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Lecture 8

This document discusses fiber optic systems and power link budgets. It provides information on fiber optic losses including attenuation, absorption, scattering, dispersion, bending, and coupling losses. It also discusses calculating power budgets and factors to consider in fiber optic system design such as transmitter and receiver specifications, fiber type and length, connection losses, and in-line devices. An example is given for calculating the received optical power and determining if a power budget is sufficient for a long haul transmission system.

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35 views

Lecture 8

This document discusses fiber optic systems and power link budgets. It provides information on fiber optic losses including attenuation, absorption, scattering, dispersion, bending, and coupling losses. It also discusses calculating power budgets and factors to consider in fiber optic system design such as transmitter and receiver specifications, fiber type and length, connection losses, and in-line devices. An example is given for calculating the received optical power and determining if a power budget is sufficient for a long haul transmission system.

Uploaded by

Tango Foxtrot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fiber Optic System;

Power Link Budget


Fiber Optics
Optics: A branch of physical science dealing with the
propagation and behavior of light.

Fiber Optics: The technology of transferring information in


communications or computer technology through a number of
thin flexible glass or plastic tubes (optical fibers) using a
modulated light waves.

Optical Fibers: A cylindrical dielectric waveguides made up of


central cylinder of glass (core) with one index of refraction,
surrounded by an annulus (clad) with a slightly different index of
refraction.
Fiber Optics
Historical Perspective

1850. John Tyndall: a British physicist, demonstrated that light


can be guided along a curved stream of water using total
internal reflection.

1880. Alexander Graham Bell. Experimented with an apparatus


he called photophone.

1930. John L. Baird and C.W. Hansell. Were granted patent for
scanning and transmitting television images through uncoated
fiber cables.

1951. A.C.S Van Heel, H.H. Hopkins and N.S. Kapany.


Experimented with light transmission through bundles of fiber
that led to the development of the flexible fiberscope.
Fiber Optics
Historical Perspective

1956. N.S. Kapany. Coined the term “fiber optics”

1958. Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow. Wrote a


technical paper about LASER and MASER

1960. Theodore Maiman. Built the first optical maser

1967. K.C. Kao and G.A. Bockham. Proposed a cladded fiber


cables
Fiber Optics
Benefits of Fiber-based System

1.Tremendous Bandwidth – an optical fiber can easily support


100Mbps while advanced systems are carrying beyond 1 Gbps.
2.No Interference – light pulses travel entirely within the fiber
causing no harmful interference such as electromagnetic
interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI)
3.No Immunity – optical fiber is immune to nearby signals such as
wire cables or adjacent optical fibers
4.No Electrical Hazard – it eliminates ground loops which affects
performance as well as the danger of shock at one end if there is a
misconnection at the other end.
5.Secure Communication – light energy stays entirely within the
fiber which makes difficult to intercept the signal. Taps are difficult
to accomplish physically and it will cause a loss of signal power
Fiber Optics
Benefits of Fiber-based System

6. Safe to use in Dangerous Environment – since there is no


electrical energy present, fiber optics can be used wherever even
there is a danger of explosion from sparks

7. Lightweight – the weight and bulk of fiber optic cable is much


less than the equivalent wire cables for the same effective
bandwidth and number of users.
Fiber Optics
Disadvantages of Fiber-based System

1.Cost – the cost is a little great higher than a basic copper wire

2.Complex deployment and repairs – it is difficult to splice to


make them longer or repair breaks

3.Complex Connectors – connectors for fiber are more complex to


attach to the cable and require precise physical alignment

4.Complex network – Switching, routing and distribution of fober


optic signals are difficult

5.Complicated test equipment – Fiber-based system needs


special test equipment to troubleshoot the line connection.
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Losses

Attenuation Loss: a reduction in the power of the light wave as it


travels down the cable. It is the most important characteristic of the
cable.

PdB = Pt(dB) – (A*LdB)

where: P=measured power level in dBw


Pt=transmitted power level in dBw
A=Attenuation or cable loss in dB/km or dB/ft
L=length of cable in km or ft
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Losses

Absorption Loss: is analogous to power dissipation in copper


cable wherein impurities in the fiber absorb the light and convert it
to heat.

