ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Electronics and Communications Department

Experiment No. 7
Smith Chart

MONDAY
(07:00 – 10:00)

4 SCHEDULE

Transmission Media and Antenna System Lab

Group No. SUBJECT Grade

ATTENDANC
E NAME CONTRIBUTION REMARKS
PASCUAL, Joshua Philip Conclusion, Part E, ZL A

RADA, Bernanette Analysis, ZL B

ROSAL, Cherry Gin Theoretical Background,

ZL C
SEITON, John Seiton Part A-D, ZL D

TOLIAO, Kim Tristan Guide Problems, ZL E

ZARI, Irvin Johnson Guide Questions, ZL F

D.O.P. 04 – 04 – 2022 D.O.S. 04 – 04 – 2022

Bernadeth B. Zari, PECE

Instructor
 EXPERIMENT 7: SMITH CHART

I. OBJECTIVES
To observe the characteristics of Smith Chart and learn its usage for solving
VSWR and reflection coefficient. Also, learn how to normalize and plot of a given load
impedance.

II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The Smith Chart is a tool to see the impedance of a transmission line and antenna
system as a function of frequency. RF transmission lines and matching devices are the
most common challenges faced by engineers, and the Smith chart was developed to help
them address these issues graphically. Aside from mechanical vibrations, the device can
also show a variety of other properties such as admissibility and the perimeters of
continuous gain, impedance, stability, and noise figure. The chart is more commonly used
inside regions with a radius range of 1 or <1, such as oscillator design and stability
performance. Smith charts have been known to have matching flaws, although they are
still useful in showing how RF frequencies operate at many frequencies. This is since the
findings are often conducted using smith charts in most RF circuit software. On the
complex reflection coefficient plane, Smith charts are displayed in two dimensions on a
standardized impedance or admittance or even both through numerous colours to
differentiate between those parameters, and depending on this scaling, and they are
basically characterized as three types of charts. Those are Impedance, Admittance, and
Immittance Smith Chart.

III. PROCEDURES
1.) Look for a sample of a Smith Chart.
2.) Study how a Smith Chart is used and its relation to some parameters.
3.) Answer the following questions and requirements in Data and Results part.
4.) Normalize and plot the given load impedance assigned per group member.
5.) Observe the result of VSWR and reflection coefficient regarding the usage of Smith
Chart and manual computation.
6.) Compare both values and determine its percent difference.

IV. MATERIALS
The Smith Chart is utilized in order to execute the experiment and observed some of its
characteristics and relation to different parameters.

V. SYSTEM/PROGRAM FLOWCHART

Fig. 1: Blank

VI. SCHEMATIC/BLOCK DIAGRAM

Here it indicates the schematic diagram used for conducting the experiment:

Fig. 2: Blank

VII. DATA AND RESULTS

A. Definition of Smith Chart:
 Blank

B. History of Smith Chart:

Inventor: Blank
Data Developed: Blank

C. Application of Smith Chart

Blank

D. Attached Copy of Smith Chart

E. Identify and Discuss the Parts of Smith Chart

Define Normalizing: A process that can be used in a Smith Chart for wide range of
impedance and admittance values, where it divides the impedances by the line’s
characteristics impedance.

Write down the formula in normalizing impedance (Define the variables used)
Z
Zn =
Zo
Zn = normalized impedance
Z = given impedance
Zo = characteristic impedance

Write down the formula in normalizing admittance (Define the variables used)
Y
Yn =
Yo
Yn = normalized admittance
Y = given admittance
Yo = characteristic admittance

F. Normalize and Plot the given Load Impedance (Note: Characteristics of the Line Zo
is normally 50Ω)
a.) 100 + j25 Ω (PASCUAL, Joshua Philip)
100+ j 25 Ω
Zn = = 2 + j0.5
50Ω
Fig.: Smith Chart Plot where Black Dot is ZL = 100 + j25 Ω
b.) 50 + j75 Ω (RADA, Bernanette)
50+ j 75Ω
Z n= =1+ j1.5
50 Ω

