Matter in Our Surroundings

Matter in Our Surroundings

Everything in this universe is made up material which scientists have named “Matter”.
Example: Stones, Clouds, Stars, Plants and animals everything is made up of Matter.
Matter
Matter anything that occupies space, has mass and volume is known as matter.
History
Indian philosophers “Classified matter” in the form of five basic elements known as Panch Tatva
1. Air
2. Earth
3. Fire
4. Sky
5. Water
Modern Times
Modern day scientist classified matter on the basis of physical and chemical properties.
Physical Nature of Matter
• Matter is made up of Particles, which means matter is particulate in Nature
• The size of the particles of Matter is very small, they cannot be seen by naked eyes

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

1. Particles of Matter have space between them:
When we dissolve particles of salt in water, the salt get disappear in water, this happens
because particles of salt take up space between two particles of water and even there is No Rise
in water level, this proves that particles of water have space between them

2. Particles of Matter are continuously moving:

Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is they possess kinetic energy.
As the temperature rises, particles move faster so; we can say that, with increase in temperature
the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.
Diffusion: The mixing of one substance with another substance due to the movement or motion
of its particles is called diffusion.
Example: The smell of food being prepared in the kitchen reaches as (Because the particles of
food’s smell inter mix particles of Air)
Type of Diffusion
• Diffusion of solids into liquid: Mixing of sugar in water
• Diffusion of liquids into liquids: Mixing of Red ink into water
• Diffusion of gases into liquids: Presence of oxy 𝐶𝑂2 in water.

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 • Particles of Matter attract each other because of force of attraction:
Force of attraction between particles this attraction keeps the particles bonded together
this force of attraction between varies from one form of matter to another form.
Kinetic Energy
Energy which a body has due to it’s motion.

Fact! Solid State diffusion is very slow process

(°F)States of Matter

(1) Solid

(2) Liquid

(3) Gas
(4) Plasma

(5) Bose – Einstein condensate

• Classification of matter on the basis of force of attraction
• Force of attraction between particles of solid, liquids and gas is
Solids > Liquid > gas
Solid State
• The force of attraction between the particle is very strong so particles of solids are
closely packed
• Solids cannot be compressed
• The space between the particles is very less.
• We cannot compress solids, so they have tendency to maintain their shape.
• The kinetic energy of the particles is very less
Liquid State
• Force of attraction between particles is less then the force of attraction between the
solids.
• Liquids do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume; as it take up the shape of the
container in which water is poured.
• Space between the particles is more as compared to solids but sill very less as compound
• Kinetic energy of the particles is more than that of solids
• Liquids cannot be compressed much.
Gaseous State
• Force of attraction between the particles is negligible hence particles of a gas move freely
in all directions so, gases can mix into each other very easily that is diffusion.
• Gases neither have a definite shape Nora definite volume.
• The particles of gases are far apart each other.
• Gases can be compressed easily.
Example: The LPG cylinders used at home and CNG cylinders used in vehicles
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 Due to its high compressibility, large volumes of a gas can be compressed into small
cylinder
Plasma
• Plasma have an indefinite volume and shape
• Plasma has large amount of space between the particles.
• Plasmas are easily compressible due to presence of large gap between the particles
• Plasms are good conductor of electricity due to presence of ions.

Bose – Einstein Condensate

• Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose had done calculations for a fifth state of matter.
• Bose – Einstein condensate is formed by cooling a gas to super – low temperatures.

Can Matter Change its State?

• Water is present in three states of Matter.
→ Solid (Ice)
→ Liquid (Water)
→ Gas (Water Vapour)
• Matter can change its state
Effect of Change of Temperature
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, due to this
particles start vibrating, and the Heat energy we are supplying by heat overcomes the force of
attraction between the particles

• Melting Point: The minimum temperture at which a solid melts to become a liquid
at the atmospheric pressure is called it’s melting point.
• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as it’s Boiling Point.
• Fusion: Change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
Eg. Ice →−−−−−−→ water
(solid)→−−−−−−→ (liquid)
• Latent Heat
Hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is know as latent
Heat
• Latent Heat of Fusion
The heat energy required to convert 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure, at
its boiling point is know as the latent heat of vaporisation

Condensation of Liquefaction:
The process, in which a gas, on cooling turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is called
condensation or liquefication.

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Sublimation:
The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the liquid
state; is called sublimation.

Eg. Camphor or ammonium chloride

Freezing Point:
The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a lquid to a solid is called
freezing point.

Temperature Scales:

Fahrenheit

Celsius (°C)

Kelvin (K)

• Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature

Conversion of °𝐂 into K

K = °C + 273

Eg. 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303K

30°C = 303K
Conversion of °𝐂 into K
5 9
°C = (°𝐹 − 32) × or °F = ( × °𝐶) + 32
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Q. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.

(a) 293 K (b) 470 K. [NCERT Exercise]

Sol. (a) 293 K into °C

293 – 273 = 20°C

(b) 470 K into °C 470 – 273 = 197°C

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Q. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C. [NCERT Exercise]

Sol. (a) 25°C into K

25 + 273 = 298 K

(b) 373°C into K 4 373 + 273 = 646 K

Effect of Change of Pressure
• Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing temperature
• Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decreasing pressure to one
atmosphere without coming into liquid state
solid CO2 is also known as Dry ice.

Evaporation
The process of conversion of a substance from a liquid state to the gaseous state at any
temperature ture below its boiling point is called evaporation
Factors on which Evaporation depend
• Surface Area: If the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation increases
• Temperature: With the increase of temp, kinetic energy increases, and evaporation
increases.
• Humidity: With increase in Humidity evaporation decreases
• Wind Speed: With increase in wind speed, the particle of water vapour move away with
the wind, decreasing the amount of water Vapour
Evaporation Cause Cooling
The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrrounding to regain the energy lost during
evaporation, this absorption of energy from the surrounding make the surrounding cold.

• When we pour acetone (nail polish remover) on your palm, the particles of acetone gain
energy from your palm and evaporate, causing the palm to fiel cool.
• People sprinkle H2O on the root or open ground on hot sunny day, large latent heat of
vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.
• We wear cotton cloths in summer, because as we perspire more, cotton cloths absorb
that sweat and during evaporation of that sweat and during evaporation of that sweat
cooling effect is created.
• We see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice – cold water, because
water vapour present in the air, on coming in contact with cold glass of water, loses
energy and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Sol. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C
Q2. What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
Sol. (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas
Q3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of
state?
Sol. During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The molecules of
this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the particles, at this period of
time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in the form
of hidden heat called latent heat to change from one state of matter to the other state.
Q4. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Sol. The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly. This water evaporates due to
hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent in the
room by the fan.
Q5. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Sol. The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes out through these pores and
the water gets evaporated at the surface of the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This makes
the pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by this process.
Q6. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Sol. Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with air. The evaporation
causes cooling sensation in our hands.
Q7. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Sol. Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation is faster with
increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence
we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.
Q8. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Sol. We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour because it reflects heat.
Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs sweat and allows the sweat to
evaporate faster thereby giving cooling effect.