solutions for a given problem.
We know that, the design compressive stress for a steel section depends on the
buckling class of the chosen section, slenderness ratio and yield strength of
the steel.
Hence, to arrive at a steel section it is required to initially assume the column

buckling class and slenderness ratio (KL/r).
The radius of gyration about minor axis will be generally of lower value than
major axis. So, let us first assume slenderness ratio about minor axis first.
Assume KL/ry = 120. Now the required ry = KL/120.
i.e ry = 3000/120 = 25mm.
Now, referring to Annex H, Table 46 to find a steel section having ry > 25mm.
Let us choose ISMB 300, having ry = 28.4mm and rz = 123.7 mm
Now recalculate the slenderness ratio for the radius of gyration (ry) of ISMB
300,
i.e KL/ ry = 3000/28.4 = 105.6
The slenderness ratio of ISMB 300 about major axis is KL/ ry = 3800/123.7 =
30.7.
As the slenderness ratio about minor axis is greater than major axis, the design
will be governed by minor axis buckling.
Now find the buckling class of ISMB 300 about its minor axis from Table 10.
From Table 46, the geometrical properties of ISMB 300 are
h = 300 mm,
bf = 140 mm,
tf = 12.4 mm and
cross sectional area = 5626 mm2
h/bf = 2.14 > 1.2 & tf < 40 mm
Hence buckling class is b.
Now, referring to Table 9(b),
Fcd = 112.4 N/mm2.

Step 2:-
Design compressive load, Pd = Ae x fcd
Assume no free holes are present, then Ae = cross sectional area.
Therefore, Pd = 5626 x 112.4 = 632.352 kN.
But the given load is 800 kN and factored load is 1200 kN.
Hence the chosen trial steel section ISMB 300 is unsafe.
Take another trial with lesser slenderness ratio.
Now assume KL/ry = 80
Then required ry = 3000/80 = 37.5mm
Refer Table 46 and choose a section having ry = 37.5mm.

Let us choose ISMB 550,
ry = 37.3 mm
Therefore, KL/ ry= 3000/37.3 = 80.42
From Table 46,
h = 550 mm, bf = 190 mm, tf = 19.3 mm and area = 13211 mm2
h/bf = 550/190 = 2.89 > 1.2 and tf < 40 mm
buckling class b from Table 10.
Now, fcd from Table 9(b) for KL/ry = 80.42 and fy =250 MPa is 143.28 N/mm2
Pd = 13211 * 143.28 = 1892.870 kN.

Hence Pd > 1200 kN. The section is safe but uneconomical. Hence try with
ISMB 450.
Introduction – Design of steel beams
The design of steel beams is based on two criteria – (i) Strength and (ii)
Stability.
Steel Beam
Strength Stability
Laterally Supported Laterally unsupported

The strength of laterally supported beams under bending depends on the yield
strength of the material, classification of steel section and resistance provided
by web against shear buckling. The laterally supported beams deflect only in
the direction of application of load.
The laterally unsupported beams under bending are susceptible to lateral

torsional mode of buckling. The design of laterally unsupported beams are
governed by lateral torsional buckling failure. The open sections like I section
and channel sections usually fails by lateral torsional buckling if laterally
unsupported as shown in the figure.
The
The open section members usually have very high M.O.I
about major axis in comparison to M.O.I about minor axis.
Hence, the open section beams are often susceptible to lateral
torsional buckling mode of failure. Box sections generally
have high torsional rigidity and hence the lateral torsional
buckling will not occur. This lateral torsional buckling is
referred as stability issue. To avoid such stability issue the
elements of cross section subjected to compression forces are
restrained against buckling.
The failure of laterally beams is governed by yielding of steel or local

buckling or web shear buckling.
Section Classification
Plastic Compact Semi-compact Slender
local-buckling Local buckling Local buckling will Local buckling occurs

will not occur. will not occur not occur until the
extreme fibre in even before the
The sections until the section extreme compression
compression
have required reaches its reaches yield stress fibre reaches yield
rotation capacity plastic moment stress.
to form plastic of resistance
hinge.
Local Buckling in compression element.
The flanges in a I section are outstand
elements. That is one longitudinal edge
is unsupported or unconnected and are
free to deform. Such outstand elements
may undergo wobbling/curling like deformation known as local buckling