Fig.: Smith Chart Plot where Black Dot is ZL = 50 + j75 Ω

c.) 150 + j75 Ω (ROSAL, Cherry Gin)
150+ j 75 Ω
Zn = = 3 + j1.5
50Ω
 Fig.: Smith Chart Plot where Black Dot is ZL = 150 + j75 Ω

d.) 50 – j50 Ω (SEITON, John Eduard)

50− j50 Ω
Zn = =1–j
50 Ω
 Fig.: Smith Chart Plot where Black Dot is ZL = 50 – j50 Ω

e.) 25 – j100 Ω (TOLIAO, Kim Tristan)

25−100 j
Z= =0.5− j 2 Ω
50

f.) 100 – j50 Ω (ZARI, Irvin Johnson)

100− j50 Ω
Zn = =2–j
50 Ω
 Fig.: Smith Chart Plot where Black Dot is ZL = 100 – j50 Ω

G. SWR Determination
To determine the SWR draw a circle through the point and use the chart center as
the circle’s center. Wherever the circle drawn through ZL for a transmission line
crosses the right-hand horizontal line through the chart center, that point is the VSWR
that exists on the line. The circle drawn through a line’s load impedance is often
called its VSWR circle.

Determine the VSWR using Smith Chart of the given load impedance above:
a.) 100 + j25 Ω (PASCUAL, Joshua Philip)
Smith Chart
 Fig.: VSWR of ZL = 100 – j25 Ω where it is approximately 2.1700

Computation:
Z L 100+ j 25
ZO = = =2+ j0.5
ZO 50
Z L −Z O ( 100+ j25 )−50
Γ= = =0.3676 ∠ 17.1027
Z L +Z O (100+ j 25 ) +50
VSWR=1+¿ Γ∨ ¿ ¿
1−¿ Γ ∨¿=1+¿ 0.3676∨ ¿ ¿¿
1−¿ 0.3676∨¿=2.16255 ¿
Table: Computed & Graphical Value of VSWR for ZL = 100 + j25 Ω
 VSWR Computed VSWR Smith Chart % Difference
2.16255 2.1700(Estimated) 0.343908%
b.) 50 + j75 Ω (RADA, Bernanette)
Smith Chart (Solution using Smith Chart)
 Fig.: VSWR of ZL = 50 – j75 Ω where it is approximately 4
Computation

Z L −Z O ( 50+ j75 )−50

Γ= = =0.36+ j 0.48=0.6 ∠ 53.13
Z L +Z O (50+ j 25 ) +50

VSWR=1+¿ Γ∨ ¿ ¿
1−¿ Γ ∨¿=1+¿ 0.6∨ ¿ ¿¿
1−¿ 0.6∨¿=4 ¿

Tabulated Data (Compare Computed & Smith Chart)

VSWR Computed VSWR Smith Chart % Difference
4 4 0%

c.) 150 + j75 Ω (ROSAL, Cherry Gin)

Fig.: VSWR of ZL = 150 + j75 Ω where it is approximately 3.90
 Computation:

Table: Computed & Graphical Value of VSWR for ZL = 150 + j75 Ω

VSWR Computed VSWR Smith Chart % Difference
3.90

d.) 50 – j50 Ω (SEITON, John Eduard)

Smith Chart (Green Circle is the VSWR Circle)
 Fig.: VSWR of ZL = 50 – j50 Ω where it is approximately 2.58

Computation
Table: Computed & Graphical Value of VSWR for ZL = 50 – j50 Ω
VSWR Computed VSWR Smith Chart % Difference
2.58

e.) 25 – j100 Ω (TOLIAO, Kim Tristan)

Smith Chart (Solution using Smith Chart)
 Computation
( 25− j 100 )−50 −25− j 100
r= = =0.52− j 0.64
(25− j 100 ) +50 75+ j100
r =√ 0.522+ 0.642=0.825
1+ 0.825
VSWR= =10.429
1−0.825