3 factors that contributes absorption losses in optical fibers:


1.Ultraviolet absorption – is caused by valence electrons in the
silica material from which the fiber are manufactured. Light ionizes
these valence electrons into conduction.
2.Infrared absorption – is the result of photons of light that are
absorbed by the atoms of the glass core molecules. These
absorbed photons are converted to random mechanical vibrations
typical to heating.
3.Ion Resonance absorption – is caused by OH Ions in the
material. These ions are water trapped in the glass during the
manufacturing process.
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Losses

Material Scattering Loss (Rayleigh Loss): it is due to the


imperfections in the fiber that are formed during manufacturing
process. When light rays strike these impurities they are diffracted,
this is known as “Rayleigh scattering loss”

Chromatic Dispersion Loss (Wavelength loss): It occurs to non-


coherent light sources where light contains combination of
different wavelengths. These different wavelengths have different
velocities therefore do not arrive at the receiver at the same time.

Bending Loss (Radiation loss): it is predominantly caused by


small bends and kinks in the fiber.
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Losses

Coupling Loss: it occurs in some types of optical junctions such as


source-to-fiber, fiber-to-fiber, and fiber-to-detector connections.

1.Lateral displacement – is the misalignment to which a


connection is most sensitive. This causes losses in the fiber
because of the areas that do not overlap sufficiently.
2.Gap displacement – caused by pure longitudinal displacement
due to the fact that some of the light spread beyond the area of the
receiving fiber.
3.Angular displacement – is a loss due to angular misalignment
in a fiber.
4.Imperfect surface finish – losses occur when ends of two
adjoining fibers are not highly polished and if they do not fit together
squarely.
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic System Power Link Budget

It is generally calculated between a light source and a light


detector.
It consists of a light power source, a light detector, and
various cable and connector losses
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic System Power Link Budget

Power Budget - is the amount of fiber optic cable loss that a datalink
(transmitter to receiver) can tolerate in order to operate properly. The
power budget has both a minimum and maximum value, which means
it needs at least a minimum value of loss so that it does not overload
the receiver and a maximum value of loss to ensure the receiver has
sufficient signal to operate properly.

Power Loss - is the amount of loss that a fiber optic cable plant
should have if it is installed properly. It is calculated by adding the
estimated average losses of all the components used in the cable plant
to get the estimated total end-to-end loss.
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic System Power Link Budget

The losses typical to optical fiber links includes the following:


1. Cable Losses
2. Connector Losses
3. Source-to-Cable Interface Losses
4. Cable-to-Light Detector Interface Losses
5. Splicing Loss
6. Cable Bends Loss

Pr = Pt – Losses

where: Pr=Power received in dBm


Pt=Power transmitted in dBm
Losses=Sum of all losses in dB
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic System Power Link Budget

Problem 1. Determine the optical power received in dBm and watts


for a 20km optical fiber link with the following parameters:
LED output power of 30mW
Four 5km sections of optical cable each with loss of 0.5dB/km
Three cable-to-cable connectors with a loss of 2dB each
No cable splices
Light source-to-fiber interface loss of 1.9dB
Fiber-to-light detector loss of 2.1dB
No losses due to cable bends
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic System Design

Elements of link
1.Transmitter:
Operating wavelength (λ), Linewidth (Δλ), Rise time, Bit-rate,
Line format, and Power level
2. Fiber Optic:
SMF/MMF, Cable loss, Spool Length
3. Receiver:
PSEN, PSAT, Rise time
4. Connection:
No. of Splices, Splice loss, No. of Connectors, Connector
Loss
5. In Line Devices:
Splitter, Filter, Attenuator, Amplifier Insertion loss, Gain
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Factor in Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Factor in Evaluating Fiber Optic System Design
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Link Budget Design Consideration
1.Power Budget
2.Bandwidth or Rise Time Budget

Power Budget Requirements


PB: PRX ≥ PMIN
PRX=Received Power
PMIN=Minimum Power

PRX = PTX – Total Losses + Total Gain – PMARGIN


PTX=Transmitted Power
PMARGIN≈6dB

Loss=LIL + Lfiber + Lconn. + Lnon-linear


LIL=Insertion loss
Lfiber=Fiber loss
Lconn=Connector loss
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Fiber Optic Link Budget Design Consideration

Power Budget Requirements


Gain=Gamp + Gnon-linear
Gamp=Amplifier Gain
Gnon-linear=Non-linear Gain
Fiber Optics Power Link Budget
Example: Power budget measurement for long haul transmission.

Attenuation coefficient, α = 0.25 dB/km


Dispersion coefficient, D = 18 ps/nm-km
Number of Splice = 46
Splice loss = 0.1 dB
Connector loss = 0.2 dB
PMARGIN = 6 dB

Question: Is this System Good?

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