under compressive stresses as shown in the figure above. The formation of
local buckling will reduce the moment carrying capacity of beam section. The
local buckling can be eradicated by providing sufficient thickness to outstand
compression element generally flanges.
Plastic section
Compact section
Semi-Compact Section
Refer to Table 2, Pg. No. 18 of IS 800:2007 to identify the section

classification.
250
𝜀=
𝐹𝑌
Bending Equation
𝑀 𝑓
=
𝐼 𝑦
M = Moment of Resistance
I = Moment of Inertia
f = extreme fibre stress
y = distance of extreme fibre from Neutral Axis
𝑓∗𝐼
𝑀= =f∗Z
𝑦
Z = Section modulus or first moment of area
For plastic and compact section Zp – plastic section modulus is considered for
the design.
Section modulus is calculated as per the cross sectional stress distribution.
Elastic Section Modulus Plastic Section Modulus
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑍𝑒 = 𝑏𝑑 2
6 𝑍𝑝 =
4
The ratio of Zp to Ze is known as shape factor.
For rectangular section, shape factor is 1.5.
For I section, shape factor varies between 1.1 to 1.2.
Design of steel beams
Design a steel section for a beam of span 7.5 m, carrying unfirmly distributed
live and dead load of intensity 10 kN/m and 3 kN/m respectively. The beam is
simply supported at either ends and restrained against torsional rotational and
warping. Assume, the compression flange is continuously restrained against
lateral buckling. The design shall comply with IS 800:2007. Take Fe410 grade
steel.
Solution
Step 1- Calculation of design forces
Live load = 10 kN/m
Dead load = 3 kN/m
Assume self weight of beam = 1.5 kN/m
Factored load = 1.5 * 14.5 = 21.75 kN/m
𝑤∗𝑙 2 21.75∗7.52
Factored bending moment = = = 152.92 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑤∗𝑙 21.75∗7.5
Factored shear force = = = 81.56 𝑘𝑁
2 2
Step 2- Selection of trial section
To choose a trial I section, the required plastic section modulus (Zp) is

calculated from Cl 8.2.1.2, Pg.No. 53
𝑀𝑑 = 𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0
We know that, 𝑀𝑑 ≥ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Therefore,
𝑓𝑦
𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ ≥ 152.92𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚0
For plastic section 𝛽𝑏 =1.0 and 𝛾𝑚0 =1.1 from Table 5.
152.92 ∗ 106 ∗ 1.1

𝑍𝑝 ≥ = 672848𝑚𝑚3
1.0 ∗ 250
Referring to Annexure H, Table 46, Pg.No, 138
ISWB 300 has Zp =731210 mm3
Hence choose ISWB 300 as trail section.

Step 3- Section classification of ISWB 300

From Table 46, the geometrical properties of ISWB 300 are
h = 300 mm,
Width of flange, bf = 200 mm,
Thickness of flange, tf = 10 mm
Thickness of web, tw = 7.4 mm
Plastic section modulus, Zp = 73121 mm3
Referring to Table 2, Pg. No. 18
Classification of outstand compression flange element
𝑏 100
𝑡𝑓
= 10
= 10 > 9.4𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 < 10.5𝜀 hence the compression flange is compact.
250
Where, 𝜀 = =1
𝐹𝑌
Web of an I, H or box section, Neutral axis at mid-depth
Depth of web (d) is approximately calculated as D − 2 ∗ 𝑡𝑓

𝑑 = 300 − 2 ∗ 10 = 280𝑚𝑚
𝑑 280
= = 37.83 ≤ 84𝜀 hence the web is plastic
𝑡𝑤 7.4
The chosen ISWB 300 trial section is classified as compact section

Step 4- Check for web shear buckling
𝑑
As per Cl 8.2.1, to use Cl 8.2.1.2 for bending strength calculation ≤ 67𝜀.
𝑡𝑤
𝑑 280
= = 37.83 hence the condition is satisfied.
𝑡𝑤 7.4
Step 5- Check for web shear capacity

To use Cl 8.2.1.2 for bending strength calculation, the factored design shear
force should not be greater than the 0.6Vd.
Where, Vd is design shear strength of web of ISWB 300 section.
From Cl 8.4, Pg.No.59
Vn
Vd =
γm0
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑤
𝑉𝑝 =
3
Where, Av is shear area and fyw is yield strength of web
300 ∗ 7.4 ∗ 250