Tabulated Data (Compare Computed & Smith Chart)

f.) 100 – j50 Ω (ZARI, Irvin Johnson)

Smith Chart (Green Circle is VSWR CIRCLE)
 Fig.: VSWR of ZL = 100 – j50 Ω where it is approximately 2.6
Computation:
 Table: Computed & Graphical Value of VSWR for ZL = 100 – j50 Ω
VSWR Computed VSWR Smith Chart % Difference
2.60

H. Reflection Coefficient Determination

Discuss the determination of Reflection Coefficient using Smith Chart
Blank

Determine the Reflection Coefficient using Smith Chart of the given load impedance
above:
a.) 100 + j25 Ω (PASCUAL, Joshua Philip)

Fig.: Reflection Coefficient of ZL = 100 + j25 Ω where it is approximately 0.3676

Computation:
Z L −Z O ( 100+ j25 )−50
Γ= = =0.3676 ∠ 17.1027
Z L +Z O (100+ j 25 ) +50

Г Computed Г Smith Chart % Difference

0.3676 0.3600(Estimated) 2.08906%

b.) 50 + j75 Ω (RADA, Bernanette)

Smith Chart (Solution using Smith Chart)

Fig.: Reflection Coefficient of ZL = 50 + j75 Ω where it is approximately 0.6

 Computation

Z L −Z O ( 50+ j75 )−50

Γ= = =0.36+ j 0.48=0.6 ∠ 53.13
Z L +Z O (50+ j 25 ) +50

Tabulated Data (Compare Computed & Smith Chart)

Г Computed Г Smith Chart % Difference
0. 6 0.6 0%

c.) 150 + j75 Ω (ROSAL, Cherry Gin)

Smith Chart

Fig.: Reflection Coefficient of ZL = 150 + j75 Ω where it is approximately 0.59

Computation
Table: Computed & Graphical Value of Reflection Coefficient for Z L = 150 + j75 Ω
Г Computed Г Smith Chart % Difference
0.59

d.) 50 – j50 Ω (SEITON, John Eduard)

Smith Chart

Fig.: Reflection Coefficient of ZL = 50 – j50 Ω where it is approximately 0.44

 Computation
Table: Computed & Graphical Value of Reflection Coefficient for Z L = 100 – j50 Ω
Г Computed Г Smith Chart % Difference
0.44

e.) 25 – j100 Ω (TOLIAO, Kim Tristan)

Smith Chart (Solution using Smith Chart)
 Computation
( 25− j 100 )−50 −25− j 100
r= = =0.52− j 0.64
(25− j 100 ) +50 75+ j100
Tabulated Data (Compare Computed & Smith Chart)

f.) 100 – j50 Ω (ZARI, Irvin Johnson)

Smith Chart
 Fig.: Reflection Coefficient of ZL = 100 – j50 Ω where it is approximately 0.44

Computation

Table: Computed & Graphical Value of Reflection Coefficient for Z L = 100 – j50 Ω
Г Computed Г Smith Chart % Difference
0.44

VIII. ANALYSIS
In this activity, each member of the group is given one value of load impedance to
plot in the Smith Chart and compare it to its respective computed value focusing on a few
of Smith Chart’s primary applications namely, finding the Z L through computed value of
Zn, determining its Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, and its Reflection Coefficient. The load
impedance ZL values given are as follows: 100+j25, 50+j75, 150+j75, 50-j50, 25-j100,
and 100-j50 which resulted to values 2+j0.5, 1+j1.5, 3+j1.5, 1-j, 0.5-j2, and 2-j,
respectively, where the latter set’s real component determines the size of the circle in the
chart, while the imaginary component determines the arc, which will form the
intersection that is the ZL. All of these values were in ohms.
The comparison of each given impedances plotted and computed VSWR and
Reflection Coefficient resulted to low % differences. As stated, these values are found in
the chart by creating a circle with the same center as the chart, with the radius being its
distance from the plotted ZL, and from there, a line is drawn down to the scaled
parameters at the bottom of the chart and these values are where the line should intersect.

IX. CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we are tasked to find the impedance reflection coefficient and
VSWR by theoretical computation and by utilizing the smith chart. Smith chart was
invented by Philip H. smith and Mizuhashi Tosaku and its use is to assist electrical and
electronics engineer in solving problems with transmission lines and matching circuits.
To conclude, the experiment with theoretical and measured values using Smith chart
shows promising results with low % difference. The tool helps the engineer to visualize
the impedance of a transmission line and antenna systems. It is also used to provide clear
detail and to give it a more comprehended understanding of the transmission line. This
chart is utilized by many since it has many applications like admittance calculations, load
impedance calculations, load calculations and length calculations to provide an inductive
or capacitive reactance.

X. GUIDE QUESTIONS
1.) Explain the relationship of VSWR and reflection coefficient?
- VSWR can be solved using reflection coefficient following the formula VSWR =
1+|Γ| SWR−1
, and reflection coefficient can be solved using VSWR using Г = .
1−|Γ| SWR +1

2.) Why is it important to know the impedance of a transmission line?

 - It is necessary to know the input impedance of a line given a certain load because
it gives a lot of correlation to different factors of a line. The impedance at any
point on a line with standing waves is repetitive every half wavelength because
voltage and current waves are similarly repetitive. Therefore, it is constantly
changing along the line and is equal to the ratio of voltage to current at any given
point. It is solve using the formula:
Z L + jZo tan β s
Zs = Zo
Zo+ j Z L tan β s
Where Zs = line impedance at a given point
ZL = load impedance
Zo = line’s Characteristic Impedance
βs = distance from the load to the point where it is desired to know the line
impedance (electrical degrees)

3.) Give applications of the Smith Chart.

- The most common applications involve impedance matching and the design of
matching networks. It allows problems to be solved graphically and is very useful
in visualizing impedance as well as in tuning or verifying the performance of
matching networks.

4.) The line shown is 3=8 λ long and its normalized input impedance is z = j2.5.
 What is the normalized receiving or load end impedance, zL?

- Since we must move toward the load to find the load impedance, locate z = -j2.5
on the chart and find the intersection on the WAVELENGTHS TOWARD LOAD
scale at 0.1891. Add the distance 3/8 λ = 0.375 λ to get 0.064 λ on the
WAVELENGTHS TOWARD LOAD scale. At the intersection of the line from
the center of the chart and the constant reflection coefficient circle, read z = -
j0.425.
5.) The air-filled two-wire line has a characteristic impedance of 50 and is operated at f = 3 GHz.
The load is ZL = 100 + j40.

Solution:
For the line above, find ZL on the chart.
ZL 100+ j 40 Ω
The normalized load is ZL= = =2.0+ j0.8
Zo 50
6.) What is the line impedance 2.5 cm from the load?

Solution:
10
C 3 x 10 cm/sec
- Note that λ= = 9
=10 cm . Since we are going to move toward the
f 3 x 10 Hz
generator (away from the load), at the normalized load position, first read 0.2171 λ
on the WAVE-LENGTHS TOWARD GENERATOR scale. Then add 2.5
cm/10cm = 0.25 λ to this value to obtain 0.467 λ on the WAVE-LENGTHS
TOWARD GENERATOR scale. A radial line from the center at this point
intersects the constant reflection coefficient magnitude circle at z = 0.43 - j0.17,
so Z = Zo = 50(0.43 + j0.17) = 21.5 - j8.50.
XI. REFERENCES
What is a Smith Chart : Basics, Types & Its Applications. (n.d.). Retrieved from
Elprocus: https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-a-smith-chart-basics-types-its-applications/