𝑉𝑝 = = 320.429 𝑘𝑁
3
320.429𝑘𝑁
Vd = = 291.29𝑘𝑁
1.1
0.6Vd = 291.29 * 0.6 = 174.77 kN > 81.56 kN (factored shear force).
Hence the trial section ISWB 300 is safe.
Step 6- Check for serviceability
5∗𝑤∗𝑙 4
Deflection, 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
384∗𝐸∗𝐼
E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2
I = Ze x y = 654800 x 150 = 98.22 x 106 mm4

5 ∗ 10 ∗ 75004
δmax = = 19.97mm
384 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 105 ∗ 98.22 ∗ 106
From Table 6, Pg.No. 31
Considering industrial buildings, the limiting vertical deflection under live

load with simple span supporting brittle cladding is span/300.
7500
𝛿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 25 𝑚𝑚
300
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝛿𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
Hence the ISWB 300 section is safe .

Design a steel section for a beam of span 3.0 m, to carry a concentrated load of
125 kN at mid span. The beam is simply supported at either ends and
restrained against torsional rotational and warping. Assume, the compression
flange is continuously restrained against lateral buckling. The design shall
comply with IS 800:2007. Take Fe410 grade steel.
Solution
Live load = 125 kN
𝑤∗𝑙 125∗3.0
Bending Moment due to live load = = = 93.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
4 4
𝑤∗𝑙 2 1.5∗3.02
Bending Moment due to self weight = = = 1.68 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
Factored Bending moment = 1.5 * (93.75+1.68) =143.145 kN.m
Maximum shear force is at mid span due to concentrated load.
Therefore, factored shear force = 1.5 * 125 = 187.5 kN
To choose a trial I section, the required plastic section modulus (Zp) is

calculated from Cl 8.2.1.2, Pg.No. 53
We know that, 𝑀𝑑 ≥ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Therefore,
𝑓𝑦
𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ ≥ 143.145𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝛾𝑚0
For plastic section 𝛽𝑏 =1.0 and 𝛾𝑚0 =1.1 from Table 5.
143.145 ∗ 106 ∗ 1.1

𝑍𝑝 ≥ = 629816𝑚𝑚3
1.0 ∗ 250
Referring to Annexure H, Table 46, Pg.No, 138
ISMB 300 has Zp =651740 mm3
Hence choose ISMB 300 as trail section.

Step 3- Section classification of ISMB 300
h = 300 mm,
Thickness of flange, tf = 12.4 mm
𝑏 70
𝑡𝑓
= 12.4 = 5.64 < 9.4𝜀 hence the compression flange is plastic.
250
Where, 𝜀 = =1
𝐹𝑌

𝑑 = 300 − 2 ∗ 12.4 = 275.2𝑚𝑚
𝑑 275.2
𝑡𝑤 7.5
The chosen ISMB 300 trial section is classified as plastic section

Step 4- Check for web shear buckling
𝑑
As per Cl 8.2.1, to use Cl 8.2.1.2 for bending strength calculation ≤ 67𝜀.
𝑡𝑤
𝑑 275.2
= = 36.69 hence the web is safe against elastic shear buckling.
𝑡𝑤 7.5
Step 5- Check for web shear capacity
To use Cl 8.2.1.2 for bending strength calculation, the factored design shear
force should not be greater than the 0.6Vd.
Where, Vd is design shear strength of web of ISMB 300 section.
From Cl 8.4, Pg.No.59
Vn
Vd =
γm0
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑤
𝑉𝑝 =
3
Where, Av is shear area and fyw is yield strength of web
300 ∗ 7.5 ∗ 250

𝑉𝑝 = = 324.759 𝑘𝑁
3
324.759𝑘𝑁
Vd = = 295.235𝑘𝑁
1.1
0.6Vd = 295.235 * 0.6 = 177.14 kN < 187.5 kN (factored shear force).
Since factored shear force > 0.6Vd, as per Cl 8.2.1.3, Pg.No.53
Design bending strength Md = Mdv
From Cl 9.2.2, for plastic and compact section the design bending strength is
given by
𝑀𝑑𝑣 = 𝑀𝑑 − 𝛽(𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀𝑓𝑑 ) ≤ 1.2𝑍𝑒 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚𝑜
Where,
2𝑉 2
𝛽= −1
𝑉𝑑
250
𝑀𝑑 = 1.0 ∗ 651740 ∗ = 148.122 kNm
1.1
2
2∗187.5
𝛽= − 1 = 0.07
295.235
𝑀𝑓𝑑 = 𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝𝑓 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚0

𝑍𝑝𝑓 = 𝑍𝑝 − 𝑍𝑝𝑤
𝑡𝑤 ∗ 𝑑 2 7.5 ∗ 275.22
𝑍𝑝𝑤 = = = 142003.2𝑚𝑚3
4 4
𝑍𝑝𝑓 = 651740 − 142003.2 = 509736.8𝑚𝑚3
250
𝑀𝑓𝑑 = 1.0 ∗ 509736.8 ∗ = 115.849 kNm
1.1
𝑀𝑑𝑣 = 𝑀𝑑 − 𝛽 𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑑𝑣 = 148.122 − 0.07 ∗ 148.122 − 115.849 = 145.86𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑑𝑣 ≤ 1.2𝑍𝑒 𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑚𝑜
1.2𝑍𝑒 𝑓𝑦 1.2 ∗ 573600 ∗ 250

= = 156.43𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑜 1.1.
Mdv > factored bending moment (143.145 kNm)
Hence ISMB 300 is safe.

Find the design bending capacity of ISMB 450 section, used as beam of span
5.25 m. The beam is simply supported with fully restraint against torsional
rotation and warping at ends. The compression flange of beam is unsupported.
The design shall comply with IS 800:2007. Take Fe410 grade steel.
Solution
From Cl 8.2.2, Pg.No. 54, the design bending strength of laterally unsupported
beam is
𝑀𝑑 = 𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝑏𝑑
Where, 𝛽𝑏 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= Ze/Zp for semi compact sections

Step 1- Section classification of ISMB 450
h = 450 mm,
𝑏 75
𝑡𝑓
= 17.4 = 4.3 < 9.4𝜀 hence the compression flange is plastic.
250
Where, 𝜀 = =1
𝐹𝑌

𝑑 = 450 − 2 ∗ 17.4 = 415.2𝑚𝑚
𝑑 415.2
𝑡𝑤
= 9.4
= 44.17 ≤ 84𝜀 hence the web is plastic

Step 2- To find the design bending compressive stress fbd
To find fcr,b from Table 14,Pg.No.57,
The effective length of the beam from Table 15,Pg.No.58 is 0.7L
Therefore, KL = 0.7L = 0.7*5.25 = 3.675 m
𝐾𝐿 3675
= = 122.09
𝑟𝑦 30.1
ℎ 450
= = 25.86
𝑡𝑓 17.4
From Table 14,
Fcr,b = 216.16 N/mm2
ISMB 450 is a rolled steel section, hence referring to Table 13(a),Pg.No.55
Fbd = 140.14 N/mm2

𝑀𝑑 = 1.0 ∗ 1533360 ∗ 140.14 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 kN. m
Design a steel section for a beam of span 6.5 m, carrying uniformly distributed
live and dead load of intensity 8 kN/m and 1.5 kN/m respectively. The beam is
simply supported at either ends and restrained against torsional rotational and
warping. Assume, the compression flange is unrestrained. The design shall
comply with IS 800:2007. Take Fe410 grade steel.
Solution
Live load = 8 kN/m
Dead load = 1.5 kN/m

Total load = 11 kN/m
Factored load = 1.5 * 11 = 16.5 kN/m
𝑤∗𝑙 2 16.5∗6.52
Factored bending moment = 8
= 8
= 87.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑤∗𝑙 16.5∗6.5
Factored shear force = 2
= 2
= 53.62 𝑘𝑁

To choose a trial I section, the required plastic section modulus (Zp) is calculated from Cl
8.2.2, Pg.No. 54
From Cl 8.2.2, Pg.No. 54, the design bending strength of laterally unsupported
beam is
𝑀𝑑 = 𝛽𝑏 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝑏𝑑
Where, 𝛽𝑏 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= Ze/Zp for semi compact sections
Assume the trial section is plastic and have fbd = 150 N/mm2.
The required plastic section modulus (Zp) is
87.14 ∗ 106 = 1.0 ∗ 𝑍𝑝 ∗ 150
𝑍𝑝 = 580933.33𝑚𝑚3
Choose ISMB 300 from Table 46 .
Step 3- Section Classification of ISMB 300
h = 300 mm,
𝑏 70
= = 5.64 < 9.4𝜀 hence the compression flange is plastic.
𝑡𝑓 12.4
250
Where, 𝜀 = =1
𝐹𝑌

𝑑 = 300 − 2 ∗ 12.4 = 275.2𝑚𝑚
𝑑 275.2
𝑡𝑤 7.5

Step 4- Calculation of design bending compressive stress fbd
The given beam is laterally unsupported.
Given span = 6.5 m
Effective length of beam (KL) from Table 15 is 0.7 L
Therefore KL = 0.7 L = 4.55 m
The slenderness ratio about minor axis of ISMB 300 is
𝐾𝐿 4550
= = 160.21 ≈ 160
𝑟𝑦 28.4
ℎ 300
= = 24.19 ≈ 25
𝑡𝑓 12.4
The fcr,b value from Table 14 is 148.2 N/mm2
ISMB 300 is a rolled steel section, hence referring to Table 13(a),Pg.No.55
Fbd = 105.7 N/mm2

𝑀𝑑 = 1.0 ∗ 651740 ∗ 105.7 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 kN. m
𝑀𝑑 < 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑀 87.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Hence ISMB 300 section is unsafe. Choose next section ISMB 350.

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Introduction to Design of Reinforced

Cement Concrete (RCC) Structures

Reinforced Cement concrete foundation

Shear Modulus (G)

Assume a standard cylinder of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm length.

Now, for height to width ratio ≥ 8 what would be the strength

This reduction in compressive strength is significant for height to width

For height to width ratio = 5, the strength reduction is 33% of standard

 Peak Stress occurs at strain of

 Characteristic cube strength is fck

 For H/B ratio > 5, consider 33%

 Partial material factor of safety γm.

 The failure strain for members under

IS 456:2000, Cl 6.2.2 recommends the following empirical equation

The transverse reinforcement in concrete

IS 456:2000, Cl 6.2.5.1 states

Shrinkage also occurs at early stage soon of casting of concrete referred

Instantaneous shrinkage or plastic

To avoid shrinkage in concrete, mass concreteing especially for slabs is

Aim of Structural Design

Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure

Economy – The increase is safety margins can enhance safety

Materials are allowed to be stressed to its full

The members are first designed to limit state of

The long term effects like creep, shrinkage etc

LSM adopts rational reliability models by

Limit State Method

Limit State of Collapse

Cl 36.3 Design Values

Cl 36.4.2 Partial safety factors γm for material strength

The relationship between the compressive stress

C = Fc ,T = Ft and z is lever arm

C = Fc = volume of the concrete stress block

Where, b is breadth of beam

Area of stress block = 0.447 fck x Xu x 0.8 = 0.357 fck Xu

C = Volume of stress block = 0.36 fck x b x Xu

For balanced section,

0.36 fck b Xu = 0.87 fy Ast

Therefore, M.O.R of concrete = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑋𝑢 ∗ (𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢 )

Since Xu is unknown, IS 456:2000 provides guideline to fix

= 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ∗ 𝑑 − 0.42𝑋𝑢

For under-reinforced sections, C >T

Cl 22.2 Effective Span (Pg. No. 34)

Live load = 6 kN/m (given)

= 1.725 kN/m Unit weight of RCC

Total load = 8.925 kN/m

Where w is factored load and l is effective span.

To achieve ductile behaviour of beam, the beam is to be designed as an under-

Therefore, the moment of resistance of the beam section is taken as

Mu > design bending moment

38.37 ∗ 106 ≤ 97483.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 26.06 𝐴2𝑠𝑡

Therefore, Ast,reqd = 447.025 mm2

Assuming 12 mm dia bars, the number of bars required is

𝑋𝑢 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑋𝑢 0.87 ∗ 415 ∗ 452.39

Check for minimum area of tension reinforcement,

Ast,provided > As , hence safe.

Step 4:- Check for shear

Vu is design shear force.

Maximum shear stress τmax=3.1N/mm2 (from Table 20 of Pg.no.73)

Area of 2 legged 10 mm φ bar = 2π102/4 = 157.07 mm2